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'Girton Girl' and 'Lady Doctor' : Women, Higher Education and Medicine in Popular Victorian Fiction by Women

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'Girton Girl' and 'Lady Doctor' : Women, Higher Education and Medicine in Popular Victorian Fiction by Women This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ The 'Girton Girl' and 'Lady Doctor' : women, higher education and medicine in popular Victorian fiction by women. Carr, Rachel The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. END USER LICENCE AGREEMENT Unless another licence is stated on the immediately following page this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non Commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 10. Oct. 2021 The 'Girton Girl' and 'Lady Doctor': Women, Higher Education and Medicine in Popular Victorian Fiction by Women In Memory of The Revd Emma Hawkins, 1964-1 990 'The history of every woman's movement is the history of a great fight. The women who strike out new paths for themselves and their sex are always moral Amazons; they lead forlorn hopes, champion lost causes, and can never be convinced that they are beaten.' ('/Esculapia', 'Women's Work in Medicine', The Lady's Realm, 6, (7/1 899), 282.) RACHEL CARR Ph.D. King's College, University of London II ABSTRACT This thesis is a study of the 'Girton Girl' and 'Lady Doctor' in popular Victorian fiction by women. It argues that cultural constructions of the 'Girton Girl' and 'Lady Doctor' were discursive interjections into Victorian debates over the educated/working woman; and that fictional inscriptions of these figures were, equally, attempts to negotiate and rework these debates. In particular, the thesis argues that the Victorian university-educated/medical woman disrupted a culturally constructed correlation between maleness and individuality; and that fictional 'Girton Girls' and 'Lady Doctors' contained and/or explored the anxieties and ambivalences generated by this disruption. Chapter 1 provides a brief historical overview of women in education and medicine and considers critical work on the 'New Woman' in relation to the 'Girton Girl' and 'Lady Doctor'. Chapters 2 and 3 analyse negative versions of the 'Girton Girl' and 'Lady Doctor' in relation to the appropriate education of women; female physiology; the unmarried daughter; medical ethics; the innate 'sickness' of woman; and woman's 'neutering' in the dissecting-room. Chapter 4 considers acceptable versions of the 'Lady Doctor' and 'Girton Girl' in relation to female delicacy; medical women in the colonies; and college friendships. Chapter 5 examines acceptably positive constructions of the 'Girton Girl' and 'Lady Doctor' and considers the ways in which they refuted arguments opposing college/medical women and promoted female autonomy and individuality. Chapter 6 concludes the thesis with a brief examination of the post-Victorian 'Girton Girl' and 'Lady Doctor'. Key novels: Mary Myles, A Stud y (Elizabeth Edmonds, 1888); A Girton Girl (Annie Edwardes, 1885); Dr Edith Romne y (Anne Elliot, 1883); Peace with Honour (Hilda Gregg, 1897); Man y Daughters (Henrietta Keddie, 1900); Dr Janet of Harley Street (Arabella Kenealy, 1893); The One Too Man y (Eliza Lynn Linton, 1894); The Medicine Lady (Elizabeth Thomasina Meade, 1892); No Ambition (Adeline Sergeant, 1895); A Newnham Friendship (Alice Stronach, 1901); New Grooves (Annie Thomas, 1871); Mona Maclean: Medical Student (Margaret Todd, 1892); Sweethearts and Friends: A Story of the Seventies (Mary Gleed Tuttiet, 1897). III Ac n ow led gme nts I am grateful for the use of the facilities and for the help of the librarians at the following: the Bodleian Library; the British Library; the Fawcett Library; the Feminist Library; King's College, University of London Library; the London Library; public libraries in the boroughs of Hackney, Hammersmith and Fulham, Kensington and Chelsea (in particular North Kensington and Central libraries), Lambeth, and Westminster; the Royal Free Hospital Library; the School of Oriental and African Studies Library; Senate House, University of London Library; and the Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine. Grateful thanks to the Fawcett Library, the Royal Free Hospital Library and the trustees of the Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine for access to archive material. Thanks are also due to the following: Dr Margaret Reynolds who supervised the thesis for a year; Professor Leonee Ormond who took over as supervisor and whose diligence, patience and advice have been much appreciated; Dr Brian Home who gave academic support; my family and friends who provided continued support, advice and encouragement; and, especially, Lesley Stevenson, a friend and colleague without whom this thesis could not have been completed. iv CONTENTS Chapter 1 (pp.1- 33) Introduction 1.1 The Learned Woman and Woman Healer: A Brief Overview 1.2 The Opening of Medicine and Higher Education to Women 1.3 The 'Girton Girl' and 'Lady Doctor' Chapter 2 (pp.34-81) Degrees of Opposition: The 'Girton Girl' Vanquished 2.1 Marriage Versus Girton 2.2 The 'Girton Girl' and Physiology 2.3 The 'Girton Girl' and Self-renunciation 2.4 Summary Chapter 3 (pp.82-i 28) Degrees of Opposition: The 'Lady Doctor' Vanquished 3.1 Ethics, Economics and the 'Lady Doctor' 3.2 Ill-health and the 'Lady Doctor' 3.3 The Neutered 'Lady Doctor' 3.4 Summary Chapter 4 (pp.129-i 76) Degrees of Acceptance: 'Lady Doctors' and 'Girton Girls' Helping Women, Helping Men 4.1 Delicacy and the 'Lady Doctor' 4.2 The 'Lady Doctor' Abroad 4.3 The 'Girton Girl' at College 4.4 Summary Chapter 5 (pp.177-224) Degrees of Difference: The 'Girton Girl' and 'Lady Doctor' Triumphant? 5.1 Domesticity, Work and the 'Girton Girl' 5.2 The Multi-faceted 'Girton Girl' 5.3 The 'Lady Doctor' Diagnoses 5.4 The 'Lady Doctor' Dissects, the Dissection of the 'Lady Doctor' 5.5 Summary Chapter 6 (pp.225-234) Conclusion Appendix (pp.235-6) Bibliography (pp.237-267) 1 Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 The Learned Woman and Woman Healer: A Brief Overview Women gained legitimate and legal access to higher education and medicine in the latter part of the nineteenth century after intensive debate and considerable protest: a debate and protest not silenced once women had entered these spheres but which continued up to and beyond the end of the century. Moreover, the debate did not first begin in the Victorian period: women healers and scholarly women were not unknown phenomena prior to the mid-nineteenth century. The legal provision of university and medical education for women in the nineteenth century was both the culmination of the work of earlier women and an example of the perpetual need to repeat> to, consolidate and remind a patriarchal society of the capabilities and achievements of women. Victorian campaigners themselves referred back to a history of forgotten or marginalised female scholars and healers. To justify their own claims to female educational equality they rightly pointed out, ironically as women before them had done, that there have always been women 'learned' in scholarly and medical terms. 1 The figure of the scholarly woman and the woman healer can be traced from ancient and classical to modern times, sometimes in the form of mythical tales, sometimes in factual accounts. Educated women are believed to have worked as surgeons and doctors in ancient Egypt. 2 In Greece examples of learned women and women healers include 'Phanostrate, a midwife and physician' and Hipparchia, a woman philosopher. 3 Roman accounts refer to Pamphile, 'a learned woman', Antiochus who was 'awarded special recognition ... for her healing art' and Julia Pye, Minucia Asste, Venuleia Sosis and Melitine, women doctors.4 In the early 1 See, for example, Sophia Jex-Blake, Medicine as a Profession for Women', in Josephine Butler (ed), Woman's Work and Woman's Culture. A Series of Essays, London 1869, pp.83-B and Alice Zimmern, The Renaissance of Girls Education in England: A Record of Fifty Yeats' Progress, London 1898, pp.1-19. Louisa Martindale recounts in The Woman Doctor and Her Future, London 1922, p.19 her 'realisation of the positions held by hundreds of women physicians and surgeons in medieval times. 2 See Margaret Alic, Hypatia 's Heritage: A History of Women in Science from Antiquity to the Late Nineteenth Century, London 1986, p.20. 3 Mary R. Lefkowitz and Maureen B. Fant, Women's Life in Greece and Rome, London 1988, pp.27, 23. 4 ibid., pp.159,161,162. 2 Christian period a mythical story in the Fabuiae (01-2 A.D.) tells the story of Agnodice. Forbidden by Athenian law to practise medicine, she disguises herself as a man, studies under Herophilus and practises medicine amongst a female community. Male physicians denounce her, angry at her appropriation of their trade. Saved by the support of her female patients, the story ends with the law against women practitioners being repealed.5 This mythical story is interesting in that it articulates a male fear of loss of monopoly and a female desire to be treated by one of her own sex: both were issues raised in the nineteenth century.6 In modern times, learned women and women healers were also in evidence.
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