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La Élite Política En Sinaloa: Conformación Y Permanencia, 1950-2010 Intersticios Sociales, Núm

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La Élite Política En Sinaloa: Conformación Y Permanencia, 1950-2010 Intersticios Sociales, Núm Intersticios Sociales E-ISSN: 2007-4964 [email protected] El Colegio de Jalisco México Moya Delgado, Octaviano La élite política en Sinaloa: conformación y permanencia, 1950-2010 Intersticios Sociales, núm. 5, marzo-agosto, 2013, pp. 1-37 El Colegio de Jalisco Zapopan, México Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=421739498006 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto Resumen del artículo La élite política en Sinaloa: conformación y permanencia, 1950-2010 Octaviano Moya Delgado Una de las preocupaciones más evidentes de la sociedad es saber quiénes gobiernan y la forma en que lo hacen. Aun cuando importantes teóricos de la democracia representativa han concluido que los supuestos de una clase superior que dirige y otra dirigida han quedado rebasados para explicar la realidad de algunos regímenes, lo cierto es que son los miembros de los partidos y ciertos grupos de la sociedad quienes logran escalar y permanecer Palabras clave: en los espacios de poder. El objetivo general es conocer bajo qué circunstan- Reclutamiento, élites, grupos cias o condiciones se conforma la élite política en Sinaloa. Se toma Sinaloa de poder, rotación de cargos, que pese a no ser una entidad tan importante sus políticos han mantenido alternancia política. fuerte presencia en la política nacional, desde los gobiernos posrevolucio- narios hasta los del Partido Acción Nacional (PAN ) en la alternancia política. La hipótesis planteada sostiene que la conformación de la élite política si- naloense es consecuencia de elementos del control y presencia territorial que ejercen pequeños grupos regionales y cuyo proceso de reclutamiento y socialización obedece más a cuestiones familiares o de parentesco que de tipo profesional. Abstract One of the most obvious concerns of society is to know who govern and the way they do. Although important representative democratic theorists have Keywords: concluded that the assumptions of a higher class who directs and another Recruit, élites, power groups, directed have been rebased to explain the reality of some regimes, the truth rotation of positions, political is that they are members of political parties and certain groups of society alternation. who achieve scale and remain in positions of power. The overall objective AV A NCES DE INVESTIGACIÓN 1 Intersticios Sociales El Colegio de Jalisco LA É L ITE PO L ÍTICA EN SINA L OA : CONFORMACIÓN Y PERMANENCIA , 1950-2010 marzo-agosto, 2013 Octaviano Moya Delgado núm. 5 is to know under what circumstances or conditions is satisfied the political élite in Sinaloa. Sinaloa is taken that despite not been an important entity politicians have maintained a strong presence in national politics, from the revolutionary governments until the PAN political alternation. The hypo- thesis maintains is that the formation of the political élite in Sinaloa results from the checks and territorial presence exerted small regional groups who- se recruitment and socialization is more a family or relationship issues that professional type. Octaviano Moya Delgado Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, URN La élite política en Sinaloa: 1 1 El actual trabajo fue presentado conformación y permanencia, 1950-2010 como ponencia en el VI Congre- so Latinoamericano de Ciencia Política, organizado por la Asociación Latinoamericana de Ciencia Política (Alacip) en Qui- to, Ecuador, del 12-14 de junio de 2012. Agradezco a Emilio Vladimir Sinue Reyes Cabrera el apoyo en la recolección de los datos. Introducción Una de las preocupaciones más evidentes de la sociedad es saber quié- nes son los que gobiernan y la forma en que lo hacen, más aún cuando existen pequeñas minorías que se mantienen en la dirección de las prin- cipales instituciones políticas. A partir de la división entre gobernantes- gobernados surge la discusión de la forma en cómo se originan estas élites y los elementos que permiten su permanencia en los espacios de poder. Algunos estudios referentes al tema han encontrado la explicación acerca de la posición que ocupa el individuo en la escala social con una connota- 2 Gaetano Mosca. La clase política. ción económica en las relaciones de representación política de la sociedad, México: FCE , 1984. cuestiones hereditarias de familia,2 la sagacidad psicológica3 y el acceso al 3 Wilfredo Pareto. Escritos sociológi- poder político por mecanismos de elección y representación, basados en cos. España: Alianza, 1987. reglas institucionales.4 Esta última noción corresponde a los estudiosos de la democracia representativa donde generalmente se encuentran los 4 Robert Dahl. La poliarquía. España: Tecnos, 1997. partidos políticos como instituciones intermedias entre la sociedad civil y sociedad política, como asociaciones de ciudadanos que se integran para conquistar el poder y dirigir los órganos del Estado. Aunque en el régimen democrático los cargos políticos de representación popular se obtienen mediante procesos de elección, equitativos, limpios y con reglas del juego aceptadas por los contendientes, son los miembros de los partidos y ciertos grupos de la sociedad los que logran escalar y perma- AV A NCES DE INVESTIGACIÓN 3 Intersticios Sociales El Colegio de Jalisco LA É L ITE PO L ÍTICA EN SINA L OA : CONFORMACIÓN Y PERMANENCIA , 1950-2010 marzo-agosto, 2013 Octaviano Moya Delgado núm. 5 necer en los espacios más importantes de poder. En consecuencia, se de- nomina élite política al reducido número de personas que se encuentran en una especie de rotación de cargos y responsabilidades, como dirigentes partidistas, en cargos legislativos y en la administración pública federal y local. Son los miembros de este grupo selecto a quienes se les identifica como los más representativos de sus organizaciones y quienes defienden postulados ideológicos e intereses de organización o gobierno ante los grupos opositores. A la vez, asumen de manera constante el liderazgo y hacen valer su poder de decisión, tanto al interior de sus partidos como 5 Los conceptos político-sociológicos en los demás ámbitos de competencia política, ideológica y electoral.5 Este de clase política y élite política perte- necen a Gaetano Mosca, Vilfredo sector de las organizaciones políticas que conforman las élites partidistas es Pareto, Robert Michels, Grams- el que comúnmente se encuentra en una especie de rotación de cargos y ci, y otros. Antes el concepto de dominación lo había tratado responsabilidades, como dirigentes partidistas, miembros de cuerpos legis- Max Weber. lativos locales y federales, representantes populares a nivel municipal, estatal 6 Peter H. Smith. Los laberintos del po- y federal. der; el reclutamiento de las élites políticas Los estudios realizados acerca de clase y élites políticas en México ini- en México, 1900-1971. México: El 6 Colegio de México, 1981. ciaron a principios de la década de 1970 con las obras de Adams, Smith, Ai Camp,7 Medina Viedas,8 Rousseau,9 entre otros. Sin embargo, la mayoría 7 Roderic Ai Camp. La política en de ellos se circunscriben a la época del sistema autoritario, fundamentán- México. México: Siglo XX I , 2000; del mismo autor, Las élites del dose más en cuestiones antropológicas y otras teórico-filosóficas bajo un poder en México. México: Siglo XX I , análisis estructural. Del análisis de las élites políticas se desprenden distin- 2004. tos enfoques que permiten indagar sobre las causas que las constituyen. 8 Jorge Medina Viedas. Élites y Francisco Suarez Farías lo define a partir de cuatro tipos: 1) de toma de democracia en México. México: Cal y decisiones (Dahl), que define a los miembros de la élite en términos de su Arena, 1998. poder e influencia para tomar decisiones que afecten al comportamiento 9 Isabelle Rousseau. ¿Una revolución del grupo social –de aquí se desprende el modelo pluralista entendido silenciosa? Élites gubernamentales y pro- yecto de modernización (1970-1995). como poliarquía–; 2) el posicional (Mill), determina a la élite como aque- México: El Colegio de México, lla que ocupa las máximas posiciones formales dentro del aparato estatal, 2001. económico, religioso y militar, con lo cual se permite un elevado grado de objetividad y claridad en el criterio de selección; 3) el reputacional (Hunter) se basa en la opinión que manifiestan otros sobre un actor de- terminado, toma como guía la evaluación que realiza un jurado acerca del 4 AV A NCES DE INVESTIGACIÓN Intersticios Sociales El Colegio de Jalisco LA É L ITE PO L ÍTICA EN S INA L OA : CONFORMACIÓN Y PERMANENCIA , 1950-2010 marzo-agosto, 2013 núm. 5 Octaviano Moya Delgado prestigio de sus colegas y así definir si existe o no la élite; 4) el enfoque de sociología y trayectoria institucional del liderazgo político (Farías) recu- pera elementos de E. D. Batzel y busca vincular la composición sociológica con la carrera política de los líderes para determinar si éstos vienen de 10 Para un mayor análisis véase algún grupo social o de esquemas específicos de carrera política, burocrá- Luis Miguel Rionda. “Élites tica o de partido político.10 Por otro lado, en el ámbito local se encuen- y política en México: Una Revisión crítica”. Acta Universi- tran trabajos importantes respecto de las élites, en donde destacan Rogelio taria. Guanajuato, Universidad Hernández en el Estado de México, Javier Hurtado en Jalisco y Cirilo A. de Guanajuato, vol. vi , núm. 2, 1996, pp. 33-45. 11 Guzmán en Tabasco, los cuales muestran, entre algunos otros aspectos, 11 Cirilo A. Guzmán. La élite la relación entre identidad partidista con el parentesco o afinidad; asimis- gubernamental en Tabasco: Formación y trayectoria 1971-202. México, mo analizan las características que distinguen este segmento del personal UAM -I 2004 (tesis de maestría). político, así como el dónde y cómo se adquieren dichas características, lo que sin duda representan trabajos importantes que abren perspectivas de análisis y son de enorme utilidad.
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