The Magazine of Metalworking and Metalproducing

MARCH 20, 1944

Volume 114— Number 12 Women workers operating centerless grinders in plant of Wyckoff Drawn Steel C o . P a g e 8 0

EDITORIAL STAFF E . L . S h a n e r NEWS Editor-in-Chief E . C . K reutzberg “Jumping the Gun” is Major Civilian Goods Problem 49 E ditor WPB officials seek fair competition in reconversion period W m. M . R o o n e y I r w i n H . S u c h News Editor Engineering Editor What’s Ahead for the Metalworking Industry? 67 J . D . K n o x G u y H u b b a r d S t e e l ’s survey reveals industry’s views on reconversion problems Steel Plant Editor Machine Tool E ditor A rthur F. M acconochie Present, Past and Pending 51 Decentralization 60 Contributing Editor Surplus Materials 52 Ferroalloys 61 D. S. C adot A rt Editor Railroads 53 WPB-OPA 62 Iron O r e ...... 54 Men of Industry 64 Associate Editors Steel Prices ...... 55 Obituaries 66 G. H. M anlovr W . J. Cam pbell G. W. B i r d s a l l F . R , B r i g g s Contracting ...... 56 Women at Work 80 New York, B. K . P r i c e , L. E . B r o w n e Pittsburgh, R . L. H a r t f o r d Chicago, E . F . R o s s Detroit, A. H. A llen W ashington, L . M . L a m m London, Vincent D elport TECHNICAL Assistant Editors Adherence to Standard Aircraft Tubing List Would Ease Order Jam 84 J . C . S u l l i v a n D . B . W i l k i n R. W. S h k s t a c J.M . K u r t z Two hundred and five sizes will cover 95% of airframe needs

BUSINESS STAFF The Art of Deep-Drawing Domes for Airplane Propeller Mechanisms 86

G. O. H ays Thinner walled design for stamping saves considerable aluminum Business Manager Hard-Service Roller Built Up by Welding at 20% Saving in Costs 88 R. C. Jaenke Advertising Manager Nature of development gives it unusual postwar significance C . II. B a i l e y Advertising Service Interesting Novelties Advanced in Electrodeposition of Metals 94 Neu York, E. W . K reutzberg, K . Ä. Z ö l l n e r Investigations throw spotlight on “Rainbow” and alloy plating Pittsburgh, S, H. Jasper, B. C. S nell Million-Volt X-Ray Unit Jointly Used Insures Sound Castings 96 Chicago, L. C. P elo tt, V. W . V o l k Research leads to correct design, procedure and lower cost Cleveland, D. C. K iefer, C. H. Cross Los Angeles, F. J. F u ller Identification Aids in Selecting Metallic Arc Welding Electrodes 98 J . W . Z u b e r Circulation Manager Characteristics of E6011 rod compared with related types National Emergency Steels Prove Adaptable to Oil Hardening 102 Main Office Renton Building, Cleveland 13, Ohio Higher carbon grades heat treat' to more uniform hardness

Branch Offices Photoelectric Device Spots Pinholes, Maintains Tin Plate Quality 108 New York 1 7 ...... 110 East 42nd St. High accuracy permits speed increase to 1000 feet per minute Chicago 11...... 520 North Michigan Ave. Pittsburgh 19 ...... 2800 Koppers Building Detroit 2 ...... 6560 Cass Ave. Washington 4 ...... 956 National Press Building Cincinnati 2 ...... 2030 Carew Tower FEATURES Los Angeles 4, 130 North New Hampshire Ave. London.... 2 Caxton Street, Westminster, S.W. 1 As the Editor Views the News 45 Wing Tips 76 Postwar Previews ...... 57 The Business Trend 82 Published by The Penton Publishing Co., Windows of Washington 58 Industrial Equipment 116 Penton Bldg., Cleveland 13, Ohio. E. L. Sir a n e b , Construction and Enterprise 158 •resident and Treasurer; G. O. H a y s , Vice Presi­ Mirrors of Motordom 73 dent and General Manager; R. C. J a e n k e , Vice President; F. G. Steinebach, Vice President and secretary; E. L. W e r n e r , Assistant Treasure^ Member, Audit Bureau of Circulations; Associated Business Papers, Inc., and National Publishers’ Association. MARKETS Published every Monday. Subscription in the hinted States and possessions, Canada, Mexico, More War Steel Loads Mills Beyond Capacity 139 Cuba, Central and South America, one year $6; two years $10; all other countries, one year $12. Market Prices and Composites ...... 1^0 Single copies (current issues) 25c. Entered as second class m atter at the postoffice 1 at Cleveland, under the Act of March 3, 1879. Index to advertisers ...... Copyright 1944 by the Penton Publishing Co. Where-To-Buy Products Index carried quarterly 43 Here is shown an instance where the Ex-Cell-O Small Hydraulic Unit (Style 21) is On this-Ex-Cell-O doubii lied on a machine for the drill press, two Style 25-A accurate drilling of holes in Ex-Cell-O Hydraulic Unit: oil pump bodies. are mounted cn the column: in vertical position. This ha definite advantages on cw 'Plan Mow for tain classes of work. ECONOMICAL PRODUCTION !

For the machine you build, or the machine we build, the use of Ex-Cell-O Hydraulic Power Units provides these features: Production Machines They are compact, for proper design. They are self-contained, for ease in installation. They have infinite feeds, for proper cutting. equipped with Ex-Cell-O They have gear change, for proper speeds. They have ample power, for multiple-head Hydraulic Units have operation. They have variable stroke, for greater flexi­ numerous advantages bility. Ex-Cell-O Hydraulic Power Units are standard and produced in quantities, but in nearly every case where the unit is used it becomes a part of a special, high production type machine for a specific operation. These units are economical because, as applications change, the units can become a part of the new machine even though entire base is redesigned. The units can be mounted on any plane— horizontally, vertically, or angularly— on a temporary or a permanent Where high production, base, and they can be arranged so that it is possible to use accuracy, and economy them in connection with guide bars and multiple drill heads. through multiple opera­ Find out today how Ex-Cell-O Special Machines and Ex- tions ore required — Cell-O Hydraulic Power Units can fit your program for consult IX-CEU-0 now today’s and tomorrow’s production. EX-CELL-O CORPORATIOI DETROIT 6, MICHIGAN

SPECIAL MULTIPLE WAY-TYPE PRECISION BORING MACHINES . SPECIAL MULTIPLE PRECISION DRILLING MACHINES • PRECISION THREAD GRINDING, BORING AND LAPPING MACHINES BROACHES • HYDRAULIC POWER UNITS • GRINDING SPINDLES . DRILL JIG BUSHINGS • CONTINENTAI CUTTING TOOLS . TOOL GRINDERS . DIESEL FUlCKflgTlgljiHig-ffigjlifBE;’: ND BMDC-D&k C O N TA IN ER MACHINES • MJ MIL LUIIUIX ÏIL11J THE NEWS

j - i i \a a March 20, 1944

Confession Good for Soul

Last Monday Eric Johnston, president of the United States Chamber of Com­ merce, delivered an address at Boston College which has received widespread favor­ able comment. The reason for this is that Mr. Johnston, unlike most speakers for business, admitted freely that management has made mistakes. Mr. Johnston drew a parallel between abuses by management and by labor. He referred to the twenties when “we of management had everything our own way, a blkWiii friendly administration at Washington, low taxes and a friendly public.” Yet with all WiOH* «»wia* these advantages, “on the economic side we gave this country a balloon boom that • «fall®, «te®*, had to burst and on the moral side produced men like Insull, Hopson and Musica, «»fa.,. who undermined confidence in business.” As a result, “we got the biggest public beat­ ing that any group of Americans ever took.” To labor, Johnston said, “From 1933 to 1942 you rode high. You were tops; a friendly administration in Washington; all sorts of favors fed to you daily. . . . What did you do with your power? On the economic side you gave yourselves a labor boom, regardless of the consequences to any other element of the population. On the moral side you produced men like Browne, Bioff and Scalise who gave all labor a black eye.” As a result, Johnston warned labor, “the doghouse is now yawning for you.” . To management and labor jointly he said, “Go ahead and turn this country into a continuous brawl and the government will chain you both, or work together and stay free.” Some industrialists may complain that the president of the chamber was too sweep­ ing in his admission that management was to blame for the ills of the twenties. If he ieUi^s s ib Is* did err in this respect, he erred in emphasis and not in substance. The important i. point is that in liberally admitting that management did make mistakes, he is per­ in sta ll^ forming a tremendous service for industry. tutting. Consider how important it is at this moment to preserve private enterprise for s p e e i the postwar period. Millions of voters are asking what management means by “pri­ utfiple^ vate enterprise.” If industry admits no mistakes in the past, then “private enterprise” eater fe to the man in the street means managements’ 1921-1929 conception of “private en­ terprise,” and he wants no part of it. Mr. Johnston is trying to tell the public industry has learned from past mis­ takes and that it is fighting for a private enterprise unencumbered by tbe fallacies of the twenties. Confession always is good for the soul.

SCANNING THE FUTURE: Reports their old products, 17.3 per cent will return to them from more than 3000 companies in the metalworking partially and 2.3 per cent will not go back to the industry show that 49.4 per cent of the companies old lines. are still turning out the same products they made Only 17.2 per cent of the companies are using before the war started, 35.6 per cent are engaged government-owned plants or equipment. Of these, partially on the same products and 15 per cent are 62.7 per cent intend to buy the government-owned not making the same products. Of the 50.6 per cent facilities after the war if opportunity for purchase which shifted partially or wholly to new products on reasonable terms is offered. On the contrary, during the war, 80.4 per cent intend to return to 37.3 per cent do not intend to buy.

(OVER)

45 AS THE EDITOR VIEWS THE NEWS

These statistics are typical of the pertinent data PROCEED WITH CAUTION jStocks of afforded by STEEL’s survey. The results have been military goods are mounting rapidly. By midyear, compiled in a “special report to industry” which will the nation may be so well fortified with stores of be presented in four installments, the first of which munitions that the pressure for some reconversion to appears in this issue. The breakdown of informa­ civilian goods will be overpowering. tion according to size of plant, nature of product Washington is aware of this situation, but it must and, in some instances, geographical location, will proceed cautiously. For one thing, it dare not go make this report a useful guide to industrialists who too far in liberalizing restrictions until after the re­ are looking ahead to the transition and postwar sults of the impending invasion are known. Second­ periods. —p. 67 ly, it must take into account the effect of a partial * * O shift to peacetime production upon the internal econ­ omy. For instance, will it be fair to permit certain If favorable THE FLEET IS READY: manufacturers in a given field to return to their nor­ weather holds, navigation on the Great Lakes may mal activities while competitors still are required to be resumed by April 1. Last year the season opened keep on with their war work? April 19. WPB is alert to the implications of this question. This possible head start of nearly three weeks will It wants to restrain manufacturers from “jumping the be welcomed, because the Great Lakes shippers will gun.” It hopes this restraint can be exercised need all the breaks they can get. True, the carry­ through the control of materials and manpower. It ing capacity of the fleet will be augmented by the is not an easy problem. —p. 49 full-season operation of 16 new Maritime Commis­ sion vessels, but this advantage has a potential offset in a threatened serious shortage of seamen. Adapt­ Barring extraordinary mishaps, vessel operators be­ ELECTRONIC DETECTORS: ing electronics to industrial operations is one of the lieve they can meet the goal of transporting 90,000,- most interesting developments of recent years. There 000 tons of iron ore to lower ports. They foresee seems to be no limit to the applications of this amaz­ coal shipments of 53,500,000 tons, limestone cargoes ing science. aggregating 19,000,000 tons and a grain movement Typical is the electronic detection of pinholes in of 525,000,000 bushels. To move this tonnage ir tin plate. Until a few years ago the inspection for a single season is a feat unparalleled in inland water­ pinholes and other defects was performed by work­ way transportation, but it probably will be accom­ men. It was tedious work, involving strain on eyes plished—quietly and efficiently. —p. 54 and nerves and sometimes necessitating working in short shifts to minimize fatigue. Also it was physi­ cally impossible to inspect a sheet satisfactorily if DEPOTS FOR SURPLUS ; Athough much it was traveling at much more than 50 feet per thought has been given to the problem of redis­ minute. tributing surplus material in war contractors’ plants Today it is possible with photoelectric devices to other plants where it can be used advantageously, not only to detect pinholes as small as 1/100-inch the plans for redistribution thus far employed have in diameter in strip measuring from 6 to 62 inches not worked as well as could be desired. wide moving at a speed of 1000 feet per minute, One informed commentator believes that part of but also to register detection of the defect by signal the difficulty lies in the failure on the part of the or by marking the hole and, if desired, to sort out planners to place sufficient emphasis upon the physi­ the defective material from the good. cal movement of the surplus materials. Too much All of this is accomplished by a light source, pho­ attention, he infers, is devoted to “paper work” and toelectric tubes and suitable control equipment. It general plans and not enough to actual inventorying, is prophetic of the extraordinary services we may ex­ storage and shipment. pect from electronics during the next decade. This constructive critic recommends that central — p. 108 warehouses or depots be established where contrac­ tors may send surpluses for subsequent disposal in­ to existing commercial distribution channels. This idea has merit. It would make it unnecessary for government agencies or contractors to become retail EDITOR-IN-CHIEF distributors. —p. 76

46 EEL Here are the facts •. •

• Many companies in the metal-working industries of a contract or a change in design can overnight have recently experienced cutbacks in war con­ leave you with an excessive or obsolete steel inven­ tracts and there is some evidence of planning for tory. There was a time when this conservative in­ partial reconversion to commercial production. As ventory policy might not have been sound from a a result, a number of manufacturers are already cir­ production standpoint. However—most warehouse culating lists of odd steel stocks and excess inven­ stocks have been built up so they now can quickly tories. More lists will appear as cancellations, meet any demand. design changes and manufacturing trends follow Ryerson is particularly well suited to serve your the tide o f w ar. day to day or emergency steel requirements. Large While there is no real surplus of steel at the and complete stocks on hand for immediate ship­ present time, there are sound reasons for a con­ ment provide a safe, dependable source for every servative buying policy. First, you will help war steel need. production by making steel available for those who Joseph T. Ryerson & Son, I nc., Steel-Service plants need it immediately. Second, it is good business at: Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Louis, Cincinnati, De­ to keep your inventory at a practical working level. troit, Cleveland, Buffalo, Boston, Pittsburgh, Phila­ Steel overstocks may be dynamite. Cancellation delphia, Jersey City.

PARTIAL LIST OF STEELS IN STOCK BARS • SHAPES • PLATES • SHEETS • TUBING • STRUCTURAIS • CARBON AND ALLOY STEELS • TOOL STEEL • ALLEGHENY STAINLESS RYERSON STEEL-SERVICE

47 I Choose from / AIRCO’S complete line of AC Electrodes

AIRCO 81 AIRCO 83 (AWS-ASTM E6020) AIRCO 230 (AWS-ASTM E6030) (AWS-ASTM E60111 For single pass, hori­ For high-speed mul­ For highest quality zontal fillet welding \ tiple pass, flat posi- all-position AC weld­ of mild steel, manga­ i tion welding of mild ing of mild steel. nese steel, and high » steel. tensile steels.

AIRCO 187 AIRCO 87 (AWS-ASTM E6012) (AWS-ASTM E6012) AIRCO 90 For single or multi­ Has same general (AWS-ASTM E6013) ple pass welding of characteristics as 1 For general purpose mild steel where fit- Airco 87 but has a \ welding of mild steel. up is poor. higher rate of depo­ sition.

\ 1 AIRCO 94 AIRCO 91 J (AWS-ASTM E7020) 1 AIRCO 77 1 F o r flat position 1 For resistance to I welding of carbon- 1 For repairing cast shock and sliding iron. 1 molybdenum low 1 abrasion. Ift alloy high tensile I | steels.

Plenty of Large Sizes for Top Welding Speed All Airco AC electrodes are available in a It is generally agreed that the majority full range of sizes —particularly the large of today’s welding jobs could be speeded diameters that are recommended for max- by using the next larger size electrode mum AC welding speed. These larger sizes than those currently used. This is par­ permit the use of higher currents, thus ticularly true in flat-position welding. achieving considerably faster deposition For detailed information on the com­ speeds, in the same arc time, than pos­ plete line of Airco AC electrodes, call or sible with smaller diameter electrodes. write to your nearest Air Reduction office.

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W ar production officials seek to avoid competitive ad­ vantages and disadvantages in permitting earliest possible return to civilian goods manu­ facture

RECENT pronouncements by War Pro­ duction Board and other government officials have done little to dispel the un­ certainty surrounding reconversion to civ­ ilian goods manufacture. One week, the Truman committee rec­ ommends reconversion be started as soon as cutbacks in the war production pro­ gram frees facilities, materials and man­ power. The next week, WPB Chairman Donald M. Nelson warns that large-scale civilian goods output may not be per­ mitted until six or eight months after Germany’s cohapse. In addition to the questions of the time when and the extent to which more liberal resumption of peacetime manufac­ ture will be permitted are numerous otner INVASION BOUND: Earmarked for Europe are these stacks of pre­ perplexing problems. Among the most fabricated barracks and steel material for hut construction at a United puzzling is whether, when the reconver­ sion starts, some manufacturers will be States engineering depot in England. Acme photo permitted to “jump the gun’ on their competitors and whether new manufac­ turers will be permitted to enter the field while the old established companies are officials said percentages of permitted which companies will be permitted to tied up with war production. production will be based on the tonnage manufacture what products and also the For example, two companies in the elec­ of controlled materials used by the manu­ extent of such manufacture. Such control trical appliance field may have produced facturers in the base period 1939-41. The will be dictated primarily by the labor 10 per cent and 2 per cent of the .total in­ allocations will be small. Those for brew­ supply situation. dustry’s output before the war. Both are ing machinery and syrup mixing and WPB’s general policy on this question engaged in war work. The smaller com­ handling will be 10 per cent of the an­ was outlined by Chairman Nelson in an­ pany’s war contracts are canceled, while nual average in the base period. For ice swering a question propounded by Sen. the larger remains in war production. Will cream machinery and bottling equipment, Francis Maloney of Connecticut. Senator the smaller company, with facilities per­ the allocations will be 25 per cent. Maloney asked: “Is it contemplated that haps expanded during the war, be per­ As long as WPB exercises control over all producers of a particular product will mitted to manufacture as much as it can, materials, it will be possible for that be permitted to resume production at the take advantage of a seller’s market, and agency to maintain some control over same time and in amounts approximately build up its trade name to the detriment equal to their relative peacetime produc­ of the larger company? Or will it be re­ tion, or will some particular companies or regions be permitted to resume civilian stricted to a quota based on, say, 1940 PLAN TRANSITION output? production before others?” A straw in the wind which may indicate Formation of an automobile in­ Mr. Nelson replied: “It would cer­ VVPB’s policy is seen in the program for dustry advisory committee, com­ tainly be convenient, as well as fair, to the production of some 2,000,000 flat­ posed of the top ranking official in allow all manufacturers in each industry irons with quotas established for manu­ each company that manufactured to resume production at the same time, facturers based on 1940 output. Appli­ passenger cars at the time produc­ but this is, of course, a physical impos­ cants for controlled materials will be re­ tion was halted, was announced sibility, owing to the varying degrees to quired to supply detailed information not last week by WPB. This commit­ which companies are engaged in essential only on the amounts of such materials tee will meet with WPB officials in war work. It goes without saying that that will be required but also to describe Washington about the middle of the tremendous impact of war on the the manner in which labor requirements April to explore basic problems economy is bound to produce hardship will be met. It is believed this form may which must be dealt with by in­ for some business concerns, as well as for be used to prevent manufacturers who dustry and government as a pre­ other elements in the society. Obviously were not producers of flatirons in 1940 liminary to eventual resumption of the government cannot entirely prevent bom entering the field now. passenger car production. Its pur­ such hardships, and the controlling factor A similar policy apparently will be fol­ pose is entirely exploratory and ad­ in laying down policy must be in the in­ lowed in permitting limited production of visory on the part of both industry terest of the public as a whole, rather machinery used in the manufacture of ice arid government. than the protection of any one group. cream, brews, wines and beverages. WPB “If without interference with the war 49 CIVILIAN GOODS ■ ------

effort, we can give a manufacturer in a of material which is in good supply today, required by the military. Perhaps the most “ noncritical manpower area materials and if suddenly the controls were relaxed an­ recent example of this is the launching ft parts to resume production of things the other shortage would be likely to occur.” of the large steel ammunition container i civilian economy needs, I think it is to the Manufacturers who are most worried program. These are for the packaging of public interest that we do so without over the answers to these questions are shells, with two or three exceptions, and waiting until another concern in a critical the prime contractors and those who face cover primarily sizes from 57-millimeter area is permitted to resume production. major conversion problems. They fear through 105-millimeter. The program re- * This policy may seem hard on the manu­ that by the time their war contracts are quires about 100,000 tons of steel sheets ; facturer in the critical area, but it would ended, their normal prewar business will to be fabricated in the container bodies be at least an equal hardship on the have been seriously infiltrated by smaller alone and approximately the same amount manufacturer in the noncritical area if he companies and by new concerns. for the tops, bottoms, baffles and other were prevented from resuming produc­ A considerable difference in the length accessories. The launching of this pro­ tion, just because a manufacturer in a of time that will be required to change gram is bringing into service much stamp- critical area could not do so. back to peacetime production will be re­ ing equipment formerly free, and indi- h quired by the various companies. Only cates how quickly changing military re­ Requires Careful Scheduling about one-tenth of the metalworking com­ quirements can affect an industry and “Until that happy period when we can panies expect three months or more will serves to illustrate why the armed services resume civilian production on a much be needed ( see pages 68-69 ). are reluctant to agree to widespread re­ broader scale than will be possible so Another factor which may influence re­ conversion to civilian production. long as direct military production must be conversion is change in the types of goods WPB for months has been reviewing maintained in large volume, there will be many shortages of civilian products whose importance to the supporting economy PERCENT PERCENT demands their production and scheduling 100 100 with die same certainty as must be ap­ CARBON STEEL plied to war items.” Senator Maloney also inquired whether 2,952,590 Tons it would be practical to require that those companies which first resume production must manufacture some part of their out­ put for sale by die other companies who are kept on war work, so that the latter 80 80 do not “suffer a fortuitous competitive dis­ advantage.” The WPB chieftain believed this could 22,088 be done in certain cases and that in such cases he favored the plan. In some in­ dustries, however, he said practical ob­ stacles would be difficult to overcome. The Connecticut senator also wanted 60 to know whether a policy existed with re­ 60 spect to the treatment of companies who wish to enter production of civilian items which they did not produce before the war. To this, Mr. Nelson answered: Preserve Competitive Economy 8 8 .6 % “This question touches the roots of na­ tional policy. If the government were to 40 40 attempt to prevent new competition, there would clearly be grave danger of 71.2% shackling the country with a regimented economy for a long while to come. Such 8,935 action would require detailed planning of all production by a government group —a development which I would strenu­ ously oppose. In my judgment, it is all- 20 important to maintain a competitive economy. I do not believe you can have a democracy and at the same time forbid 28.8%: new competition. It has been my objec­ 381,560 Tons tive from the very start to confine detailed economic planning to wartime produc­ tion of military and civilian essentials. If, with the return of peace, we were to start out with the policy of planning our peace­ time economy in detail, as we would have WASHINGTON FIELD WASHINGTON FIELD to do in order to prevent new competi­ tion, we would do irreparable injury to DECENTRALIZATION: Progress of the War Production Board in decen­ the free enterprise system in the United tralizing its activities are illustrated in the above chart. Field offices States. processed 71.2 per cent of the first quarter CMP4-B application for car­ “It is my view that controls should be bon steel. These, however, represented only 11.4 per cent of the total relaxed whenever they cease to be neces­ tonnage allocated. The 28.8 per cent of applications processed in Wash­ sary to war production. However, the ington accounted for 88.6 per cent of the tonnage. The national head­ need for controls is obviously going to quarters of WPB still handle most of the applications made on special continue for some time. Even in the case "L" and "M" forms

50 E E L CIVILIAN GOODS

its limitation and material orders so that 1944 of three-burner and standard elec­ much iron and steel as they averaged per ' strictly essential civilian supplies can be tric ranges was first scheduled to be 64,- quarter in the year ended June 30, 1941. rounded out. Allotment of steel and 000, but has now been increased to The previous permitted rate was 50 per T&l some other materials has been increased 88,000. cent. “ as needs and conditions warranted. Steel COOKING UTENSILS: Manufactur­ BABY CARRIAGES: Restrictions on 111 allotments for this quarter totaled 155,- ers of cast-iron cooking ware now are the amount of steel which can go into 000 tons, in sharp contrast to the 35,000 allowed to produce at approximately pre­ individual baby carriages, strollers, walk­ tons, allotted in the first quarter of 1943. war levels; about 2,774,000 skillets and ers or pushcarts have been removed, For the second quarter this year, pro- 335,000 Dutch ovens were produced but there is a ceiling on amount of steel *; vision has been made for 210,000 tons. from July 1, 1940, through June 30, 1941. allocated for this purpose. It is ex­ The items in which production will Only change in enameled ware is the pected WPB will allocate enough steel to be increased—and the quality of which manufacture of 500,000 cold-pack can- make 800,000 or 900,000 baby carriages will be improved—are mostly minor ners before July 1. First aluminum ci­ averaging 25 pounds of steel, and about ’ * products. There are no early prospects vilian cooking utensils to be manufac­ 650.000 strollers and pushcarts containing for the production of heavy durable con- tured since January, 1942, are 400,000 an average of 15 pounds of steel. v sumers’ goods such as automobiles, aluminum pressure canners, which also SILVER - PLATED FLATWARE: id i washing machines, mechanical refriger­ will contain copper in the indicating About 25 per cent more will be made ators, vacuum cleaners or radios. gages, safety and relief valves and blow­ than in 1943. Quality will be improved by A summary of the program for the out plugs. an undercoating of nickel. The produc­ smaller items follows: GALVANIZED WARE: Permitted tion increase will result from the clos­ ICE REFRIGERATORS: First quar- production of pails, buckets, wash tubs ing out of some contracts in plants mak­ i ter production calls for 269,809, com- and certain other galvanized items will ing surgical instruments, cartridge cases, — ' pared to prewar quarterly output of 50,- be considerably greater than in 1943. gun mounts, bayonets and jungle knives. 000. For the year, the VVPB program With the allocation of more iron and ALARM CLOCKS: Current produc­ calls for 821,000 ice boxes, against 633,- steel during this quarter for such pro­ tion is 3,300,000 a year, compared with 000 last year. duction, manufacturers are being per­ 10.600.000 before the war. The industry ELECTRIC RANGES: Production in mitted to use up to 92% per cent as believes production can be increased 15 per cent by substituting steel for fiber- board in the outer case and brass for steel in the works. Present, Past and Pending AUTOMOBILE BATTERIES: Ten­ tatively, the number to be made for all claimants, military and civilian, is set at ■ Foy TO SUCCEED WHITING AS STEEL DIRECTOR 19,300,000, or 5 per cent more than sold W a s h i n g t o n —J. T. Whiting last week resigned as director of the Steel Division, in 1943. War Production Board, the resignation, it being understood, becoming effective at BEDSPRINGS: Total permitted to be made this year is about 3,100,000, or the end of this month. He will be succeeded as steel director by Norman W. Foy, 50 per cent of output in the base year who has been deputy director of the division. Mr. Whiting will return to his post as ended June 30, 1941. Production of in- president of the Alan Wood Steel Co. Before going with WPB Mr. Foy was general nerspring mattresses for civilians is not manager of sales for Republic Steel Corp. permitted nor anticipated by WPB. Steel springs now are permitted in wood up­ ■ SALES TRAINING CONFERENCE ATTRACTS MANY holstered furniture up to 50 per cent of Cleveland—First in a series of dinner-conferences to study the problem of “Selec­ the dollar value used by the manufac­ tion and Training Postwar Sales Personnel” was attended by 450 northern Ohio turer in 1941. sales executives March 13. The con^rence aims at eliminating the acute shortage of trained sales personnel. Whiting Urges Increase ■ MANPOWER TO BE RATIONED AT C H IC A G O In NE Steel Production Ch ic a g o —A manpower rationing program to make up existing shortages in war plants throughout this area has been announced. Allocation of needed workmen Steel producers have been asked by will be guided by local surveys to establish priority lists for industrial plants suffering the War Production Board to increase critical labor shortages. production of the three-way alloy Nation­ al Emergency steels. Concern has been ■ FEAR DRAFT M AY CU RB STEEL PRODUCTION expressed by John T. Whiting, director, Washington-—'The Steel Industry Advisory Committee, WPB, met here last week Steel Division, WPB, over the tendency ^ with WPB Chairman Nelson and Selective Service Director Hershey to report the of alloy steel producers to relax efforts loss of key men under the recent Presidential manpower directive may seriously to maintain the NE steel production pro­ affect steel output. It was stated the loss of men already is affecting production. gram. In a letter to these interests, Mr. Whit­ ■ SOUTH A F R IC A SENDS M ISSION TO U. S. ing said: “We are seriously concerned Johannesburg, S o u t h A f r ic a — A scientific war mission to America, led by Dr. S. D. by the present apparent feeling of both Haughton, director of geological survey and controller of nonferrous metals, has left producers and consumers that, in view of the easier alloy steel situation, the NE Pretoria. Included in the group are experts on metals, chemistry and agriculture. steel program can be relaxed.” 1 Monsanto chem ical enters west coast field He pointed out that December NE W- Louis—Monsanto Chemical Co. has acquired I. F. Laucks Inc., manufacturing steel alloy ingot output reached a peak in percentage of alloy ingot production, i„ ¿¡if P®>ists of Seattle. Laucks has plants at Seattle, Vancouver, B. C., Los Angeles, amounting to 46 per cent of the total. IJ ^0ftsm°utli, Va., Lockport, N. Y., and Stanbridge, Que. In January this percentage dropped to 40 for » I SWEDEN SEEKS POSTWAR AMERICAN TRADE per cent of the total, wiping out one- ffis 0 Los Angeles—Sweden will become one of the United States' best customers after quarter of all the gains gradually achieved during thé preceding year. It n 1 the war, according to Rolf von Henderstam, Stockholm industrialist and chairman of is the division’s aim to see that 60 per 11 a Swedish trade mission visiting this country. Among products Sweden will want cent of alloy steel output is made up of !pscl° are automobiles, trucks, tractors, machine tools, oil, rubber and coal. NE steels.

51 SURPLUS MATERIALS

Over-Buying of Steel, Metals Is Reflected

Extensive protective covering shown by heavy offerings of excess tonnages in East by aircraft builders and suppliers

N E W YORK THAT many aircraft builders and sup­ pliers of components to the industry over­ bought steel, aluminum and other metals, also small tools and fabricated parts, is evident by the heavy tonnages now of­ fered in the East as excess material. While changes in design, revised pro­ grams and other factors make much of this steel excess material, a large part of the accumulation apparently is due to in­ discriminate purchases at a time when shortages were feared by most consumers. If a certain drill was required, orders were placed for all available; the same was largely true of steel and the volume of alloy bars now offered as excess stock is large, much of it SAE grades. Also, substantial tonnages of carbon bars are offered with strip and even some sheets and plates, currently the tightest products on which deliveries are in the third quar­ ter. Excess lists, some other than air­ craft, are also well peppered with non- ferrous products, wire, cable and other steel materials, including small tools. Some of this steel and other products DESTINED FOR BOULDER DAM: This is a twin exciter for an 82,500- was bought before the advent of CMP. kilowatt waterwheel generator which General Electric's Schenectady An exhibition aimed to assist in the Works will ship soon to Boulder dam. This will be the sixth generating sale of millions of dollars worth will be unit which the company has furnished for Boulder held at the Hotel McAlpin, New York, starting March 27 and continuing for two weeks, through April 8, under auspices of the New York Regional of­ fices of the W ar Production Board. The WPB Revokes Two Holdup Orders following aircraft companies will co­ operate: Completion of work on structural mill at Geneva Steel Works Bell Aircraft Co.; Eclipse Pioneer divi­ sion, Bendix Aviation Corp.; Eastern Air­ and on certain facilities at Republic's South Chicago plant craft division, General Motors Corp.; Glenn L. Martin Co.; Republic Aviation permitted under new rulings Corp.; and Chance-Vought Aircraft divi­ sion, United Aircraft Corp. WAR Production Board last week re­ work, W ar Production Board officials said. More than 5000 different types of versed itself on two steel plant construc­ WPB also announced revocation of its items, covering aluminum, steel, copper, tion projects, revoking orders holding up recommendation that work be terminated hardware, perishable tools, miscellaneous work which was near completion. on construction of a 32 inch bar mill at industrial supplies and materials, and On March 13 the board announced that Republic Steel Corp.’s South Chicago component parts, will be exhibited in the construction of the structural mill of the works. Completion of such facilities as booths and panels to be set up by the air­ Geneva Steel Co. at Geneva, Utah, is are needed to produce shell and other craft companies. being permitted to proceed to completion. carbon steel in this mill will be per­ The exhibit will be an initial step in Work on this plant was ordered stopped mitted. large-scale effort by government and on Dec. 7, 1943, the order becoming When termination was recommended industry to redistribute large holdings of finally effective on Dec. 24. This order by the Steel Division, WPB, Jan. 22, critical items that heretofore have been now has been revoked. the plant was scheduled to produce al­ held for prospective aircraft needs, before The Geneva structural mill has a rated loy steel, but current plans call for pro­ engineering changes and new designing capacity of 200,000 tons annually. The duction of carbon steel. This switch in dictated by combat requirements made total cost was estimated at $17,250,000, operation is the basis for last.weeks them no longer needed by the aircraft in­ of which the work remaining to be done revocation of the holdup order. dustry. The exhibit will be composed of should come to approximately $1,350,000. The plant consists of four batteries displays of samples, many of which rep­ It is believed it will take approximately of coke ovens, a blast furnace, four open resent inventories of huge quantities. three months to complete the remaining hearths and a 44-inch blooming mill (all

52 r E E L RAILROADS of which are complete), three ore un­ loading bridges (two complete), nine elec­ Carriers Expected To Be Good tric furnaces (seven complete), a 36-inch breakdown mill (nearly complete), and the unfinished 32-inch bar mill. Steel Customers After the W ar

Two New Divisions Set Up Backlogs of rails and accessories total about 3,000,000 tons. By American Steel & Wire Locomotive and freight car deliveries to be increased. Financ­ ing of future purchases offers no particular problem as roads The American Steel & Wire Co., Cleve­ land, subsidiary, U. S. Steel Corp., is have built up substantial reserves creating two separate divisions to handle the sale of electrical products and wire CLEVELAND traffic and revenues and 10 to 20 per rope and construction! materials. P. T. RAILROADS should be excellent cus­ cent in passenger movement. Freight Coons, formerly head of the electrical, tomers for equipment and supplies for a traffic increased 10 per cent in January wire rope and construction materials de­ number of years after the war and, in and 8 per cent in February. Passenger partment, which is being discontinued, fact, the partial lifting of restrictions on movement in January rose 25 per cent will assume the responsibilities as man­ materials already is being reflected in but a leveling off in passenger as well ager of the wire rope and construction heavier buying, J. H. Parmelee, director, as freight traffic is expected as the year materials division. T. F. Peterson has Bureau of Railway Economics, Associa­ progresses. been appointed manager of the newly tion of American Railroads, told mem­ If one enemy is out of the war some created electrical division. At the same bers of the American Marketing Associa­ time in 1945 and the end of the conflict time, B. M. Ashbauchcer has been made tion here March 14. is more nearly in sight, Dr. Parmelee assistant manager of the ware rope and Dr. Parmelee said that already, 1,- looks for a rapid decline in war produc­ construction materials division, while 865,000 tons of steel rails have been allo­ tion which will, of course, be reflected C. H. Eisenhardt has been named to a cated to the steel mills for delivery to in smaller movement of freight. Some similar position in the electrical division. the railroads this year and that the ton­ conversion will take place in 1945 but nage may be increased in the next few not enough to offset a rapid cutback in months. Total 1944 backlog of both war orders. MEETINGS CALENDAR rails and accessories, such as frogs, He regards 1946 and 1947 as the years switches, tie plates and spikes, is about of postwar transition from war to peace Great Lakes R egional Advisory Board: in which there will be a more rapid Twenty-first annual and fifty-eighth regular 3.000.000 tons, he said. Over the past meeting. Commodore Perry hotel, T oledo, O - three years, allocations of rails alone tapering in war orders accompanied by March 22. have been only 1,400,000 tons. reconversion to peacetime products. The American Society of T ool Engineers: An­ rate of probable conversion cannot be nual meeting at the Bellevue Stratford hotel. Rolling Stock Schedules Boosted foretold clearly, he said, since some in­ Philadelphia, March 2 6 -2 8 . dustries can convert more rapidly than As for rolling stock, Dr. Parmelee American Gas Association: W ar conference others. Volume of freight traffic in 1946 pointed out that only about 800 locomo­ on industrial and com m ercial gas, H otel Seneca, and 1947 in all likelihood will be lower tives were delivered to the railroads last Rochester, N. Y., March 3 0 -3 1 . than in 1945 but above the 1939-1941 year while about 1200 are scheduled for American Ceramic Society Inc.: Annual average. meeting in Pittsburgh, W illiam Penn hotel, shipment this year. Freight car deliv­ April 2-5. eries last year totaled 29,000 but 50,000 In discussing earnings, Dr. Parmelee Society of Automotive Engineers Inc: N a­ is regarded as a conservative estimate noted that a probable increase of 5 per tional aeronautic m eeting, H otel N ew Yorker, for 1944 and some are inclined to be­ cent in gross revenues in 1944 compared New York, April 5-7. lieve that the figure may run as high as with 1943 is “no guarantee” that net Electrochemical Society Inc.: Spring con­ 60.000. earnings will increase. In fact, net earn­ vention at the Pfister hotel, M ilw aukee, April ings reached their peak in 1942 and a The railroads have been required to 13-15. further decline of $100,000,000 in 1944 use substitutes, such as wood for steel American Zinc Institute Inc.: Twenty-sixth as compared with 1943 may be expected and carbon steel for alloy steel, in equip­ annual meeting, Jefferson hotel, St. Louis, although gross will be around $500,000,- April 17-18. ment acquired in the past couple of 000 higher. American Institute of Mining & Metallurgical years but from now on, especially after Engineers: Twenty-seventh annual conference July 1, Dr. Parmelee expects that bet­ of the Open-Hearth Steel committee and Blast ter materials will be available. In other Furnace and Raw M aterials com m ittee, Iron Ayres Says Transportation and Steel Division, A .I.M .E ., W illiam Penn words, he said, the railroads will be able hotel, Pittsburgh, April 2 0 -2 1 . to specify the types of materials going Is No. 1 Economic Problem American Foundrym ens Association: Third into equipment rather than finding it war production foundry congress at Buffalo. necessary to comply with government No. 1 problem of America’s domestic April 25-28. edicts. wartime economy is transportation, Brig. Gen. Leonard P. Ayres, vice president, Machine Tool Electrification Forum: Ninth Most of the roads are getting enough annual meeting, W illiam Penn hotel, Pittsburgh, Cleveland Trust Co., Cleveland, stated May 1-2. of other types of supplies for mainte­ nance purposes but not in sufficient vol­ last week in the bank’s monthly business Association of Iron and Steel Engineers: ume to care for “program” work, such bulletin. Annual spring conference under the auspices The railroads, Ayres says, are short of of the rolling m ill com m ittee, W illiam Penn as replacement bridges and structures. hotel, Pittsburgh, May 8. Dr. Parmelee said financing of future manpower, short of rolling stock, short of materials and short of maintenance. The American Steel Warehouse Association Inc.: purchases would offer no particular prob­ Thirty-fifth annnal m eeting at the Drake hotel, lem as railroads have been building up national supply of passenger automobiles Chicago, May 9-10. substantial financial reserves. is about 4,000,000 cars smaller than it American Gas Association: Natural gas Dr. Parmelee foresees 1944 as the was two years ago and the rate of de­ spring conference, French Lick Springs hotel, peak year in volume of freight traffic crease is accelerating. Urban and inter­ French Lick, Ind., May 11-13. based upon anticipated industrial pro- city trucking are having a hard time Society of Automotive Engineers Inc.: Na­ ductiop. Taking 1939 as a base of 100, meeting the demands placed upon them; tional Diesel-fuels and lubricants meeting, their equipment is wearing out and they Hotel Knickerbocker, Chicago, May 17-18. freight traffic in 1943 stood at 217, pas­ senger traffic at 388 and gross revenues are short of repair and replacement parts. American Iron and Steel Institute: Fifty- They are short of tires and are seriously third ^general m eeting, W aldorf-Astoria hotel, at 227. Present prospects are for a fur­ ther increase of 5 per cent in freight short of manpower. IRON ORE Early 1944 Ore Vessel

Start Seen 1 \ ---- - CONSUMERS' STOCKS / \ GROSS TONS / \ - ...... V n Season may get under way by <■ . hsi April 1 with moderate weather \ / \ ^ - 1 4 - prevailing. Labor scarcity chief s

, , 1 SOURCE' BUREAU OF MINES -3 concern of operators 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! 1 I l 1 l l 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! -0 1 9 4 1 1 9 4 2 1 9 4 3

CLEVELAND which would indicate that stocks May 1 tee, an organization of 33 Great Lakes COMPARATIVELY mild weather to date this winter indicates possible open­ will exceed 13 million tons even if a shippers transporting bulk commodities, ing of navigation on the upper Great drastic change in weather conditions points out that of their 12,605 officers Lakes by April 1, in contrast with the should prevent the bringing down of any and seamen about 6800 are subject to April 19 opening last year. ore during April. immediate induction. Iron ore shippers feel that the 90 mil­ Some ore shippers have already placed Lake shippers state that although sea­ lion gross ton goal set for the 1944 season engineers aboard ore carriers and fitting- men on ocean vessels are automatically will be reached despite an indicated short­ out crews are expected aboard several exempt from the Selective Service law, age of seamen, and scheduled increases other vessels shortly. However, vessel in­ those employed on lake vessels receive in the movement of grain, limestone and terests may experience a serious man­ no corresponding blanket deferment, coal this year. In addition to the probable power shortage this coming season. Re­ which means every individual case has earlier opening of navigation, capacity of cent survey by the Lake Vessel Commit­ to be decided by local draft boards. the Great Lakes fleet will be materially augmented this season with the 16 new Maritime Commission ore carriers avail­ able for the entire season. Most of these Ore Sellers Reluctant To Close vessels were in service only a brief period last year. Vessel interests anticipate a movement Contracts w ith Costs Uncertain of about 53.5 million net tons of coal this season, contrasted with 52 million last CLEVELAND ing, but only if the authorization is nec­ year. To permit the unrestricted move­ MERCHANT iron ore sellers are in a essary to promote production or distri­ ment of coal until the iron ore traffic dilemma regarding the closing of 1944 bution and if it will not interfere with reaches its full stride, the Office of De­ season ore contracts. the purposes of the Emergency Price fense Transportation has suspended until Facing possible increases in wage and Control Act of 1942, as amended.” May 15 all restrictions on Great Lakes other costs, iron ore shippers are re­ The workers’ wage increase demands shipments of coal. luctant to commit themselves on closing of 17 cents an hour, if approved, are ex­ Vessel shipment of grain this year may of contracts for the coming season at pected to be made retroactive to Jan. 4 reach 525 million bushels, or 100 million present ceiling prices. this year. This wage increase, com­ more than in 1943. A number of ore car­ Prior to the war, vessel operators by bined with other demands made by the riers were diverted to the grain trade last this time each year would have closed union such as severance pay, company season. on their shipping contracts for the sea­ provision of protective wearing apparel At the Duluth harbor there is only son. Frequently in the past the initial and guarantee of a 40 hour minimum three miles of light ice now, against about contract closed by these merchant ore weekly wage, will raise iron ore mining 30 miles last year. Ice is four to six inches shippers was with Ford Motor Co. or costs in the underground mines between thick in the St. Mary’s river just below some other large consumer, which price 46 and 60 cents a gross ton. One shipper, the Soo canal; last year it was 16 to 24 normally set the ore market for the with a number of large underground inches. Only ice problem in prospect is season. mines, estimates that these demands will in the Straits of Mackinac. United States Under present conditions shippers raise the overall mining costs about 56 coast guard cutters are scheduled to start must sell their ore at the current ceiling cents a ton. opening channels for the start of upper price, without any provision for increased At the opening of the 1943 navigation lake navigation early this week. costs that would develop if WLB grants season the merchant iron ore shippers, There is little concern over iron ore the requested wage increase. vho account for about 20 per cent of stocks not being sufficient to sustain pres­ Office of Price Administration’s iron the total shipments each year, notified ent near-capacity steel operations until ore price regulation RMPR 113 states their customers that they would have to the opening of navigation. that “no person may, unless authorized absorb the iron ore price increase re­ Ore stocks aggregated 36,059,302 tons by OPA, deliver or agree to deliver at quest then being considered by OPA, Feb. 1, latest figures available, compared prices to be adjusted upward in accord­ and shipped the ore with that under­ with 43,428,641 at the close of the pre­ ance with action taken by the OPA after standing. However, under amendment ceding month and 39,742,766 on the com­ delivery. Such authorization may be to RMPR-113 such an understanding and parable date last year. Consumption has given when a request for a change in shipping arrangement would violate the averaged about 7.5 million tons monthly, the applicable maximum price is pend­ order.

54 EEL STEEL PRICES

agencies. Opposition from the steel in­ Proposed Change in Government dustry, and other industries such as lum­ ber and oil whose price policies are now under consideration by OPA, has delayed Contracting Policy Is Opposed its adoption. In the case of the steel industry in Industry views suggested procedure as likely to nullify any price particular, the delay is desirable in view of the wage negotiations now under way. adjustments permitted by OPA. Most steel contracts at present Higher wage rates in the industry would are based on ceiling prices in effect at time of shipment. Pro­ almost certainly bring an upward re­ vision in steel prices, and probably sim­ mulgation of order is delayed ilar revisions in wages and prices in other industries as well. PITTSBURGH broad enough to be applied in case of There seems to be considerable doubt OPPOSITION is expressed by steel a stalemate on prices. They are now at the moment regarding the possible is­ executives here to proposed issuance of being used as an enforcement measure suance of the order. It would be neces­ an order affecting steel prices on con­ in connection with renegotiation proce­ sary for all governmental purchasing tracts with government procurement dures, although as yet have not been units to agree on the provisions of the agencies. invoked. However, should such a case plan, and thus far there has been a The order, which has been prepared arise, the government agency involved notable hesitancy to reach such an agree­ after a series of conferences covering would then negotiate a new contract with ment. Some procurement officers are many months, would have the effect of the Army (or Navy, as the case might of the opinion that the government will nullifying any price adjustments which be) presumably at the original terms. obtain through renegotiation any un­ OPA might permit on steel during the warranted profits made through too-high Order Not Formally Issued existence of these contracts. prices, and therefore there is no need for Gmt[ Present steel contracts are almost en­ Although the order has been prepared “renegotiation in advance” through the conti tirely based on OPA ceiling prices at by the Procurement Policy Board, it has preliminary price adjustments set forth ¿«Bi time of shipment. There are a few con­ not yet been formally issued. Discus­ in this plan. Cost to the government ire sit tracts with a so-called “escalator” clause sions on the subject have been under would be virtually the same in either which permits adjustment of prices based way for many months, and the board case, and any savings which accrued on changes in primary costs, such as an recommended its adoption March 1 by through the proposed method would be increase in labor rates. These are rela­ the various governmental procurement at the expense of the manufacturer. : Saw tively insignificant, however, with the dit bulk of current steel moving on p.i.e. î âé contracts. This means that should OPA make any adjustment in the price of Steel Inquiry Board Is Asked To steel, all material shipped after the ef­ fective date of the change would auto­ matically carry the new price. Exclude Wage Demands at Hearing In direct opposition to this policy, the EXCLUSION of the United Steelwork­ as the date for hearing the union’s ar­ proposed order would require negotia­ ers of America’s demands for a 17-cent gument for inclusion of the wage demand. tions between the steelmaker and the hourly wage increase from consideration The War Labor Board last week side­ procurement agency should there be any at hearings of a War Labor Board panel’s stepped a demand by its American Fed­ change in steel prices during the life of hearings on the steel case was asked by eration of Labor members that it re­ the contract. A further provision limits John C. Gall, attorney for the Youngstown quest the President to modify the execu­ a » the time for negotiations to 60 days, Sheet & Tube Co. tive order which made the Little Steel , te­ after which the contract would be voided Since both union and War Labor Board formula the national w^ge ceiling. The s é unless agreement is reached on a new officials had frankly admitted that grant­ board’s action was taken by a vote of 8 sfe price. This means the contract is not ing the wage increase would mean the to 4. However, it was made clear that binding on either party if there is a ï scrapping of the Little Steel wage for­ it was passing the issue only temporarily fas change in the price of steel—virtually no mula, Mr. Gall declared the demand and in deference to Congress which now contract, in other words. ir could not be granted by the War Labor has the entire stabilization question be­ ¡UM The difficulty involved is obvious. Un­ Board unless the stabilization program fore it in connection with the enactment der today’s conditions, the heavy pressure was modified. of legislation to replace the second emer­ for delivery in all types of steel products Although the board circumvented the gency price control act which expires makes it impossible for a government wage formula and the stabilization pro­ June 30. agency to void a contract with one pro­ gram in the coal and railroad cases, [B¡C ducer and turn around and place the many believe it lacks the power to grant Congressmen Move To Make (Sí® tonnage elsewhere. For example, Mari­ the steelworkers’ wage demands without 18 tó1 time Commission schedules on plate re­ approval from Congress. The stabiliza­ Little Steel Formula Law ï ik quirements are now six to nine months tion act of October, 1942, “authorized ídass ahead. If the price of plate should and directed” the President “to issue a Proposal to write the Little Steel wage 0¿¡ change, it is certain that all plate pro­ general order stabilizing prices, wages formula into law was launched last week ducers would immediately invoke the and salaries . . . on the basis of levels by Rep. Albert Gore (Dem., Tenn.) and higher price, and should the Commission which existed on Sept. 15, 1942.” This Rep. A. S. Mike Monroney (Dem., Okla.), refuse to accept the increase, all plate was followed by the President’s execu­ who will seek to add the wage restraints contracts would be voided in 60 days, tive order that the War Labor Board to legislation extending the life of the and plates for the shipyards would be “shall not approve any increase in the Office of Price Administration. eliminated. wage rates prevailing on Sept. 15, 1942, The move to enact the wage curb into As a further club, one of the provisions unless such increase is necessary to cor­ law followed closely the opening of hear­ of the Selective Service act of 1940 per­ rect maladjustments or inequalities, to ings before the W ar "Labor Board panel I,® mits government seizure of plants for eliminate substandards of living, to cor­ on demands of the United Steelworkers virtually any reason whatever if the war rect gross inequities, or to aid in the of America which, if approved, would effort is impeded through improper op­ effective prosecution of the war.” openly break the formula and crack eration of that plant. These powers are The board panel has set March 22 the stabilization line. lale® War, Navy Departments Prefer Fixed-Price to Cost-Plus Types

Forrestol and Patterson, however, protest against inflexibility of Ferguson bill requiring mandatory conversion of agreements. Insist some work is best accomplished under fixed-fee contract. Armed services ask freedom in making awards

FIRST comprehensive story about the program has been gaining in momentum. whys and wherefores of Army and Navy It never will be possible, he said, to contractual arrangements with war pro­ get away from the cost-plus type of con­ ducing plants was told to the Murray tracting in connection with repairs and subcommittee of the Senate Military Af­ conversion work whose costs are not fairs Committee when Under Secretaries readily ascertainable and where speed, Robert P. Patterson of the War Depart­ as when repairing battle-damaged ships, ment and James V. Forrestal of the Navy planes and other units so as to get them Department appeared to give their views back into the war, is essential. The same on S. J. Res. 80. This is the bill, in­ is true of work on new types of weapons, troduced by Sen. Homer Ferguson (Rep., also in connection with research and ex­ ROBERT P. PATTERSON Mich.), calling for mandatory conver­ perimental projects. sion of cost-plus-fixed-fee to fixed-price Mr. Forrestal described the merits of the fee was reduced to 3 per cent with contracts, excepting only where there is the so-called Type C contract under a maximum bonus of 4 per cent for sav­ no knowledge of costs due to absence of which thousands of small companies, ings in cost and early delivery. In June experience. many employing only three or four men, of 1943 the bonus was made applicable Both of the under secretaries said they do work for the Navy. They manufac­ solely to savings in cost. At the present are converting as rapidly as possible ture a large variety of parts and render time contracts are being negotiated (al­ from cost-plus to fixed-price contracts such service as rehabilitating the elec­ though none have been executed as yet) and thus their policies are in full accord trical equipment of the U. S. S. C a l i ­ on the basis of a 3 per cent fee and a with the objectives of S. J. Res. 80. f o r n ia and the U. S. S. W e s t V ir g in ia 2 per cent bonus for cost savings.” They protested, however, that the bill after their submergence at Pearl Harbor. One reason why there will be more is too inflexible. There are many in­ These small companies not only do a vast fixed-price contracts as compared with stances, they said, in which it is im­ amount of work whose costs cannot be cost-plus-fixed-fee, said Mr. Forrestal is possible or undesirable to get away from estimated in advance, but few are capi­ “because the reduction in volume of war the cost-plus-fixed-fee system and, in talized to work on fixed-price contracts. materials will make available a greater their opinion, the type of contract to be number of contractors who are willing let should continue to be left to the best Explains Type C Contract to operate on a fixed-price basis, thus judgment of the contracting officers. Under the Type C contract, he said, rendering unnecessary the awarding of “Not a single contract is now being the small operator works on a cost-plus- contracts to persons and companies who awarded by our department on a cost- fixed-fee basis under which he can go to are either unwilling or unable to operate plus-fixed-fee basis if it is at all possible his bank for financial assistance. This on that basis.” to get the work done with the necessary is because the bank is assured that the This statement proved surprising to speed, quality and economy on a fixed- contractor will not take a loss, but rather Senator Ferguson; he wondered how it price basis,” stated Mr. Forrestal. “But will obtain a certain though small profit, could be that any person or company there are still many instances, other than also that payments will be made by the would refuse to accept a fixed-price con­ those in which there is lacking either government as the work progresses. tract offered by the government—always experience or precedents upon which to The Navy, wherever possible, places provided the fixed price has been fairly base fixed prices, in which it is to the Type D contracts with small firms; these based on estimated costs. “Before such advantage of the war effort to use the are fixed-price contracts. However, in a shift can be consummated it is neces­ cost-plus-fixed-fee contract.” the majority of cases the Type C con­ sary to obtain the consent of the con­ The capital of the leading aircraft tract is required. tractor,” said Mr. Forrestal. companies is entirely disproportionate The Navy is having satisfactory re­ “In many instances,” he explained, to the dollar amount of the contracts sults with contracts involving the incen­ contractors who are now operating on a awarded to them, he said. Battle- tive principle, said Mr. Forrestal; they cost-plus-fixed-fee basis, are unwilling, dictated changes in aircraft design are are so good, he said, that the Army is for one reason or another, to shift to the frequent and often of a radical nature. thinking of following suit. fixed-price form. One example is the Some of the planes still are in an experi­ “In 1941,” he said, “the Bureau of Chrysler Corp., which holds large ord­ mental stage. “It is understandable on Ships began to use a form of cost-plus- nance contracts, and another is Doug­ these grounds why these aircraft produc­ fixed-fee contract which provided for a las Aircraft Co. In other instances con­ ers are reluctant and in some cases un­ fixed fee of 6 per cent of the estimated tractors are willing to make the shift, able to undertake to operate on a fixed- cost plus a bonus of 1 per cent for early but only a t' an inordinately high fixed price basis. Nevertheless, our efforts to delivery.” That was at a time when the price which the contracting officers of obtain conversions will not be relaxed.” only element that counted was speed. the Navy cannot, in good faith, recom­ The extent to which the Navy has Later, the system was changed to en­ m end.” made progress in converting, said Mr. courage efficiency. The Navy, he said, does not believe Forrestal, is indicated by the fact that “Subsequently,” continued Mr. For­ it desirable for one company to operate unliquidated fixed-price contracts on the restal, “the 1 per cent bonus was made under both types of contracts at the books as of Dec. 31, 1943, stood at $24,- to cover both early delivery and savings same time. 900,000,000 while on the same date the in cost. In the summer of 1942 the “One reason is that there are tremen­ cost-plus-fixed-fee contracts stood at fixed fee was reduced to 4 per cent of dous accounting difficulties for the com­ around $5,000,000,000. The Navy issued the estimated cost with a maximum pany in attempting to operate on both a directive on March 20, 1943, urging bonus of 3 per cent for savings in cost bases. However, the main reason is that conversion and ever since the conversion and early delivery. Shortly thereafter, in a shipyard, for instance, where both War Production Board Modifies Regulations on Warehouse Steel

WAR Production Board last week mod­ thorized Controlled Materials Plan orders. ified the rules governing purchases by New distributors are permitted to en­ distributors of most steel products ter the field freely and old distributors through amending M-21-b-l and b-2, may add new lines to stocks. Distribu­ removing virtually all restrictions from tors hitherto not buying from producers procurement operations of existing ware­ now are permitted to buy, but initial houses. stocks of new distributors must be pur­ The changes apply to distributors only chased from idle and excess stocks. and do not affect deliveries to steel users In a letter to general steel products whether by distributors or producers. distributors and producers, Steel Director Under the amendment distributors Whiting said it seems “unwise to con­ may order any item except steel plates, tinue indefinitely” a restriction on the tubing, hot-rolled sheets and strip from possibility of normal industry growth producers or any other sources, without particularly when mill conditions at other restriction than limit of tonnage various times encourage new buyers. previously sold from stock. Distributors This action by WPB has the effect of also may order without limit from hold­ opening the door to new warehouses on JAMES V. FORRESTAL ers of idle or excess inventories, such or­ some products and is effective as of April ders being accorded the status of au- 1. types of contracts are in use, there is a “tendency to shift workmen from the cost-plus-fixed-fee work to the fixed- price work, to the benefit of the contrac­ tor and to the detriment of the govern­ ment. This tendency is by no means P o s t w a r P r e v ie w s always present, but presents a possibility of fraud as well as financial loss.” CIVILIAN GOODS __Will some metalworking companies be permitted Judge Patterson said the W ar Depart­ ment believes that the fixed-price con­ to enter civilian goods manufacture when their war contracts are terfninated, tract generally is the best instrument for and -thus gain a competitive advantage over others who are kept in war getting efficient production. Acting in work? This question is bothering both manufacturers and government this belief, it early in the war author­ officials. See page 49. ized contract provisions for fixing a tentative original price and for adjusting RAILROADS Carriers are expected to be excellent customers for steel this price after part performance had and equipment for a number of years after the war. See page 53. yielded better information as to costs. OPENING THE AMAZON --United States-built steel tug boats are In January, 1943, it authorized a new proving their versatility in moving freight on the Amazon. If this waterway form of fixed-price contract providing for periodic adjustment of price and, is developed as expected in the postwar period, a sustained market for such subject to the discretion of the contract­ river units should be realized. See page 58. ing officer, exempting the contractor from BRAZIL Excess profits tax adopted by South American republic provides renegotiation. Price adjustments are novel methods for building postwar reserves for industry. See page 58. made with the contractor’s efficiency in mind and this system encourages efficien­ SMALL BUSINESS Congress must take swift action along lines indi­ cy. Since Sept. 30, 1942, said Judge cated in Baruch-Hancock report to save thousands of small businesses, Patterson, the Army’s policy has been according to American Business Congress. See page 61. that “cost-plus-fixed-fee supply contracts are only to be entered into where ab­ WHAT'S AHEAD A Special Report to Industry, based on a compre­ solutely necessary or for experimental or hensive survey of metalworking companies by S t e e l , presents factual data developmental items.” on the industry’s thinking on the primary problems involved in reconver­ In Judge Patterson’s opinion, “if use of sion. See page 67. the cost-plus-fixed-fee contract were sub­ stantially restricted, it would deprive us STEEL SIMPLIFICATION Adherence of aircraft steel buyers to stand­ of necessary sources of war production ard list of airplane tubing available from mills will ease congestion in roll­ or would require the making of fixed- ing schedules caused by orders for 328 different sizes. Since 205 sizes price contracts on unsound bases. cover 95 per cent of requirements for airframes, full standardization is Boeing, Bell, Lockheed and Republic, not only desirable but probable. See page 84. all of whose business with the Army Air Forces is being negotiated on a fixed-fee BUILT-UP DESIGN Postwar prospects appear favorable for wide ap­ basis, have multiplied their output over plication of such units as a built-up design made from tubing and formed, 100 times since 1938. At present these sized and welded plate. This type of fabrication has proved production companies,” said Judge Patterson, “taken advantages, not the least of which is lower cost. See page 88. together, have a total net worth of about 1 per cent of their combined unfilled ELECTROPLATING NOVELTY— Due to excellent physical proper­ orders. Faced with these conditions and ties obtained, electrodeposited monel metal coatings are being studied with with the practical difficulties of convert­ keen interest. When difficulty resulting from tendency toward deposition ing these fixed-fee contracts to a fixed- of copper instead of nickel is overcome, any one of four monel baths tried price contract, we see no reasonable hope of transferring most of this produc­ may become road to success. See page 94. tion to a fixed-price basis.” wmuuvn or WAbhiNülUN Amazing Pentagon of technicians and mechanics, setting Stern Measures Probable rates for carrying passengers and freight, WASHINGTONIANS still blink in and many others. Included in the bill is a Behind the nation-wide recruitment amazement when they hear facts and postwar planning directive to the Civil campaign just launched by the railroads figures about the Army’s Pentagon build­ Aeronautics Board. H. R. 1012 was re­ is a rapidly deteriorating manpower situ­ ing in nearby Arlington. The 1943 coal ported favorably by the committee and ation. During February trains that arrived bill was $177,342 for 28,750 tons of the more than two hours late numbered a black mineral. It cost $1,170,946.80 to little more than 1000, while delayed keep the building clean; the protection HOME FRONT BATTLE switching “tricks” were more than 2000. bill was $647,073.46. Maintenance of The worst situation is in the West. heating, ventilating, air conditioning and United States Department of Whereas the drive aims at recruiting 100,- refrigerating facilities cost $337,260.92. Labor in April will start a cam­ 000 new workers, actually considerably Maintenance of the electric system cost paign “to prevent a million indus­ more will be needed to fill jobs vacated $189,918.11, including incandescent trial accidents in 1944.” Last by induction into the armed forces or by lamps. Maintenance of lawns and roads year’s job injuries cost 56,000,000 other means. Current aim is to find work­ cost $117,899.07. The bill for electric man-days of war production. To ers not now working in war industries. On current came to $888,244.44. The en­ give incentive to the program cer­ the theory, however, that the entire war tire bill for operation and maintenance tificates will be awarded to (1) effort is based on transportation, stern of the Pentagon in 1943 came to $3,- establishments which have no lost­ measures will be taken if necessary to pro­ 823,236.86. time injuries during a specified 3- vide the carriers with needed help. month period, and (2) those which Useful Pamphlet reduce the accident frequency rate by 40 per cent in this 3-month pe­ Workers' Nutrition Holders of government contracts should riod as contrasted with the 'preced­ “Adequate on-the-job Feeding of ing three months. write to headquarters of the Wage-Hour Workers” is the title of a new book on Small plants can obtain advice and Public Contracts divisions, 165 West industrial nutrition prepared by the OWI 46th street, New York, or to regional, free of charge from more than 600 in co-operation with the War Food Ad­ branch or field offices of these divisions, trained safety engineers who do­ ministration. It is a general treatise cov­ for copies of a supplement to the pamph­ nate 20 per cent of their time for ering the entire subject, with numerous let “Rulings and Interpretations under this purpose. Information on the case histories of successful in-plant feed­ the Walsh-Healey Public Contracts Act.” campaign and the department’s ing. Copies of the book may be obtained services may be obtained by writ­ The rulings in some instances change by writing to the Office of Program Co- the coverage of the act. ing the Division of Labor Stand­ ordinatiom^OWI, Washington 25. ards, United States Department of Labor, Washington 25. Versatile As Jeeps No Audible Murmur Powerful United States-built steel tug boats, the key units in moving increas­ The War Department has ruled that is now on the House union calendar but ing quantities of rubber, oil, minerals, it has no authority under the law to pay without a rule. Current indications are cinchona bark and numerous other prod­ union dues for war prisoners employed that H. R. 3421 will be merged into or ucts down the Amazon river and its in unionized industries. Recently, when tributaries, are proving to have all the combined with the committee-approved 165 Nazi prisoners were put to work at H. R. 1012. versatility of jeeps in their ability to do Seabrook Farms near Bridgeton, N. J., the impossible. Equipped with two 100- a union official stopped in and wanted horsepower diesel engines, they are 50 SWPC Services to know who was going to pay the union feet long and 13 feet wide; their draft dues for these men. He was informed is less than 36 inches so that they can A booklet describing the services small that “the United States paid no union navigate waist-deep waters. A normal manufacturers may receive from the dues; and nothing further was heard tow comprises a score of 100-ton barges Smaller War Plants Corp. has been com­ from him.” measuring 80 x 20 feet. If current ex­ pleted. The SWPC will furnish financial pectations that the Amazon system is to help and technical assistance such as Insuring Reserve Funds be a busy waterway in the future mate­ lowering production costs, improving rialize, there should be a sustained de­ product design, solving problems of serv­ A new excess profits tax adopted by mand for such boats. ice and distribution, obtaining access to Brazil is aimed not only at combating patents held by the Alien Property Cus­ inflation but at providing Brazilian in­ Aviation in Spotlight todian, which are available on a royalty- dustries with reserve funds for postwar free basis, furnishing information about expansion. The levies imposed range The House Committee on Interstate possible new products and inventive ideas from 20 to 50 per cent on profits ex­ and Foreign Commerce shortly will begin to the various government agencies. ceeding the equivalent of $5000 in a series of hearings on H. R. 3421, intro­ Copies of the booklet may be obtained United States money. Taxpaying firms duced last October by Rep. Alfred L. from any of the 115 SWPC field offices, have the option of paying the tax out­ Bulwinkle (Dem., N. C.) to amend the or from the Technical Advisory Service, right, or of lending double the amount Civil Aeronautics act of 1938. It would Smaller War Plants Corp., HOLC build­ of the tax to the Brazilian government. prohibit mergers of airlines, or shifts in ing, First and Indiana, Washington 25. In return for such loans, companies are their ownership or control, excepting by granted “Equipment Certificates” or approval of the Civil Aeronautics Com­ M orale Boosters “Deposits of Guarantee” at their option. mission, and it applies to relationships “Equipment Certificates”, earning 3 per both between domestic airlines and for­ Industrial Services division, Bureau of cent and guaranteed by the government, eign and domestic airlines. It is intended Public Relations, War Department, Pen­ may be used for the purchase of needed to insure federal control of postwar air tagon building, Washington, has avail­ equipment from abroad. Purchases made transportation. able for showing in war plants four ad­ under these certificates will be granted Last March the committee held exten­ ditional motion pictures, including the priorities in shipment. Since the new sive hearings on H. R. 1012 proposing authentic “Battle of Russia,” “Film Com­ system becomes effective immediately, it many amendments to the Civil Aero­ munique No. 4,” “They Deliver the is believed many United States manu­ nautics act of 1938, covering such subjects Goods,” and “The Case of the Tremen­ facturers will solicit business in Brazil as regulation of ground hazards, training dous Trifle.” for delivery when possible.

58 EEL Remember the big parade of the breadline— the march of the bonus army — the victorious men selling apples? Many an American hero tasted those bitter fruits of victory, and the war to end war ended nothing.

What kind of victory will this one be? It can be the great one American boys are giving their lives for — but they alone can't make it so. For victory in peace, as in war, must be planned ahead ... and in peace, you're one of the Generals.

If you are c manufacturer, there is a small group of basic machine tool engineers who can help you to plan now for the kind of victory we’ve told our sons they're fighting for.

One of these engineers is a Bryant man. We urge you to call him today. For his specialized knowledge of internal grinding machinery is important to the manufacture of literally everything that will make this country a finer place: this victory a victory that we shall not be ashamed of.

BRYANT CHUCKING GRINDER COMPANY 59 DECENTRALIZATION

of John T. Whiting, director of the WPB Probe Reason Proposed Electric Steel Division, was placed in the record. This showed that some of the advisors in the division favored the proposal while Nickel Steel Plant Was Stalled others doubted the wisdom of going ahead with it. At least some of the op­ Gillette committee hears testimony on proposal to make steel position to it apparently was based on the belief that the National Emergency direct from nickel-bearing iron ore, deposits of which are Steel program would result so effectively located in Cuba and in state of Washington. Samples of metal in conserving alloying elements as to re­ move the critical scarcities before the showed excellent ballistic qualities projected Leavenworth plant could be constructed and placed in operation. At any rate, the proposal never was ap­ THE GILLETTE subcommittee of the as not likely to intercept the main ore proved. Senate Special Committee to Investigate vein; the bureau already had determined “It has been fully demonstrated,” Mr. _ j( the Effect of the Centralization of In­ its location and depth. Hyder said, “that nickel steels free from dustry is seeking to determine the reason “We had asked the War Production chromium could be produced and chro­ why an electric nickel steel plant pro­ Board Sept. 8, 1942, for authorization to mium steels free from nickel could be posed by the Cascade Alloy Corp., Can-, build a plant to produce 240,000 tons of made from the slag produced in the re­ ton, O., never was got under way. The 3.25 per cent nickel steel per year, at duction of these nickel-iron ores. The Cascade company in 1941 conceived the Leavenworth, Wash., in the district Bureau of Mines had made alloys with idea of making nickel steel directly from served by the Bonneville power lines. varying percentages of nickel from 3 to nickel-bearing iron ore. We were told that the proposal could 25 per cent, or higher, and ferrochromium “We investigated to see if we could not be considered until the ore deposit of 45 per cent had been made from the obtain nickel from low-grade ores,” Thad had been proved up and until additional slag. It is proposed to use a shaft-type F. Baily, Cascade Alloy Corp., told the tests had been run. in large-scale opera­ furnace with an electrically-heated hearth subcommittee. “Among them were the tions.” which will require only one-fourth as well-known ores of Cuba known as the The Cascade company, Mr. Baily con­ much power as the conventional ferroal­ Mayari and Moa deposits, containing 36 tinued, arranged to ship 40 tons of the loy electric furnace.” per cent iron, 0.09 nickel and 2 per cent Washington nickel-iron ore for reduction Mr. Hyder said that testimony to the chromium. There are three deposits con­ by the Copperweld Steel Corp. at War­ practicability of the process came in the taining at least 1,500,000,000 tons, owned ren, O., but it was unable to get author­ form of a statement by A. A. Chambers, mostly by Bethlehem Steel Co., United ization or appropriation to conduct such chief metallurgist, Youngstown Sheet & States Steel Corp. and the Abalo Min­ test work. Tube Co., to the Steel Division under ing Co. of Cuba. A record of the experiences encount­ date of Aug. 20, 1943, in which he told The company obtained about ten tons ered by the Leavenworth nickel steel of successful test experience by his com­ of this ore from the Abalo company and plant proposal, prepared at the direction pany with a shaft-type furnace. melted it in a lY2-ton electric furnace at the plant of the Barium Stainless Steel Co., Canton, producing, according to the subsequent report of Frederick B. Hyder, Murray and Scrugham Criticize mining engineer, who is on the iron ore staff of the War Production Board’s Steel Division, “an alloy containing 3.11 per WPB Order on Tungsten Contracts cent nickel, 0.48 per cent cobalt, no chromium and 0.03 per cent carbon. This was alloyed with an addition of some “THE AX has fallen on our tungs­ that tungsten cancellations have not been chromium and molybdenum and poured ten industry,” stated Senators James E. handled as drastically as was the case into a 440-pound ingot which was rolled Murray (Dem., Mont.) .and James G. with mercury. Under one option the into 14-inch plate by the Jessop Steel Co. Scrugham (Dem., Nev.) recently com­ tungsten producer has the choice of con­ “Part of this plate was heat treated by menting on an order of the War Pro­ tinuing to sell to Metals Reserve at $30 the Jessop Steel Co. and tested as homo­ duction Board to the Metals Reserve Co. per unit for 60 days and at $24 for a geneous plate. Another sample was to cancel domestic “eligible producer” further 60 days, or until June 30, 1944. face-hardened by the Diebold Safe & tungsten contracts as of March 31. (See This gives the producer a little time Lock Co., and tested on that company’s St e el, March 13, p. 69). in which to gut his property of high- range. Both types of plate showed ex­ In a joint statement pointing out the grade ores. Thus, tungsten prices will cellent ballistic qualities.” probable effect on domestic war mineral not parachute as rapidly as mercury Mr. Baily tried to interest the War production in general, the senators said: prices did immediately subsequent to Production Board but was told that the cancellation. Certain other concessions Oppose Contract Cancellation submarine menace was too acute to war­ involve more equitable settlements to rant construction of a plant that would “There is no possible excuse for can­ producers than was indicated in the con­ have to depend on Cuba for its raw cellation of Metals Reserve contract up­ tracts. Some improvement is being material. Soon after he learned of a on the minimum 30 days’ notice permit­ shown in WPB-MRC thinking,” the deposit in the state of Washington whose ted under the agreements entered into senators said. analysis is practically identical with that between the producers and Metals Re­ “The net result will be, however, that of the Cuban ore. He contacted the serve Co. The War Production Board after July 1, 1944, the bottom will drop Army-Navy Munitions Board in July of has been aware of the actual conditions out of the domestic tungsten market and 1942 and the latter asked the Bureau of for months. If it be said that the pro­ prices will doubtless fall to the foreign Mines to drill the property. ducers knew the terms of the contract level unless Metals Reserve continues to “Instead of drilling,” said Baily, “the they were signing in order to obtain the support the $24 price thereafter. Elimi­ bureau commenced to take large-scale $6 per unit bonus, it is also true they nation of the $30 per unit price will close tests from the deposit, which they experi­ had no alternative if they were to remain up most of our tungsten mines. If the mented with at their Salt Lake City sta­ in business. price falls much below $24, it is likely tion. It was not until June of 1943 that “Mercury contracts were canceled that the handful of major producers will it put in drills and drilled four short abruptly as of Feb. 1, after giving the have to fold up as well. holes in such a manner and in such depth minimum 30 days’ notification. It is true “The War Production Board has ex­

60 EEL FERROALLOYS

plained that a similar curtailment pro­ gram will be followed by the Foreign Supply Adequate for War Needs Economic Administration in the procure­ ment of tungsten from abroad. Never­ War Production Board official says situation much improved M theless, imports are expected to continue to greatly exceed domestic production. but production quotas must be met to maintain balance. Stocks If the domestic price is permitted to exceed consumption in manganese, chrome and tungsten drop below $24 per unit, we will soon again be dependent upon foreign tungs­ ten and a comparatively new American FERROALLOYS have reached a point possible further emergency utilization. èit I industry, easily capable of taking care of of balance with stocks and current new All essential nickel requirements are t o i i l f peacetime requirements for many years supply adequate to meet all present and being met through increased Canadian % | to come, will be ruined,” they concluded indicated requirements, according to production and small importations. Large : tu p in their statement. Frank Hatch, assistant director, Steel Di­ low grade deposits earlier considered for vision, War Production Board. their possible value as a potential source a t« Warns Quick Action Needed He emphasizes, however, that produc­ of supply cannot be justifiably brought 'f»b tion quotas must be met to maintain into the production arena at the present nié To Protect Small Business current new supply at required levels. time in the overall interest of the war l«ï;. effort. list “The difference in degree of produc­ Declaring that the Baruch-Hancock re­ tion in no sense lessens the importance Supply of cobalt has been for many ores. H port on war and postwar adjustments is of that production or the dependence of months more than adequate to meet the a lo y s i a “first-class engineering job,” the Amer­ the war production program and of the war requirements, although some domes­ I f t a i ican Business Congress warns that Con­ armed forces on that quota,” he said. tic production instituted during the early ■odm® gress must take swift action along the The accompanying table shows that days of threats to ocean shipping has łeb lines indicated to safeguard existence of been continued as a part of an insurance stocks at the close of last year exceeded thousands of small businesses. current consumption in manganese, program against complete dependency ‘The greatest danger is that while the on faraway sources of this metal. e-tomb chrome and tungsten and were equivalent Baruch report is being discussed many to about six months’ needs of molyb­ Molybdenum supplies are more than small businesses may die,” according to denum and seven months of vanadium. adequate to meet present requirements. George J. Seedman, president. Manganese was a major supply prob­ Current demands of small business will 3*1 lem at the beginning of the war program be discussed at a dinner symposium spon­ Nonferrous Scrap Shipments d a because of the combination of large ton­ sored by the American Business Congress mSk nages and required movement by ocean Increase During 1943 at the Waldorf Astoria, New York, March shipping. Low grade deposits and ore 17, at which Vice President Henry A. purchasing programs were developed, but Total volume of materials handled by Wallace and other leaders in government, fortunately, Mr. Hatch said, it has not nonferrous scrap metal dealers in 1943 industry and labor are scheduled to speak. been necessary to fall back on some of differed by less than 1 per cent from The organization urges immediate action the supply that was developed as part the previous year, according to the Bu­ on the following 6-point program: of this emergency program. reau of Mines. 1. That small business be represented Low grade chrome ore production and Receipts totaled 965,090 short tons, on the central policy committee, the cre­ ore purchasing programs also were de­ compared with 972,241 tons in 1942, ation of which is recommended by the veloped, a large part of which has been but shipments of scrap to consumers report. subsequently discontinued. Production rose to 958,588 tons in 1943 to surpass iCfe 2. That the uniform contract-termina- of chrome ores in this country during the 951,027 tons supplied in 1942. Stocks tion clause be made applicable for small 1944 will fall well below that for last of nonferrous scrap in dealers’ yards business by making it work for subcon­ year due to the grade and undesirability and warehouses rose from 90,928 tons tractors as well as for prime contractors. from a use standpoint. on Jan. 1, 1942, to 108,166 tons on The three-fold increase over the pre­ Dec. 31 of that year and then to 114,- 3. That upon the termination of prime a k war level in requirements of tungsten has 505 tons at the end of 1943. Only 6339 contracts the small businesses be burdened Î COD- been met by almost parallel increases in tons of scrap were added to stocks dur­ by no more than their proportionate share at# domestic production and in the new sup­ ing 1943. of contract cancellation. I foil ply obtained from foreign countries. Movement of copper and brass scrap 1,1» 4. That a specific policy of dismissal of Tungsten, however, has been one of the from dealers to consumers increased by le t severance pay for war workers be worked ferroalloys most directly affected by the 2 per cent in 1943 with 496,943 tons site out now. changes in the military program and by shipped, compared with 488,436 tons in ices' o. That Mr. Baruchs insistence upon the decline in alloy steel production from 1942. Dealers’ stocks dropped 11 per «tit so-called goods moving through normal an earlier projected schedule of 1,500,000 cent to a 38-day supply at the end of channels of trade—a matter of great im­ tons per month to the current schedule 1943. portance to every wholesaler and retailer of only about 1,000,000 tons per month. Lead and tin scrap reflected reduced m America—be scrupulously followed in A sharp increase in vanadium produc­ demand with a drop of 9 per cent in the administration of the plan. tion has not only made it possible to dealers’ shipments from 306,192 tons in 6- That time is of paramount import­ meet expanded war uses and also to 1942 to 279,580 tons in 1943. Stocks ance—the very existence of thousands of build up reserves to protect those re­ fell 6 per cent to 35,225 tons on hand small businesses depends upon swift ac­ quirements but has added new potential at the end of 1943. tion now along the lines indicated. reserves to our national resources for Dealers’ receipts of aluminum scrap increased 40 per cent from 103,856 tons Statistical Position of Ferroalloy Minerals in 1942 to 145,975 tons in 1943. Ship­ ments increased only 30 per cent to Stocks Ore Production Consumption 130,295 tons in 1943. Dec. 31, 1943 Prewar 1943 Prewar 1943 Movement of zinc and residues 'Manganese 1,525,000 30,673 175,000 674,583 1,400,000 in the dealer trade decreased 12 per Chrome 1,100,000 1,506 100,000 362,873 900,000 ‘Tungsten 18,683,000 2,803,600 10,274,000 5,047,800 17,151,000 cent in 1943 but unalloyed nickel and iMolybdenum 29,674,000 23,130,200 58,726,000 23,149,800 53,825,000 monel scrap shipments showed a 56 t Vanadium _ 2,433,000$ 633,600 3,497,000 1,519.600 3,672,000 per cent improvement during me pas »Figures reported m tons; tfigures reported in pounds of recoverable metal or equivalent after deducting refining losses; |not including ore. year, according to the Bureau of ines' 61 WPB-OPA

manufacture of coal stokers, domestic electnc ranges, dry cell batteries and portable electric PRIORITI ES-ALLOCATIONS-PRICES lights, electric fans, mechanical pencils, mo­ torized fire apparatus, protective coating or Weekly summaries of orders and regulations, together with offi­ plating of zinc on loose leaf metal parts and units. End product volume and other restric­ cial interpretations and directives issued by War Production tions on manufacture still remain under con­ trols set up by the many “L” orders under Board and Office of Price Administration which they are produced. (M -ll-b) CORUNDUM: Deliveries up to 25 pounds per month of finely ground corundum (known field offices instead of directly to Washington. INSTRUCTIONS as superfine flours) of all sizes are exempted (L -1 0 7 ) from allocation, provided the consumer does MOTORS: Repair shops may use the AA-3 REFRIGERATION EQUIPMENT: Specifi­ not have an inventory in excess of his aver­ preference rating assigned them by CMP regu­ cations for refrigeration condensing units for age 60-day consumption. (M-89) lation 9A to obtain fractional horsepower mo­ industrial and commercial refrigeration and tors from dealers, wholesalers or motor agen­ air conditioning machinery and equipment cies. These suppliers must honor the AA-3 have been revoked. Prohibition has been re­ PRICE REGULATIONS rating from repair shops if the motors in moved on the use of steel in construction of WIRE AND CABLE: Sales of services that stock are not needed to fill orders bearing bases for units having motors over 20 hprse- contribute to the fabrication or insulation of better preference ratings. power in size. Also removed were standardi­ wire, cable and cable accessories now are Only those fractional horsepower motors zation restrictions which limited the number priced according to provisions of the regu­ needed to replace broken down motors may of models that each manufacturer could pro­ lation establishing prices for the finished wire be sold without a rating, ahd these replaced duce. (L-126) and cable products. Maximum prices for these motors must be taken in exchange to be re­ paired where practicable and to be resold HAND TOOLS: Alloy steel now may be services must not exceed the net price the under similar conditions. Motors for any other used in the manufacture of hand shovels, supplier had in effect for a similar operation on Oqt. 15, 1941, or on the latest date within purpose may be sold only on orders bearing spades, scoops and telegraph spoons; forged a preference rating. An old motor cannot be axes, hatchets, broad axes, adzes, and light six months prior to that time. (No. 82) hammers; heavy forged hand tools; hand forks, demanded by a dealer, wholesaler or motor M A C H INES A N D PARTS: M etal stampings hooks, rakes, hoes, eye hoes, and cultivators. agency for a new motor as part of the pur­ have been added to the list of articles covered These items are covered by schedules I, II, chase price on an order bearing the AA-3 b y regulation N o. 136. Form erly, three price IV, and V of order L-157. (L-157) rating. regulations applied to different types of metal PLUMBING, HEATING, COOKING EQUIP­ FARM MACHINERY: Through revocation of stampings. (No. 136) MENT: AA-3 orders for plumbing, heating and order L-170-a, use of copper and scrap-grade STORAGE VESSELS: Provision of regula cooking equipment placed prior to Jan. 15, bronze is now permitted for bushing backings tion No. 465 setting maximum prices for used 1944, will take precedence over lower rated storage vessels which allows sellers to charge orders which have been rerated AA-3 in ac­ a portion of the original installation cost, when cordance with the provisions of order L-79, in excess of $100, has been amended to include as amended Jan. 15. all vessels listed in that regulation. These ves­ INDEX OF ORDER sels include some 2600 sizes and combinations COPPER SCRAP: Requirement for reporting REVISIONS of used pressure vessels and used enclosed the generation or accumulation of more than atmospheric pressure vessels. (No. 465) 5000 pounds of copper and copper-base alloy Subject Designations scrap has been eased to require only more than 50,000 pounds. Companies which gen­ Boilers, Power ...... L -2 9 9 erate or accumulate less than 50,000 pounds Closures ...... M -9-c Civilian Tractor Output are no longer required to file WPB form 452, Construction ...... L -41 although they must continue to comply with Corundum ...... M -89 To Hold at Present Rate the provisions of copper order M-9, requiring Equipment, Heating ...... L -1 0 7 Equipment, Refrigeration ...... L -1 2 6 the disposal of all scrap in excess of a 30-days’ There is little possibility of increasing accumulation unless such accumulation ag­ Machinery, Farm ...... L -1 7 0 -a gregates less than 10,000 pounds. Pipe, Steel Pressure ...... L -2 1 1 civilian tractor production in 1944, ac­ Tools, Hand ...... L -1 5 7 cording to reports given by members of Tractors ...... L -5 3 -b Zinc ...... L - l l - b the Tracklaying Tractor Industry Ad­ L ORDERS visory Committee, WPB, at its recent CONSTRUCTION: On airport construction, Price Regulations meeting in Washington, although facili­ the limit allowed without getting WPB per­ Machines and Parts No. 136 ties are being prepared to increase pro­ mission for any job begun in the same year Storage Vessels No. 465 is placed at $1000 as against the limit of Wire and Cable ...... N o. 82 duction of one model for the Army. $200 which formerly held. The exception Committee members recommended previously given to the installation of plumb­ that military requirements by items be ing and heating equipment rated on WPB determined over a long period since the form 2631 (formerly PD-851) has been re­ and fuel lines in farm tractors and engine voked. WPB permission under order L-41 will power units. Use of the red metal will be production cycle for parts runs from 9 be necessary on all plumbing and heating in­ limited in any but fractional parts through to 12 months. Military needs can be stallations where the cost of the construction the provisions of order M-9-c which will con­ filled only if orders are placed far enough including the cost of the equipment is in tinue to apply to use of copper and bronze excess of the L-41 cost limits. Applications for in these types of components. (L-170-a) in advance to permit proper production this type of construction must be made on scheduling. WPB form 2896. (L-41) STEEL PRESSURE PIPE: Specifications for the manufacture of steel pressure pipe have TRACTORS: General restrictions on the an­ been modified to bring them into conformity nual quantity or dollar value of repair parts with recent changes in basic pressure pipe Lack of Components Check for track-laying tractors that military procure­ specifications. These specifications are based ment agencies may acquire have been re­ on those established by the American Society Test Equipment Production moved. Provision that limits military agencies for Testing Materials. (L-211) to maximum purchases of 40 per cent by dol­ lar volume of all shipments of critically short POWER BOILERS: No person now shall Members of the Test Equipment Manu­ items made by manufacturers remains in produce, fabricate or deliver any power boiler facturers Industry Advisory committee force. (L-53-b) (except boilers for locomotives or marine serv­ have reported that production has been ice or miniature boilers) having a greater HEATING EQUIPMENT: In larger housed metal thickness or quantity of steel than needed retarded as much as 35 per cent in some blower units of standard size unit heaters, it to meet the minimum thickness requirements cases as the result of delayed delivery of is now permissible to substitute a tube-within- of section 1 (edition 1943) of the American components, such as resistors, condensers, a-tube heat transfer element of no greater heat­ Society of Mechanical Engineers Boiler Con­ ing capacity than that replaced. Manufacture, struction code, and addenda and interpreta­ switches and potentiometers. fabrication or assembly of convectors by any tions issued prior to Jan. 15, 1944. (L-299) producer is limited to not more than 20 sizes of heat transfer elements in each of the per­ missible depths. Recessed or semi-recessed M ORDERS New Power Cranes, Shovels cabinets for convectors for use in hospitals for CLOSURES: Sew-on, machine attached or Taken by Armed Services mentally disturbed patients may be produced. riveted snap fasteners, buckles, eyelets, staples, Provisions that made it possible to schedule rivets and burrs now may be manufactured production of extended surface heating equip­ from copper, if they are for military use and Practically all power cranes and ment under order L-107 have been removed if they are purchased on orders bearing AA-3 shovels produced in 1944 will be needed from the order since production of this equip­ preference ratings or better. (M-9-c) by the armed services, the War Produc­ ment may be scheduled under order M-293. All appeals now must be forwarded to WPB ZINC: Use of zinc is now permitted in the tion Board announced recently. The

62 EEL WPß-OPA

IS (1 sle ¿, majority of manufacturers are building ‘ ^ only a few models and sizes of standard Output of Large Antifriction products, and in general they are not •TOI,v- Ijjjf | able to meet delivery schedules prompt- 1 ly. Bearings Limited to 10 Plants Civilian needs are filled for the most 1 part from stocks of used equipment, now Concentration of production of many sizes used in heavy mili­ d totaling about 25,000 items as regis- tered under order L-196. However, not tary and industrial equipment is ordered by War Production more than 10 per cent of the machines in Board for purpose of achieving greater efficiency and saving good condition are idle at the present time, and only part of this percentage is in manhours. Other producers must maintain their equipment available for sale. Shovels, cranes, draglines, tractors, AUTHORIZED production of many creasing steadily, the supply available tisjj, and motor graders are the types of equip- sizes of antifriction bearings used in for products just coming onto the mar­ “fet ment most in demand. About 80 per heavy military and industrial equipment ket is decreasing since presently pro­ » Cent of present requirements for used has been concentrated in the plants of grammed production for aircraft and es­ equipment is for these items. 10 producers, the War Production Board sential civilian requirements utilizes 'ms hi has announced. more and more of the existing produc­ WPB Organizes Two New This action, for the purpose of achiev­ tion facilities. 'ietkt ing greater efficiency and saving in man- (So. Si Industry Advisory Groups hours in the production of the larger Appointments-Resignations : Siedlsc sizes, was taken through the addition to * EiJa Olfice of Industry Advisory Commit- schedule A of order L-145 of a list of «ihl tees, War Production Board, announced S. A. Crabtree, Chicago, has been ap­ sizes in the heavy series of ball bearings pointed chief of the Alloy Steel Branch, recently the formation of additional com­ with the names of authorized producers. mittees which must be consulted prior to War Production Board, succeeding L. E. raœoi, the issuance of any limitation or conser­ The designated producers will manu­ Creighton. Mr. Crabtree will continue as apnaii facture single-row, double-row, and an­ deputy assistant director for production. ¿ a s vation order or amendment, if the change ioBf will result in a substantial alteration in gular contact heavy series ball bearings. Mr. Creighton resigned his WPB post août operations of the affected industry. The authorized producers for one or to return to his former position with the àcxs. Screw Machine Products Industry Ad­ more of the specified additional bearing Rotary Electric Steel Co., Detroit. He 3 e±; sizes are Marlin-Rockwell Corp., James­ i ® visory committee has been formed with came to WPB as chief of the Aircraft 0. F. Fancey, Building Materials Di­ town, N. Y.; SKF Industries Inc., Phil­ Alloy Steel section on Feb. 17, 1943. On vision, as the government presiding of­ adelphia; Fafnir Bearing Co., New Brit­ March 3, 1943, he was made chief of the ficer. Membership is as follows: ain, Conn.; New Departure division, Alloy Steel Branch. )u lp u l Robert Chestnut, Aluminum Co. of General Motors Corp., Bristol, Conn.; America Inc., Edgewater, N. J.; C. P. Hoover Ball & Bearing Co., Ann Arbor, Clarence M. Smith, New York city, has Dewey, American Screw Products Co., Mich.; Norma-Hoffmann Bearings Corp., been appointed consultant to the Traffic Stamford, Conn.; Bearings Co. of Amer­ ÿÎBH Indianapolis; J. S. Elsby, Screw Machine Branch of the WPB Office of Civilian ica, Lancaster, Pa.; Torrington Co. (Ban­ nil! Products Co., Milwaukee; W. J. Finn, Requirements. Chicago Screw Co., Chicago; Paul M. tam division), South Bend, Ind.; Ahlberg Bearing Co., Chicago; and McGill Mfg. Hershey, Hershey Metal Products Co., C. F. K. Hague has been appointed Derby, Conn.; N. A. Hewitt, The Co., Valparaiso, Ind. A maker not designated as an author­ by the British Minister of Production as Couche-Uthe Co., Elyria, O.; Charles H. ized producer of bearing sizes listed in the British member of the Combined Pro­ Hyde, David Bell Co., Buffalo; W. C. the schedule may refer inquiries for duction and Resources Board’s Public Knight, Knight Screw Products Co. Inc., these sizes to an authorized producer, or Utilities committee. He will leave Eng­ Detroit; Robert Olson, Olson Mfg. Co., may accept a production contract and land shortly to take up his new duties in Worcester, Mass.; Fred C. Phillips, F. C. place it with an authorized producer. Washington. Sir Henry Self, British Phillips Co., Stoughton, Mass.; Ernest Any factory that might previously have deputy member of the CPRB, has been W. Schneider, Hudson Screw Products acting as Great Britain’s representative on Co. Inc., Chicago; Earl W. Stewart, made some of the bearing sizes specified Ae»» in the schedule, but is not designated as the committee since its creation in De­ Federal Screw Works, Detroit; Jess Rob­ an authorized producer, must keep its cember. bins, Arpee Products Co., Glendale, Cab, equipment for making such bearings and The Public Utilities committee was and T. A. Dear, Automatic Screw Ma­ formed to assemble all pertinent facts and chine Co., Los Angeles. in such condition that it may be utilized within one month of notification, if so recommend to CPRB such action as may Metal Cutting Hack and Band Saw ordered by WPB. be advisable concerning requirements, IsGiei Industry Advisory committee has been supplies and production of equipment to organized with William C. Teare, Tools re-established or build electric, gas and jjiidii Division, War Production Board, as the Increased Production of water services in liberated and con­ government presiding officer. Members quered areas. ptB1-'1' of the committee are: Small Motors Required v Ki H. G. Aldridge, Huther Bros., Roches­ ter, N. Y.; Jacob S. Disston, Henry Diss- Production of small electric motors for Carston Tiedeman has been appointed ton & Sons Co., Philadelphia; R. F. Ellis, aircraft use will not be sufficient to meet regional director of WPB’s Detroit region, E. C. Atkins & Co., Indianapolis; J. H. present programs, according to members succeeding L. W. Welch who has served Flavell, W. O. Barnes Co. Inc., Detroit; of the Fractional Horsepower Motor In­ as acting director since the first of No­ William J. Greene, L. S. Starrett Co., dustry Advisory Committee, WPB, unless vember. Mr. Tiedman was formerly vice Athol, Mass.; Ralph K. Lawrence, Sim- additional manpower and some addition­ president and general credit manager of onds Saw & Steel Co., Fitchburg, Mass.; al facilities are made available. They the Universal Credit Co., Detroit, and is SJoi» Donald McQuillan, Spartan Saw Works, also pointed out that while supplies of a director of the Hudson Motor Car Co. Springfield, Mass.; Daniel K. Northrup, ball bearings are improving, the quan­ Mr. Welch is returning to the Avery Henry G. Thompson & Son Co., New tity available does not meet present re­ Farm Machinery Co., Peoria, 111., of Haven, Conn.; Verne Olson, Contour quirements. which he is president and general man­ i£jd Saws Inc., Des Plaines, 111.; Phillip It was also pointed out that while pro­ ager, and will continue to serve the War Rogers, Millers Falls Co., Greenfield, duction of standard alternating current Production Board on special assign­ Mass. motors for use in civilian products is in­ ments.

63 „ n “ MEN ot INDUSTRY

GEORGE A. SLOAN J. N. YORKE JAMES COPE W . R. KOTTSIEPER

George A. Sloan of New York city has representative of Foundry Equipment elected secretary, succeeding Owen W. been elected a member of the finance Co., Cleveland, in sales of core and mold Harvey, retiring vice president, secre- committee of United States Steel Corp., ovens and foundry supplies. Mr. Payne tary-treasurer. Pittsburgh, to fill the vacancy caused by sold the patents and assets of his elec­ the recent death of William J. Filbert. tric arc melting furnace business to William R. Kottsieper, who in 1931 Mr. Sloan, who has been a director of Whiting Corp., Harvey, 111., last Decem­ helped organize the valve department of the corporation since January, 1937, is ber, and now serves the latter on a con­ American Car & Foundry Co., New 'president of Nutrition Foundation Inc., sulting basis. York, and who was made assistant man­ and is active in New York civic affairs, ager of valve sales in that year, has been being president of the Metropolitan J. N. Yorke has been elected controller appointed manager of the valve depart­ Opera Association, and chairman of the of Superior Steel Corp., Carnegie, Pa. ment. Mr. Kottsieper has appointed Mayor’s Business Advisory Committee. Mr. Yorke joined Superior Steel Corp. in W. A. Gormley as sales manager of — o — 1941, and was made auditor in 1943. valves, and L. A. Ward as assistant sales A. H. Englund, previously executive manager. W. Lyle Richeson has been vice president of Electric Service Mfg. James Cope, since 1935 associated appointed assistant vice president of the Co., Philadelphia, formerly known as with the Washington office of the Auto­ company. Mr. Richeson has been asso­ Electric Service Supplies Co., recently mobile Manufacturers Association and ciated with the company for 19 years, was elected president, and J. R. McFar- also affiliated with the Automotive Coun­ at one time serving as Cleveland district lin, electrical engineer, was elected sec­ cil for War Production, has been named sales manager. retary. assistant to K. T. Keller, president of — o ---- Chrysler Corp., Detroit. Ellis L. Spray has been named assist­ Frank R. Benedict, since 1941 man­ ant to the president, Westinghouse Elec­ ager of engineering and service in the J. Paul Oliver, for the past two years tric & Mfg. Co., East Pittsburgh, Pa., New England area for Westinghouse superintendent of the electrochemical and will be in charge of th'e Headquar­ Electric & Mfg. Co., East Pittsburgh, plant of Cardox Corp. at Claremore, ters Manufacturing division. Pa., has been appointed manager of the Okla., has been appointed administra­ — o ---- product performance analysis section at tive technical assistant of the corpora­ Charles W. Sprenger has been ap­ the East Pittsburgh plant. As head tion’s Research division. Dr. Lawrence pointed district manager in the metro­ of this newly-created section Mr. Bene­ M. Liggett succeeds Mr. Oliver as plant politan New York district for Carborun­ dict will work under direction of M. B. superintendent in Claremore. Dr. James dum Co., Niagara Falls, N. Y., succeed­ Wyman, manager of the district engi­ A. Taylor has joined the Research di­ ing the late John Storm. Joseph C. neering and service department. vision of Cardox Corp. as chemical en­ Steele has been appointed district sales — o — gineer. office manager at New York, succeeding H. W. Whitmore, formerly associated E. W. Martin, who has been named re­ with Automatic Products Co., Milwau­ Joseph A. O’Malley has been appoint­ gional sales office manager of the com­ kee, has joined Kold-Hold Mfg. Co., ed assistant general sales manager, pany’s eastern sales districts. Lansing, Mich., as chief engineer, suc­ Chrysler division, Chrysler Corp., De­ ceeding R. H. Swart. troit. Mr. O’Malley continues as vice Edward R. Wolfert, manager of engi­ — o — president of the Industrial and Marine neering, and Alfred L. Atherton, man­ Gerald A. Lux, for the past two years Engine divisions. ager of quality control, Electric Appli­ a research associate of the American ance division, Westinghouse Electric & Electroplaters’ Society at the National A. Winkler Prins has been named New Mfg. Co., East Springfield, Mass., have Bureau of Standards, recently joined the York district sales manager for Amer­ received the Westinghouse Order of technical staff of Oakite Products Inc., ican Machine & Metals Inc., East Mo­ Merit for their contributions to the New York, making his headquarters in line, 111. Previously, Mr. Prins had been electrical and mechanical arts and to com­ New York. district manager for Wellman Engineer­ pany progress. ing Co., Cleveland. — o ---- W. Harvey Payne, former president T. E. Marston has been appointed man­ and founder, Hydro-Arc Furnace Corp., C. M. Wright has been appointed ex­ ager of ring sales, Edgewater Steel Co., La Grange, 111., has opened an office in ecutive vice president, Mt. Vernon Car Pittsburgh. the Board of Trade building, 141 West Mfg. Co., Mt. Vemon, O., succeeding Jackson boulevard, Chicago, to engage L. G. Sever, who is retiring after nearly William J. Kelly, manager, Marine in consulting work in electric furnace 50 years in the car building business Ways division, Pittsburgh Coal Co., design, plant layout and operation, as and 22 years with the Mt. Vemon com­ Pittsburgh, has been appointed manager well as to continue as Chicago district pany. Walter L. Settlemire has been of the River Transportation division, to

64 TEEL

A MEN of INDUSTRY

1/3?, J .

ALBERT L. CUFF WALTER S. MacNABB LEON F. MILLER HARRY M. HECKATHORN

succeed ]. F. Flood, who died in January. been named executive vice president of the Western New York Section, Amer­ F. Harold Evans has been named assist­ the various iron ore mining subsidiaries, ican Chemical Society. Mr. Bagley was ant manager in charge of shipping for in charge of mine operations and sales. cited for his work in the commercializa­ the company. G. H. Warner continues to head the tion of very active metals. I, wlot — o— dock and vessel departments, and E. J. —o— e dfjB rta Albert L. Cuff, secretary and treasurer, Myers, the lake coal department. Harry M. Heckathorn, since 1938 vice A - Co, Blaw-Knox Co., Pittsburgh, has been president in charge of operations of the í assiste elected a vice president, W. S. Bowser, W alter S. MacNabb, who took part in Youngstown Pressed Steel division plant 4 y en , k controller, has been elected a director, the development of Carnegie-Illinois in Warren, O., for Mullins Mfg. Corp., Knkti and Frederick Baker, assistant treasurer, Steel Corp.’s Gary works, Gary, Ind., Salem, O., has been elected vice presi­ kj iff; was named treasurer. has been appointed division superintend­ dent in charge of production of the cor­ is SES ent of the plant’s blast furnaces. Ex­ poration’s Salem and Warren plants. The appointment, effective April 15, safe James Thomson, former cost analyst cept for a number of years spent in In­ was made following the resignation of task at the Gary works, Carnegie-Illinois Steel dia as superintendent of the blast fur­ naces of Tata Iron & Steel Co., Jam­ Howard F. Kulas, vice president in charge Corp., Chicago, has been made assistant of operations at Salem, who is leaving supervisor of the Statistics division of shedpur, Mr. MacNabb has served con­ it for 19 tinuously with the Gary organization because of ill health. Prior to joining the corporation’s Finance department, Mullins Mfg. Corp. in 1938 Mr. Kulas fcWt succeeding Ralph C. Grimm, who now since 1910. — o— had been vice president in charge of heads the unit. James W. Kettle, who manufacturing and general manager for Leon F. Miller, who for the past 15 succeeded Mr. Thomson as cost analyst Midland Steel Products Co., Cleveland. I£3tu!* years has served in both sales and engi­ at the Gary works, also has been appoint­ —o— ïfasî neering capacities in the Foundry Ma­ ed to succeed him as assistant to super­ Charles R. Morgan, branch manager of chine division of Osborn Mfg. Co., Cleve­ isU visor of the Statistics division in Pitts­ International Harvester Co. in St. Louis, burgh. Gaston Estep, former chief cost land, has been appointed sales manager, has been elected president of the Sales succeeding R. F. Lincoln, who has re­ clerk of the Gary sheet and tin mill, has Managers’ Bureau of the St. Louis Cham­ signed to enter another field. been made supervisor of the analytical ber of Commerce. la if cost bureau of the corporation, with — o—- headquarters in Pittsburgh, and Charles Herman A. Griebenow has been ap­ fcaíR T. W. Korb, counsel for Harnischfeger iCntas C. MacDonald, who has been assistant pointed superintendent in charge of fac­ Chicago district supervisor of the Analyt­ tory operations, Union Brass & Metal Corp., Milwaukee, has been elected as­ 1,## sistant secretary. Itfitfk ical Cost bureau, has been named district Mfg. Co., St. Paul. feat* supervisor, succeeding Mr. Kettle. Peter Charles Schwarzler, formerly manager Neil C. Hurley has been elected isocc^ V. Martin, formerly superintendent of blast furnaces at the Gary Works, has of the sales promotion department, Fox- chairman of the board, Independent been appointed chief of safety for the boro Co., Foxboro, Mass., has been ap­ Pneumatic Tool Co., Chicago, and Neil corporation. pointed manager of the export depart­ C. Hurley Jr. has been elected presi­ — o—- ment, succeeding Henry B. Moelter, who dent of the company. Edward G. Gus­ tafson, treasurer, and John McGuire, George L. Davis, formerly vice presi­ died Jan. 20. Bplf secretary, were elected to the board of dent of Diamond Power Specialty Corp., ńettol directors. Detroit, has joined Carnegie-Illinois Steel J. F. Joyce has been appointed district led»! — o— Corp., Pittsburgh, as general staff man­ sales representative in Cleveland for H. P. Owen, for the past ten years >W ager, sales. Prior to his connection with Pennsylvania Transformer Co., Pitts­ Diamond Power Specialty Corp. Mr. burgh. sales engineer, Ingersoll Steel & Disc di­ Davis had been affiliated with American —O—' vision, Borg-Warner Corp., Chicago, has Steel & Wire Co., Donora, Pa., Pressed Dr. Harry R. Ricardo, well known become associated with Sterling Tool Steel Car Co., McKees Rocks, Pa., and British consulting engineer, research Products Co., Chicago, as district man­ Oliver Iron & Steel Corp., Pittsburgh. worker and inventor, has been elected ager. president of the Institution of Mechan­ —o—■ J- H. Thompson, vice president of the ical Engineers, London. J. O. Wible has been elected presi­ "b A. Hanna Co., Cleveland, has been — o— dent, Union Electric Steel Corp., Pitts­ named director of the newly-created di­ Glen David Bagley, leader of the ex­ burgh. Mr. Wible previously filled the vision which has been formed by the perimental engineering group of the unexpired term of Earle G. Winner, who consolidation of the lake coal, iron ore, Union Carbide & Carbon Research Corp. resigned the presidency because of ill and dock and vessel departments. In the Inc., New York, has been awarded the health. Robert C. Good, formerly met­ allurgical engineer for Electro Metallur- livisi® iron ore department, H. L. Pierce has Jacob F. Schoellkopf Medal for 1944 by 65 MEN of INDUSTRY

he was associated with Link Belt Co., Chicago, serving as president from 1932 to 1936. Mr. Green joined Cleveland Pneumatic Tool in March, 1942, as a director and chairman of the board. In June, 1943 he was elected president, to fill the vacancy created by the resigna­ tion of John DeMooy. Toward the end of this year Mr. Green plans to resume his profession as management, finance, engineering consultant, in Chicago.

J. F. Woessner, formerly general works auditor in the Pittsburgh district, Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, has been appointed assistant comptroller in charge of staff activities and general duties, and M. W. Krueger, previously supervisor of the Pittsburgh district’s or­ R. T. C O W AN AN TO N ERHARDT ganization planning department, has Who has been appointed manager of the Who has been named plant superintendent, been named assistant comptroller in Detroit office, Bailey Meter Co., Cleveland, National Tool Co., Cleveland, as announced charge of works accounting. A. B. Cook, noted in STEEL, March 6, p. 107. in STEEL, M arch 13, p. 78. who has been assistant comptroller in charge of general office accounting since gical Sales Co., New York, has been ap­ land Pneumatic Aerol Inc., and Daniel 1942, will continue in that capacity. pointed sales manager for Union Elec­ C. Green has been elected board chair­ tric Steel Corp. man. Prior to his election, Mr. Tor­ Victor H. Gordon, purchasing agent, rence was vice president and general Grand Home Appliance Co., Cleveland, George P. Torrence has been elected manager, Rayon Machinery Corp., is leaving his post to enter the armed president of Cleveland Pneumatic Tool Cleveland, and before becoming affiliated services. As yet no successor to Mr. Co., Cleveland, and its subsidiary, Cleve- with Rayon Machinery Corp. in 1936, Gordon has been named.

Hinkle Steel Construction Co. The Hin­ Second Lieutenant Highberger, who was OBITUARIES . . . kle Iron Co. was dissolved in 1933. Mr. reported missing in action in the Euro­ William Edward Hoblitzelle, 73, presi­ Hinkle had been a former director of pean war theatre a year ago, has been dent of Smith & Davis Mfg. Co., St. Peabody Engineering Corp., New York. posthumously awarded the Order of the Louis, and formerly associated with Purple Heart “for military merit and for Howard Steel Co., Birmingham, Ala., Howard Stanley Hart, 76, who played wounds received in action.” and with Commonwealth Steel Co., a prominent part in the organization of — o— Madison, 111., and a former president of the Hart & Cooley Mfg. Co., Holland, Septimus H. Griffiths, 63, metallur­ Duquesne Steel Foundry Co., Pitts­ Mich., and of the Fafnir Bearing Co., gical engineer, Ohio Steel Foundry Co., burgh, died recently in St. Louis. New Britain, Conn., died March 8 in Canton, O., died recently in that city. — o— Martha’s Vineyard, Mass. Mr. Hart Thomas H. Williams, 63, president, was i airman of the board of Hart & George J. Batzer, 60, consulting engi­ E. A. Williams & Son Inc., Jersey City, Coole Mfg. Co., and had been the first neer, the Trundle Engineering Co., N. J., died March 9 in that city. Mr. president of Fafnir Bearing Co. Cleveland, died March 13 in Detroit. Williams was a grandson of the founder Mr. Batzer was superintendent for many of the company, which is one of the Richard H. Scott, 75, former general years of The Foote-Burt Co., Cleveland. oldest brass foundries in New Jersey. manager, Reo Motors Inc., Lansing, — o— Mich., died March 11 in that city. Mr. William P. Deppe, 70, inventor, who Joseph F. Lamb, vice president and a Scott, who retired in 1934, had assisted was a pioneer in the development of member of the board, Landers, Frary & in the organization of many Lansing in­ combustion engines, and a former rail­ Clark, New Britain, Conn., died there dustries, and was known for his benev­ road and mining executive, died March 6 recently. Mr. Lamb had been associated olence in his home city. in New York. Mr. Deppe founded the with the company about 40 years. Deppe Motors Corp. and served as its Harry I. Ambus, 58, president and president from 1917 to 1933. George M. Bowen, 51, who became owner of the Sandusky Metal Products president of Ross Operating Valve Co., Sandusky, O., was killed in an auto­ Russell S. Carter, 65, who was assist­ Co., Detroit, following the death in 1939 mobile accident near Cleveland March ant manager of the New York office of of the company’s founder, C. A. Ross, 12. Ingersoll-Rand Co., New York, at the died March 8 in Orchard Lake, Mich. time of his retirement in 1918, died Mr. Bowen had been active in various Edward R. Estberg, 81, chairman of March 5 in Hewlett, N. Y. community clubs and associations, and the board of the Waukesha National , •• —-o— v. was a member of the American Society bank, Waukesha, Wis., and treasurer Ralph resident and of Tool Engineers and the American and a director of the Waukesha Motor treasurer .„muiz-vj Neill Co., Minne­ Legion. Co. and the Hein-Wemer Motor Parts apolis, died re March 8. Corp., died March 3 in Waukesha. — r>— Eugene E. Hinkle, 74, founder and — o— Walter C. Sutton, 43, chief engineer of former president of the Hinkle Iron Co., Lieut. W. H. Highberger, 37, of the the S. K. W ellman Co., Cleveland, died New York, structural steel fabricators, Chemical Warfare Service, United States there March 10. M Sutton was presi­ died March 7 in Greens Farms, Conn. Army, who formerly was associated with dent of the Clev“'1 .nd Engineering So­ Mr. Hinkle had retired in 1925 as presi­ Mathieson Alkali Works Inc., New York, ciety at the time of his death and was dent of the company, and subsequently as sales representative in the New York nationally known as an authority of con a group of employes organized the area, has been listed as lost in action. struction engineering.

66 T E C I n/&atk aucad ¿ox the METALWORKING lu te in REPORT To

INDUSTRY ' " O U S T K Y .

0 4 c t f o x efoaxeà¿ox fo e a e e ?

WAR production is past peak though the flames of battle ployes and wage earners before the war. Next largest classi­ blaze with rising intensity. With the output curve flattening fication was Food and Kindred Products with 1,335,157 em­ out after months of uninterrupted upswing, the metalworking ployes. industry, realistically, is takin17 stock of its position as it pre­ By value of products metalworking ranked first with $19,- pares for a new production era. Can the industry reconvert 568,604,000, more than twice the total of the food industry. to peace as quickly and as effectively as it converted to war? But of the 28,215 metalworking establishments, only 6600 Because metalworking is basic in the national economy it employed more than fifty, 21,615 fifty or fewer, 17,347 twenty ranks No. 1 position on the industrial reconversion calendar. or fewer and 9268 five or fewer. It is significant to note that And how the transition to peace is executed in this field may 39 per cent of the plants accounted for 96 per cent of the well establish the design for industry demobilization in gen­ industry’s total value of products. eral. For within the scope of the industry’s varied activities Since the outbreak of the war the industry has expanded are certain to be met most, if not all, of the complex prob­ greatly in physical plant, value of products and volume of lems of the transitory period. employment. While government data for the war years are The metalworking-metalproducing industry has long been not available, S t e e l ’s research department has maintained the largest industrial market in this country. This empha­ a continuing study of industry trends, and this study indicates sizes its importance as a pillar in the national economy. The a definite movement toward a greater number of large plants latest Census of Manufactures (1939) showed that the 28,215 and fewer small plants. Whereas in 1939 the industry ac­ metalworking establishments employed 3,326,727 salaried em­ counted for 37 per cent of all manufacturing, in 1942 its out-

Industry's Position on Product Manufacture

MAKING SAME RETURN TOG DEVELOPED PRODUCTS OLD PRODUCTS NEW PRODUCTS

35.9 % YES 8 0 .4 % YES 39.6% THINKING ABOUT SOME

17.3 % 24.5% PARTIALLY NO

Bar at left inipbove graph shows replies, in percentage, to changed wholly or partially, how many intend to go back the question: how many plants are still making the same to their former products after the war? Bar at right shows products as before the war? Bar in middle of graph shows replies to the question: How many companies have devel­ answer' to the question: Of those plants which have oped new products to manufacture after the war?

67 put rated 54 per cent, and today there are 9300 plants in the field employing over TIME REQUIRED FOR 50, an increase of 50 per cent over 1939. RECONVERSION What is the thinking in the metalworking industry as it prepares for recon­ version? To learn prevailing opinion on important angles of the overall prob­ lem, St e el has conducted a comprehensive survey among top industry executives. Over 3000 replies were received, developing tangible data pertinent to sound policy-making as related to this major economic division. The survey was cross-sectional, both geographically and by size of plant. Six important questions were considered, as follows: 1. How many plants are still making the same products as before the war; and how many that have changed intend to go back to their former product after the war? 2. How many plants have developed new products for manufacture after the war? 3. How long will it take to reconvert to peacetime production? 4. How many plants expect to maintain their present level of employment and production on peacetime products? 5. How many plants have government-owned capacity or equipment and how many expect to buy it after the war? 6. Will present extensive subcontracting methods continue on peacetime production? Speed in shifting productive capacity from war to peace, according to the recent Baruch-Hancoek report, will provide the most effective attack against the two enemies which threaten in the transition and postwar period— unemploy­ ment and inflation. In metalworking, reconversion should be fairly prompt, if for no other reason than the fact only a relatively small percentage of the indus­ 74. 7,% try confronts a total reconversion job, that is, will have to reconvert entire physical IMMEDIATELY plant from war to peace production. In view of the basic nature of metalworking in the war effort, it is not sur­ prising that an unusually high percentage of the plants in the industry are still making their normal prewar products. St e e l ’s survey shows 49.4 per cent of the plants are still manufacturing the same products as before the war, while 35.6 per cent have changed partially, and only 15 per cent wholly. Significantly, the larger sized plants, those employing 1000 or more, were more severely affected in the matter of total product change than were the medium or small plants. This is shown in the following table:

STILL MAKING SAME PRODUCT AS BEFORE WAR

All Plants YES NO PARTIALLY Employing: 49.4% 15.0% 35.6%

1000 or more 51.1 20.7 28.2 500 to 1000 44.1 16.8 39.1 250 to 500 43.3 14.9 41.8 100 to 250 44.0 16.8 39.2 50 to 100 49.6 13.8 36.6 25 to 50 ...... 53.8 12.4 33.8 under 25 ...... 53.2 13.5 33.3

That more large than small plants were diverted wholly to new work is probably explained by the fact the larger manufacturers possibly were more readily adaptable to total conversion. In considering this point, however, it should be borne in mind only 48.9 per cent of the plants employing 1000 or more were wholly or partially forced to change production; 51.1 of such plants did not change at all. As is to be expected, most plants which were compelled to change to new products plan resumption of jrrewar production when released from war work. Actually only 2.3 per cent report they do not plan to resume their prewar manu­ facture, while 17.3 per cent will resume partially, and 80.4 per cent wholly. It is interesting to note that the smallest size plants, those employing under 25, 15.6% rank highest in percentage of those not returning to prewar product, either par­ tially or wholly, as shown in the accompanying tabulation of returns: ONE M O NTH

INTEND TO GO BACK TO PREWAR PRODUCT

All Plants YES NO PARTIALLY Em ploying: 80.4% 2.3% 17.3% 3.6/oTHREE MONTHS 1000 or more...... 87 .0 1.3 11.7 500 to 1000 8 5 .6 14.4 2 5 0 to 5 0 0 ...... 77.9 3 .7 18.4 6.1%, SIX MONTHS 100 to 250 82.5 1.3 16.2 50 to 100 80.9 1.8 17.3 OR MORE 25 to 5 0 ...... 80 .0 1.7 18.3 under 25 ...... 76.5 4.1 19.4

68 EEL One reason why the smaller plants rank highest in the list of those not resuming prewar production possibly is that Employment Expectations they are engaged on war products which they feel will find peacetime applications. With regard to new product development for postwar intro­ duction, S t e e l ’s survey indicates 35.9 per cent of plants in the field have developed new products, 39.6 per cent are plan­ ning or thinking about such developments and only 24.5 per cent have taken no action in this matter. New product development, appears much higher in the larger than in the smaller plants. Roughly 50 per cent of the plants with 500 or more employes have new products, compared to about 27 per cent of those employing fewer than 50. Detailed breakdown of percentage returns follows:

HAVE DEVELOPED NEW POSTWAR PRODUCTS THINKING All Plants YES NO ABOUT SOME Employing: 35.9% 24.5% 39.6%

1000 or more 4 8 .8 20.2 31.0 500 to 1000 5 2 .0 9.0 39 .0 250 to 500 48.5 7.8 43.7 100 to 250 39.0 18.0 43.0 50 to 100 34.2 26.0 39.8 25 to 50 27.5 32.1 40.4 under 25 26 .3 38.4 35.3

High percentage of the metalworking industry expects to S t e e l ’s survey indicates product development within the maintain present levels of employment after the war. In industry varies considerably. For example, 47 per cent of the electrical equipment manufacturers report they have new above graph are shown the percentage replies, “Yes” or products, as compared to 27.5 per cent of the metal furniture “No”, to the question: Do you expect to be able to main­ group and 28.9 per cent of the machine tool accessories manu­ tain present level of employment on peacetime products? facturers.

How quickly the industry is readjusted from war to peace­ will be in position to go ahead immediately on peacetime time production depends upon multiple factors. However, work, all other factors being equal. Something like 90.5 assuming necessary equipment and materials are available per cent of these plants expect no time lag at all. On the and that government policy permits, indications are most other hand 59 per cent of the plants that changed products plants in the metalworking field will reconvert fairly promptly. also report they expect to convert immediately, while 25.9 For example, S t e e l ’s survey shows that 74.7 per cent of the per cent of such plants think it will take a month, 5 per cent plants expect to effect the transition immediately, 15.6 per three months, and 10.1 per cent, six months or more. cent diink it will take a month, 3.6 per cent, three months, and 6.1 per cent six months or more. The reconversion prob­ There also is a decided contrast shown between the large lem, of course, will differ considerably from plant to plant and small plants. For instance, 84.2 per cent of the plants and as regards individual products. Naturally plants that have employing fewer than 25 expect to go ahead immediately on not been compelled to change production during the war peacetime work, compared with only 50 per cent of the plants employing over a thousand. Significantly, 38.6 per cent of the plants employing over a thousand think it will take three to six months or more to reconvert. Government-Owned Capacity Thinking on this most important matter is shown in the following table:

LENGTH OF TIME TO CONVERT TO PEACETIME PRODUCTION IMMEDI­ ONE THREE SIX MOS. All Plants ATELY MONTH MONTHS OR MORE Employing: 74.7% 15.6% 3.6% 6.1% 1000 or more. . . . 50.0 11.4 19.6 19.0 5 00 to 1000 58.4 24.8 6.0 10.8 2 50 to 500 66.9 2-1.7 2.4 9.0 100 to 250 76.4 14.9 1.8 6.9 5 0 to 100 76.1 17.2 2.3 4.4 25 to 50 80.1 14.2 2.6 3.1 under 25 84.2 12.2 0.5 3.1

Maintenance of a high level of employment and production in the transition and postwar periods is the goal of govern­ ment and industry. S t e e l ’s survey shows 60.4 per cent of the metalworking plants expect to be able to maintain their present level of activity, while 39.6 per cent say they will not be able to do so. For the industry as a whole, the plants that changed prod­ ucts expect to maintain present employment levels to about the same extent as those that did not change. However, Position and thinking of the metalworking industry on the there is a wide difference between the large plants and the matter of government-owned capacity and equipment is small plants. Only 27.5 per cent of the plants employing a shown in the graph above. thousand or more expect to maintain their present level, com­ pared to 71.9 per cent of plants employing fewer than 50. survey to be in sixteen states, with Pennsylvania having 11.5 While there is a difference in the outlook for employment per cent, Michigan 11.3 per cent and Ohio, 10.6 per cent. and production by states, it is significant that well over 50 per More than 40 per cent of the locomotive, car and ship builders i cent of the plants in the highly industrialized states expect indicate they have government-owned capacity or equipment, they will be able to maintain present high levels. 41.2 per cent of the automotive, airplane, truck and tractor I By product classifications, naturally, there are greater dif­ manufacturers, 17.7 per cent of the machine tool manufac- f ferences. For example, 83.3 per cent of the agricultural im­ turers, and 14.5 per cent of the materials handling equipment plement manufacturers think they will be able to maintain manufacturers. I, employment, but only 36.2 per cent of the machine tool manu­ By size of plants the difference is marked. Only 7 per facturers and 40.9 per cent of the bar product manufacturers. cent employing fewer than 50 have government-owned ca­ The following table gives the breakdown of replies on this pacity or equipment, compared with 40.1 per cent employing < important question: between 500 to 1000, and 59.2 per cent employing over one ,, thousand. Assuming government-owned plant capacity and equipment EXPECT TO BE ABLE are offered for sale at a reasonablenable price, 62.7 per cent of ; TO MAINTAIN EMPLOYMENT AND PRODUCTION those companies with such capacity report they intend to buy it, while 37.3 per cent do not so intend All Plants YES NO Employing: 60.4% 39.6% The following table shows the thinking on this question:

1000 or more ...... 2 7 .5 72.5 500 to 1000 ...... 42.1 57.9 2 5 0 to 5 0 0 ...... 38.1 6 1 .9 DISPOSITION OF GOVERNMENT-OWNED PLANT 100 to 2 50 ...... 5 5 .6 44.4 CAPACITY OR EQUIPMENT 50 to 100 ...... 62.8 37 .2 2 5 to 50 ...... 7 1 .9 28.1 D O NOT DO PLAN WILL ,6 under 25 ...... 77.9 22.1 All Plants HAVE HAVE TO BUY NOT BUY !» Em ploying: 82.8% 17.2% 62.7% 37.3% ill

1000 or more 40 .8 59.2 69.0 31.0 The great expansion of plant capacity in the industry :I3 500 to 1000 .59.9 40.1 73.1 26.9 throughout the war has created a problem which will hamper 2 5 0 to 500 71.1 2 8 .9 7 7.8 22.2 r prompt reconversion until it is eliminated through creation XT 100 to 250 82.3 17.7 65.2 34.8 of sound government policy affecting disposition of govern­ ta 5 0 to 100 88.7 11.3 60.4 39.6 ment-owned facilities. However, while considerable govern­ 25 to 50 9 3 .5 6 .5 29.4 70.6 ment plant exists in the field, the number of companies affect­ it under 25 9 2 .8 7.2 3 0 .3 69.7 ed appears relatively small. For example, 82.8 per cent si report they do not have any government capacity, and only 17.2 per cent report they have. Of the total government- The war gave tremendous impetus to subcontracting. Under owned plant or equipment, 87.5 per cent is indicated by the pressure of urgent delivery schedules the larger manufacturers found it necessary to farm out considerable work which ordi­ narily would have been performed in their own shops. Will Views on Subcontracting termination of the war reverse policy in this respect? S t e e l ’s survey indicates that a surprisingly high percent­

E X P E C T age of the prime contractors expect subcontracting to con­ PRESENT STATUS SUBCONTRACTING d o n 't e x p e c t tinue on an appreciable scale, 67 per cent to be exact. At TO CONTINUE AFTER IT TO the same time subcontractors appear confident present pro­ THE W A R , CONTINUE cedure will continue, 94.1 per cent in this category looking I_____ I for a continuance and only 5.9 per cent anticipating radical /////'/"/, II. 7% 7 7 / 6 7 . 0 change. Something like 89.1 per cent of the contractors who W / J / m / M do both prime and subcontracting expect present practice to PRIME CONTRACTORS continue. The facility and effectiveness of reconversion in metal­ working unquestionably will tremendously influence the shap­ ing of governmental policy in readjusting the nation to the slower tempo of peace. With remarkable celerity the indus­ try adapted its facilities, old and new, to production for war. Can it backtrack to peace as smoothly and as quickly? Obvi­ ously the factors encountered will differ vastly from those SUBCONTRACTORS met in the transition to war. Not only is physical plant great­ er, but competitive conditions may be greatly chang' .1, unity of action and purpose may be less evident, government con­ trols may be less stringent, individual initiative may have freer play and may vary in design and application. In a sense,

4 2 . 5 % 1 0 . 7 % everyone once again may be on his own. In such circum­ stances it is clear industrial turmoil will be averted only through the development of governmental policy which will permit private industry to chart its course with a minimum BOTH PRIME AND of confusion. SUBCONTRACTORS S t e e l ’s survey shows that industry thinking on the various reconversion problems, generally speaking, is on the optimistic 10.4 % I side. It is clear that despite the complex nature of the overall NEITHER problem and the uncertainties attendant upon the development of government policy industry’s hopes are high for success­ The war gave tremendous impetus to subcontracting. fully surmounting the difficulties incident to the transition.

Steel’s survey shows a surprisingly high percentage of both S t e e l , in forthcoming issues, will take up in greater detail prime and subcontractors expect a continuance of the the individual reconversion problems only briefly touched upon practice on an appreciable scale after the war in this report. ,

76 ACTIVITIES

Expect Postwar Appliance Needs To Increase 78%

Westinghouse survey of 102 distributors covers 13 d iffe r­ ent appliances. . . . Use av­ erage 1940-41 sales as base

AN ANNUAL average of 78 per cent more electrical household appliances will be sold during the first five postwar years than were distributed in either of the peak years of 1940 and 1941, ac­ cording to estimates made by 102 dis­ tributors of the Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co., East Pittsburgh, Pa. The survey covered 13 different appli­ ances. Estimated increase expected in the various appliances are: Refrigerators, 48 per cent; ranges, 72; water heaters, 118; washers, 97; ironer, 183; fans, 29; WARTIME BRAIN: First public exhibit of the Sperry gyrocompass, naviga­ vacuum cleaners, 67; small air condi­ tional "brain" of wartime vessels, was held in Detroit recently by the tioners, 138; roasters, 36; irons, 58; small Dodge Division of Chrysler Corp. which so far has built enough of appliances, 66; water coolers, 82, and these compasses to equip 3000 merchant ships. Here Commander Robert dishwashers, 818 per cent. Three general assumptions were made Velz, inspector of naval materiel at Detroit, Mayor Edward J. Jeffries by the distributors in arriving at their Jr., and K. T. Keller, Chrysler president, inspect one of the 600-pound estimates. The average sales in 1940 compasses in simulated service. Better than 10,000 individual parts, and 1941 were used as a base against many machined to precision tolerances, make up the unit. Transparent which postwar estimates were made. casing of this exhibit piece is not used in the production version Freedom from government control and freedom from material shortages were assumed. And finally they assumed that P factories would have adequate capacity of hand cut rotary files for use on flexible reports that its auxiliary gas tanks are to produce the number of appliances or stationary shaft filing machines, port­ now being used as a container into demanded, and at the same time prices, able electric and air tools and similar which medical and food supplies are policies and products would be fully devices. A six page illustrated and de­ loaded and dropped to ground forces. h'£ competitive, scriptive folder is obtainable. lift International Nickel Co. Inc., New f h . ■' ,'y- ' American Bridge Co., Ambridge, Pa., York, reports that F. G. Sefing of the Enters creight Car Industry had less than one-third as many acci­ development and research division is continuing talks on molding methods for As Largest Independent dents at its shipyard than the national average for shipyards. The yard had a sound castings before various groups. Entering the freight car manufactur­ frequency rate of 9.64 lost-time acci­ C. M. Kemp Mfg. Co., Baltimore, ing field and greatly expanding its Proc­ dents for every 1,000,000 man-hours of work. recently appointed the Robert Arnold ess Equipment division, the H. K. Porter Sales & Engineering Co., Philadelphia, (ji Co. Inc., Pittsburgh, has purchased M t — o— to represent it in the Philadelphia area. Vemon Car Mfg. Co. and its subsidiary, Eighmy Equipment Co., Rockford, — o— i' J■ P. Devine Mfg. Co. Inc., both of Mt. 111., announces the removal of its office Hydraulic Press Mfg. Co., Mt. Gilead, its Vernon, 0. to Rochelle, 111. O., has completed one of the largest hy­ Acquisition of Mt. Vemon Car Mfg. draulic presses ever built for powder Co., representing approximately 10 per United States Rubber Co., New York, metallurgy. The press is designed for cent of the nation’s freight car manufac- briquetting powdered carbides of tung­ ¿r taring capacity, establishes the H. K. sten, titanium or tantalum for carbide Porter Co. as the largest independent in cutting tools, dies and inspection gages. this industry. J. P. Devine Mfg. Co. REPRINTS AVAILABLE produces heavy chemical, food and oil Meehanite Research Institute of Amer­ ni®5 refinery equipment. Additional copies of the special report on “What’s Ahead for the ica Inc., New Rochelle, N. Y., has pub­ Metalworking Industry As It Pre­ lished a new 8-page booklet entided, “A Study of Friction, Galling and Seizing.” $ briefs . . . pares for Peace?” are available to readers on request. Large ,;;i Pullman-Standard Car Mfg. Co., Mich­ quantities for additional distri­ Purdue Research Foundation, Lafay­ igan City, Ind., rolled the last of 1200 bution will be furnished at cost, ette, Ind., announces establishment of a jiitf* triple-deck troop sleepers off its assembly small quantities free of charge by new joint industry-education enterprise at hne recently. addressing STEEL, Readers Serv­ Purdue University for the intensive ice Department, Penton Building, training of graduate students in explor­ Heller Bros. Co., Newark, N. J., now Cleveland 13, Ohio. ing the field of heat transfer. The pro­ is making and marketing a complete line gram is made possible by a $75,000 grant.

¡1 M arc] 71 PREDICT... by Raymond Loewy Noted Industrial Designer .

After the war you will travel more than you ever have. And one of the develop­

ments that will make it possible is the new helicopter air bus. This remarkable

aeronautical achievement ushers in a really new mode of transportation that

will enable you to make short air trips quickly, inexpensively and in complete

comfort. Present bus terminals will be adapted as landing ports and main­

tenance hangars so you will take off and arrive in central sections of cities and

towns. The multi-passenger helicopter air bus, already endorsed by authorities

as entirely practical, will bring air travel to millions of persons and thousands

of communities that now lack this form of transportation. When you buy War

Bonds today remember they will enable you to experience this and many other

marvels in tomorrow’s world!

N o te : The Weatherhead Company, one of the oldest and most important manufacturers of Darts for the aviation industry, is prepared for the day when its four plants will again be contributing to aviation’s peacetime needs.

Look Ahead with Weatherhead

THE WEATHERHEAD COMPANY, CLEVELAND, OHIO Manufacturers of vital parts for the automotive, aviation, refrigeration and other key industries. Plants: Cleveland. Columbia City. Ind., Los Angeles L n i t i W rite on company letter. < Canada—St. Thomas. Ontario ( head far "Seeds Of Industry" — ] « history of The Weutherheud i Company, its many facilities ' and diversified products.

72 MIRRORS ot MOTORÜÜM

Truman committee urges enough freedom for manufacturers “3. W e must understand that we are dealing with the entire United States and to exercise their ingenuity in devising means of utilizing surplus that the sudden ending of employment materials. . . Three provisos would prevent wholesale resump­ in one area does not mean that those who are thereby deprived of a means of liveli­ tion of civilian goods production hood can or will be transferred instantly to an area where employment and shelter IX ADVOCATING the earliest possible be desirable because they would tend to will be available to them. The country resumption of production of Chilian force some of the unemployed to migrate is too vast, our economy is too complex, goods, the Senate’s Truman committee to areas of manpower shortages is hardly and the knowledge by workers of condi­ suggests in its third annual report that a tenable position, in the eyes of the tions in other areas too fragmentary' to manufacturers ought to be free to exer- Senate committee, for three reasons: support any such expectation.” cse their ingenuity in devising means of “1. Many women and older men, not Imminence of the European invasion ¿jjizing materials surpluses for the pro­ employed before the war, would be lost to throw's into sharp relief the committee’s duction of any items they may choose, to the labor force, because they would be forecast that such invasion will be fol­ die extent that surpluses of material exist forced to stop work and would not be lowed by a large number of cutbacks and after provision has been made for war willing, or in many cases able, to move cancellations in contracts for articles hav­ items and essential civilian items. The to areas where additional manpower was ing no direct connection with the inva­ committee adds that any attempt at close needed for war production. sion but with respect to which procure­ emtrol over the production of hundreds ment officers are now hesitating to take a even thousands of items which might Would Reduce Quit Rate action. Cancellations currently, according be made from surplus materials would “2. Many w'orkers, even in areas of to WPB estimates, are running about Sl,- co much more harm than good. manpower shortage, would quit their 500,000,000 a month and will continue at Three provisos are set forth as limiting present employment because the inabil­ this rate through June, against war con­ factors covering the resumption of civilian ity to obtain civilian goods destroys a tract backlogs of something like $55,000,- goods manufacture. large part of their incentive to work. This 000,000 on Feb. 1. 1. Basic commodities such as steel and tendency to quit employment in war in­ Each post-invasion cutback or cancella­ aW.-rinm must be available in the dustries is already one of the most im­ tion of an end product will of course af­ shapes and forms required, and these portant single factors in the manpower fect its many components and the cumu­ must not be required for manufacture of situation. If industry were permitted to lative effect is expected to assume ever- war :r essential civilian items. employ workers in areas where there are increasing proportions far in excess of 2. Proposed manufacturing operations no manpower shortages to make civilian existing estimates, just as in the early mast not be undertaken in an area which products from surplus materials, the avail­ stages of war production each month saw the WMC has classified as having an acute ability of such products for purchase by huge additions by the armed services to manpower shortage, and war workers would tend to reduce the previous estimates of requirements. 3. The manufacturer must not have quit rate for war workers in areas of man­ Figures just compiled by the Board of been offered a contract or subcontract power shortage. Commerce show a 90 per cent increase for a war item, or have been notified by a war procurement agency that a con­ tract would be offered him in the im­ mediate future. Obviously these restrictions would seriously restrict any wholesale resump­ tion of civilian goods manufacture, cer- tairiy would rule out any automobiles. In the first place, it takes a lot more than basic raw materials to produce anything but the very simplest forms of goods. There is talk of permitting washing ma­ chine production to be resumed, but many components of such products —bearings to mention only one— will prove serious bottlenecks and likely will Preclude any production whatsoever. Nevertheless, the Truman committee will be supported enthusiastically by most manufacturers in its contentions that (1) we must not prevent the use of surplus commodities and thereby create unemployment, (2 ) we must not create a new series of unworkable industrial con­ trols that will retard seriously the con- version from war production in the initial 2nd most difficult stages of that conver­ sion, and (3 ) we must not establish a pattern of regimentation for peacetime JACK-OF-ALL-JOBS: More jeep engines now are harnessed to the United Production, howev er good our intentions Nations' war effort than any other type of motor, regardless of size or may be, because such regimentation will weight. The versatile power plant, shown here undergoing final inspec­ have a tendency to became permanent tion at the Willys-Overland Toledo, O., plant, is not only driving jeeps The assumption, backed principally by into battle, but powering radar equipment, floodlights, short-wave radio the armed services, that unemployment sets, searchlights, welding apparatus, landing barges, life boats, tractors, resulting from the completion of war con­ pump units and other equipment tracts and the inability to obtain permis- son to resume civilian production would ( Material in this department is protected by copyright and its use in any form without permission is prohibited)

M i 73 MIRRORS of MOTORDOM in output of Detroit area plants in 1943 More and more it appears doubtful that retractable landing gear, hydraulic con­ over 1942. Total for last year was $9.5 Mr. Campbell or any other devoted trols to lift the landing gear and outer billions, comparing with $3.1 billions in citizens can do much about restraining wings, as well as bomb bay doors. There 1937, top peacetime year. To date, the the move of industry away from large is also space in the midwing section for board experts figure manufacturers in centers of population. As indicated in this extra fuel tanks, ammunition, bombs, the Detroit area have received prime department last week, the trend is to de­ guns, diving and landing control flaps, supply contracts for war materials valued centralization. Highway planners know it. fittings for external bombs, and other at approximately $14 billions which, the Automotive manufacturers know it. Sup­ similar equipment. civic breast-beaters proclaim, is 75 per pliers know it. Doubtless even the unions All in all, the midwing comprises some cent above the corresponding value for know it. 10,000 separate parts assembled into a the second-place Los Angeles area, and With an eye in the postwar direction, unit measuring about 20 feet in length represents 10 per cent of all contracts the UAW-CIO has released a 120-page and 12 feet in width at the widest point. awarded in the United States which are booklet containing results of a research Chrysler and DeSoto divisions do final assignable to areas. Against this figure of carried out under its direction on the assembly work on the wing. Machining of 10 per cent of the contracts, the Detroit subject of postwar ruban housing. The parts is allocated to Plymouth, aluminum area embraces only 2 per cent of the na­ booklet is worthy of study by anyone in­ forgings to Dodge, stamping to DeSoto tion’s population. terested in the development of housing, and Chrysler Highland Park plants. A The tremendous load of war contracts for it represents strictly a socialized con­ total of 464 subcontractors supply parts. has carried ahead almost every conceiv­ cept, with the government keeping a First shipment of wings was made five able index of industrial activity in Wayne finger in everything from disposition of months after receipt of drawings. county. Payrolls were up 47.5 per cent in temporary war housing to slum clearance 1943 over 1942; average weekly earn­ and public ownership and control of both ings, up 9.5 per cent to $60.80; postal re­ urban and suburban land. Even design A.S.T.M. Committees Hold ceipts, up 12 per cent; savings deposits, up control of housing would be exercised by Sessions at Cincinnati 31.5 per cent; bank clearings, up 39 per a government agency. To anyone even cent; passengers on the city transporta­ casually acquainted with the waste and More than 745 materials engineers and tion system, up 29 per cent; electric pow­ inefficiency of bureaucracy, the UAW- technologists were in attendance at the er, up 21 per cent; gas, up 19 per cent; CIO’s slant on postwar housing is hope­ 148 technical committee meetings of the population, up 5 per cent. On the other lessly fuddled and inadequate. American Society for Testing Materials hand, marriage licenses, unmoved by the Motor companies are in process of held at Cincinnati recently during the wave of prosperity, slumped 10 per cent. strengthening and expanding their Wash­ 1944 Committee Week. This was al­ ington representation and contacts, for most double attendance at the 1943 ses­ Warns Against Antagonism one reason because they are realizing that sions. Harvey Campbell, executive vice presi­ governmental controls on production, The following main A.S.T.M. standing dent of the board, after the first flush prices, materials allocation, etc., seem cer­ committees met: A-l on Steel; A-3 on of pride over the production achieve­ tain to endure beyond the end of the Cast Iron; A-5 on Corrosion of Iron and ment of his city, sounds a sour note for war, and hence it is only good business Steel; A-6 on Magnetic Properties; A-7 the future with the statement— judgment to have as strong a representa­ on Malleable Iron Castings; A-10 on “Why did men like Rockefeller and tion as possible in the nation’s capital. Iron-Chromium, Iron-Chromium-Nickel Sperry leave Cleveland? Our planners, Both Studebaker and Chrysler, for ex­ and Related Alloys; B-3 on Corrosion of lawmakers and labor leaders should get ample, in recent weeks have made per­ Nonferrous Metals and Alloys; B-5 on the answer to that, one, before they con­ sonnel adjustments which on their face Copper and Copper Alloys; B-6 on Die- tinue to irritate Detroit’s industrial lead­ could be calculated to reinforce their Cast Metals and Alloys; B-7 on Light ers. Every Chamber of Commerce in Washington position. Metals and Alloys; B-8 on Electrode- America is exerting every influence, from Chrysler plants are in production on posited Metallic Coatings; C-16 on pamphlet to prayer, to induce business to midwing sections for the Curtiss Hell- Thermal Insulating Materials; D-l on leave Detroit. In lots of towns they’d have aiver carrier-based scout bombers. This Paint, Varnish and Related Products; D-2 bands at the platform to meet men who ship is somewhat unconventional in de­ on Petroleum Products and Lubricants; have been hanged in effigy here by union sign in that instead of being a strongly D-4 on Road and Paving Materials; D-5 hoodlums. Let’s start being nice to our constructed fuselage with wings, wing on Coal and Coke; D-9 on Electrical neighbors. One of them may have a tips, motors and controls attached, the Insulating Materials (Philadelphia, Pa. chance to influence a decision that would midwing sections are basically the prin­ Feb. 21, 22); D -ll on Rubber Products; be costly to Detroit’s payroll.” cipal foundation structure, housing the D-17 on Naval Stores. They Say: “It is my considered opinion that the patent reward “To me the real essence of reconversion is continuous given by our laws, enacted under constitutional authority employment. If we will figure out a way in which idleness to stimulate genius in research and accomplishment, is in will not occur in our labor force, we will have properly a large measure responsible for the business and industrial reconverted.”—Fred Lazarus Jr., chairman, American Re­ development of this country, which has led to the highest tail Federation. standard of living yet produced for the human family in O © © any part of the world.”—Sen. Albert W. Hawkes (Rep., “The Committee for Economic Envelopment has no N. J.). doubts about tangible factors in the program for an ex­ « O O panded economy, but there are two. major intangibles which “In certain quarters there is prejudice against the word must also be considered—whether businessmen really be­ ‘planning’ that probably springs from apprehension that lieve they ought to plan boldly now for postwar days and p lan n in g may lead us into a regimented way of life. I whether the nation can recover sufficiently from a depres­ feel that just the opposite is the case. Regimentation sion psychosis.”—Paul G. Hoffman, president, Studebaker arises after planning has failed.”-—Beardsley Ruml, chair­ Corp. and chairman, National Committee for Economic man, Federal Reserve Bank, New York. Development. S t a t e t i e é d FASTENING Headquarters

HEADQUARTERS is "a chief with common steel fastenings.' BRASS place of business." S o ...... To serve fastening users, Har­ when you need non-ferrous and per stocks over 4280 different BRONZE stainless fastenings, come to items . . . employs a large staff of Harpers . . . the organization engineers and field service men COPPER which specializes on the manu­ ... and offers a vast fund of prac­ facture of bolts, nuts, screws, tical non-ferrous and stainless EVERDUR washers, rivets and specials fastening "Know how." Sample made of Brass, Bronze, Copper, this "Know how" by writing (on MONEL Everdur, Monel and Stainless . .. your letterhead) for a 4-color, 84 an organization not concerned page catalog. ST AIN LESS

THE H. M. HARPER COMPANY, 2646 Fletcher St., Chicago 18, Illinois BRANCH OFFICES: New York City • Philadelphia • Los Angeles • Milwaukee • Cincinnati • Houston , Representatives in Principal Cities WING TIPS Program advanced for systematizing and facilitating redistribu­ tities or arrange such shipments. His bookkeeping system is not set up to bill tion of surplus materials in plants of aircraft manufacturers. and keep track of accounts receivable or prepare the necessary certification; all Plea made for establishment of central disposal depots where the foregoing to apply to all conceivable contractors may send surpluses types and kinds of material. It is too difficult to buy and too difficult to sell course would be to go in competition under such a system. REDISTRIBUTION of surplus mate­ with the steel industry and its system of In assuming the job of “selling” the rials in plants of aircraft manufacturers distribution, the hardware industry and surplus aircraft material it is axiomatic by the Aircraft Scheduling Unit, Dayton, its system of distribution, the aluminum that before one can sell anything he must O., became “official” in October, 1942 industry and its distribution channels, directly or indirectly have physical pos­ Since that time innumerable conferences and so on through the entire line of mate­ session of it. Recognizing the need for have been held; letters, directives and rials and supplies. The other alternative this initial step, aircraft contractors were procedures have been written by the is to go in business with these industries requested to report in accordance with bale expounding how the job shall be and their established distribution chan­ directive No. 16 their surplus materials done and by whom. In all fairness it nels as “partners.” There can be no on ASU-41 forms. Unfortunately this must be stated all of that was not wasted doubt in anyone’s mind but that the has been only partly successful for the work. Progress definitely has been partnership alternative is by far the most following reasons: In too many instances made, yet in spite of the fact Col. C. R. effective and desirable. the contractor took the sum of his receipts Baxter, chief, Redistribution Branch, as shown on his records which was in­ Inter-Contractor Sales Inefficient WPB, and Herschel Wilson, chief, Mate­ correct, subtracted from it the sum of rials Branch, WPB, have gone on record When materials were exceedingly his consumption, which was also incor­ to the effect ASU has done the outstand­ scarce it was feasible for one contractor rect. Obviously, the desired information ing job in redistribution, the fact remains to sell his surplus material in whole or on ASU-41 forms would have been a too little material has been moved and part to another contractor who needed it true physical inventory. that too slowly. badly. The question of price was not Perhaps no industry has a poorer Some straight thinking on the subject important and contractors were willing knowledge of its true physical inventory of disposal of surplus materials in air­ to do this on a “you scratch my back than the aircraft industry, yet it would craft manufacturing plants through re­ and I’ll scratch yours” basis. To the be most unfair to be critical of that distribution to other contractors is con­ layman it appears the inter-contractor situation. Nearly every aircraft con­ tained in the accompanying comment by transaction is the most satisfactory. As tractor, and most of his subcontractors, Lieut. Col. A. E. P. Peterka, chief, Mate­ a matter of fact it is grossly inefficient. started from scratch and every conceiv­ rials Distribution Branch, Resources Con­ Assume contractor “A” has a million able pressure was put on them to pro­ trol Section, AAF, Wright Field, Day­ aircraft bolts in surplus stock. If he duce more and better airplanes faster, ton, O. could dispose of these million bolts to and “to hell with keeping records and Outlining the extent of the problem not more than four or five other con­ inventories.” The aircraft industry has and the difficulties of inventorying pres­ tractors, the problem would be compara­ done an amazingly splendid job in pro­ ent supplies, Colonel Peterka makes a tively simple, but experience has shown ducing good airplanes, but inventory-wise plea for the establishment of central that is not happening today. Contractor they do not know what they have or warehouses or depots where contractors “A” lets it be known that he has a mil­ where they have it. may send surpluses for subsequent dis­ lion bolts in his surplus stock. He will W hen a customer is found for the sur­ posal to existing commercial distribution get an order from some subcontractor for plus material the IBM records drawn off channels on attractive terms. 500 pieces, from someone else for 3000 the ASU-41s are consulted. If the mate­ There are two phases of planning pieces, another for 69,000 pieces, etc. rial is found in the records, its availability which should be carried on simultaneous­ The contractor is not at all set up to is checked then with the holders. The ly: weigh or count and package such quan­ holder is contacted by teletype, telegram, 1. The overall plan involving general broad policy covering all periods from the present through the end of the hostil­ ities in Europe and the termination of the war. Such general overall plans in­ volve Army, including Ordnance, Navy, Bureau of Ships, etc. This type of plan­ ning has been getting practically all of the attention. 2. The other phase currently involved has been largely overlooked, and that is the phase involving the actual physical movement of surplus material from a con­ tractor’s plant where it is not needed, into productive channels directly or in­ directly through remelt or refabrication. These two phases of the redistribution problem can and must be planned simul­ taneously. The latter phase, if effective­ ly and swiftly carried out, will make the general phase much more simple. The second phase must be carried out in ac­ cordance with established fundamental CARRIERS: Huge A rm y A ir Force gliders travel Texas highw ays between principles for which there is a back­ South Plains Army air field at Lubbock and Sheppard field at Wichita ground established by industry. Falls via a recently inaugurated truck transport service. With the glider It is obvious, in the redistribution of loaded, the Chevrolet truck-trailer combination has an overall length aircraft materials and supplies, ASU has of 64 feet and a width of 13 feet. Indicating the size of the glider, the set itself up to go into the business of truck, if dismantled, could be loaded into the glider and the medium of selling those commodities in surplus air­ transportation thus reversed craft material stocks. In so doing ASU can follow one of two courses. The first

76 EEL THE ARMCO DISTRIBUTOR is in the same predicament as others of us. He has just so much sheet steel (his quota limitation); he’s up against the same manpower shortage that no doubt plagues you; and he can’t provide A r m c o sheets plus service with that pre-war speed you liked. But don’t hesitate to call the Armco Distributor, because he’ll make every effort to handle your order or give you helpful suggestions.

A STRONGER POST-WAR SERVICE While "the going is tough” now, the Armco Distributor is planning better things for you. After the war he not only will offer you the most complete line of special-purpose and com­ modity sheets, but a broader, swifter and closer service.

SHEETS FOR EVERY PURPOSE Here are some of the possibilities in sheet metals: Galvanized A r m c o Ingot Iron; galvanized P a i n t g r i p ; Z i n c g r i p ; Z i n c -

g r i p -P a i n t g r i p ; Stainless Steels; Aluminized Sheets; Enamel­ ing Sheets; copper-bearing and regular steel sheets.

So whether it’s now or after the war, remember that the Armco Dis­ tributor wants to serve you to the limit of his ability. Every day brings him nearer the time when he can give you the ALL that he wants to give you—in special steels, application service, deliveries, or all three. The American Rolling Mill Company, 1011 Curtis Street, Middletown, Ohio.

ARMCO DISTRIBUTOR SERVICE

77 WING TIPS

experienced commercial warehouse or ganizations. These reservoirs woult make it possible to remove immediately surplus stock from a contractor’s plan and then control its flow back into pro duction, either aircraft or other war eon struction or such civilian production a: M and L orders may permit. There i no single method or formula for the dis­ tribution or sale of all materials. Ovei a period of years, each industry has evolved a distribution system peculiar tc itself; and to further confound the un­ initiated, there are important difference! within each industry among the different products within the industry. For exam­ ple: In what we broadly term “hard­ ware”—bolts, nuts, screws, cotter-pins— are distributed under a different finan­ cial set-up than fittings. Unless these facts are thoroughly understood and recognized, difficulties are encountered. Solution Requires Co-operation The redistribution problem of surplus aircraft steel will be difficult to solve. We now have 26 official aircraft steel MASS PRODUCTION: Main assembly floor of Republic Aviation Corp.'s warehouses as a nucleus in solving this plant at Farmingdale, N. Y., gives a good idea of the space required problem. The producing mills have ex­ for airplane manufacturing, all the more significant when it is considered pressed their willingness to co-operate. However, there are a great number of the product is a single-place fighter plane, the P-47 Thunderbolt producing mills and aircraft steel is but a small part of the overall steel situation. To further complicate the steel problem, or telephone and asked if he has the Assume, on the other hand, the con­ much of the aircraft steel in surplus stock material. If he says “yes,” he is asked tractor attempts to purchase these 50 tons is “tailor-made” and in the category of to “freeze” it while the purchaser is pf material from surplus stock. He will “specials.” Arrangements have been notified and prepares his purchase order. get in touch with the local district office made whereby ASU will receive the ad­ However, in too large a number of cases or with the Central Register in Dayton vice and counsel of the producing steel when the purchase order gets to the and may be told that surplus stock exists mills and the 26 official aircraft steel holder it is found the material does not and that its availability has been checked. warehouse managements. exist except on paper, or it may exist but However, it is in five different contract­ The problem of selling or disposing simply cannot be located, or it has de­ ors’ plants, each holding 10 tons. So of surplus materials for production should teriorated. It has been suggested con­ he must make out five purchase orders not be divorced from disposal of scrap tractors be required to maintain a run­ instead of one. It is then found that two for remelting or refabricating. There is ning physical inventory of their surplus of the holders actually do have the mate­ no strict line of demarkation. Material stocks and segregate them. This has rial, the third one actually has but half that can be disposed of for production not been found practicable to date. Man­ of it, and the fourth and fifth do not today, later as conditions change, may agements of the airplane companies have have it at all. So the contractor must be disposed of as scrap only. It require! been judged by the number of airplanes then make out a sixth purchase order on the same talent and knowledge to dis­ they turn out; they still have serious a producing mill for 25 tons. By this tribute material and redistribute it for manpower problems, and even if they time he may have lost his position in the production or scrap. It is urged there­ had the inclination they have not had mill’s production schedule and may not fore: the time nor the manpower to do the receive the material when required. Fur­ 1. That surplus material from contrac­ inventorying and segregating which thermore, he may be required to pay a tors’ plants be removed to storage re­ would help simplify the redistribution higher price for the 25 tons than he servoirs. problem. would had he purchased the entire 50 2. That it be made available to Air tons from the producing mill. The con­ Service Command and Aviation Supply Competes with Producing Mills tractor, for physical or financial reasons, Office. Getting back to ASU’s role of “selling” ordered the 50 tons shipped 10 tons per 3. T hat all usable material be diverted surplus materials, it must be recognized month, but material from surplus stock to existing commercial distribution chan­ that it must sell or dispose of materials has to be shipped to him immediately; nels on attractive terms. in competition with the producing mills first, because ASU cannot depend on the 4. That the material declared undistrib- involved. Price, quality and service be­ holding contractor to keep it until the utable be turned back into remelt or re- ing equal, people will still favor the or­ purchaser requires it; and second, the fabrication into such forms as are cur­ ganization with which it is the easiest holding contractor, once he receives a rently usable. and most pleasant to do business. Cur­ purchase order, is anxious to get material 5. That authority and latitude be giver rently it is much more difficult to dc out of his plant. to the Materials Distribution Branch t< business with ASU than with a produc­ It all sums up to something like this: carry out the distribution as outlined, ii ing mill or its distributors. For example: That a system of storage reservoirs must that lowest echelon of overall distributior Assume a contractor wishes to buy 50 be established immediately, to which plans, taking full recognition of the fac tons of material. If he places the order contractors’ surplus inventories may be no complete air-tight procedure can b with a mill, he places one order with one moved and there inspected, inventoried, written out with conditions changing a company. If he wishes deliveries spread and distributed to established commercial rapidly as they are; that mistakes will b out over five months in equal amounts, distribution channels. These storage re­ made but, if the same mistakes are no he will get it that way. The company servoirs might well be Air Service Com­ repeated, the objective will be attained furnishes certifications of quality and mand Depots, or if necessary, storehouses that the support, assistance and confi backs up its products. operated on a management-fee basis by dence of “top-side” may be depended on

78 EEL "Turning Points" to Victory

BEACHHEAD BRAWL-BUGGY

The very essence of sea-borne invasion is the amphibious of sea water, the abrasion of sand, and the whole range of troop carrier that literally wades into the enemy and “slugs global war’s temperatures from Arctic to Equator. To it out” in typical American fashion. Engineering magic meet these conditions, Fafnir Ball Bearings are engineered enables this versatile vehicle to drive itself from ship to to resist trouble while they deliver smooth, dependable shore, secure a fo u r-w h ee led fo o th o ld and d eep en the performance in vital parts of practically every type of beachhead for safe debarkation of more men, munitions war machine. and supplies. It is often the turning point of invasion suc­ They will be just as carefully engineered to serve in cess - and its own “turning points” are ball bearings. untold numbers of applications and deliver friction-free Amphibious vehicles have hazards other than bombs performance in coming peacetime products. The Fafnir and bullets. Mechanically, they must resist the corrosion Bearing Company, New Britain, Connecticut. :

FAFNIR BAH BEARINGS ^ WOMEN AT WORK

Speed Production at Draw

Twenty-five per cent of expanded force constituted by women jobs, company officials recognized, a need for special consideration of the problem trained since war started. One hundred and fifty-three jobs and some advisory assistance on it. They in cold-drawn steel plant can be filled by female workers. Fore­ had no experience in employing women in mill jobs, nor had their foremen and thought in planning and training regarded as key to success of other male workers experience in train­ ing and working with women. the program Recalling service provided the com­ pany earlier on apprentice training, in- plant training technicians from the Pitts­ By MARY CURRAN burgh office of the Apprentice-Training War Manpower Commission Service were requested to survey the jobs in the plant and advise on those in which women could be employed, and HOW the Wyckoff Drawn Steel Co., the training time needed to bring them Ambridge, Pa., is meeting its replace­ to job proficiency. A representative of ment problem by utilizing women work­ the W omen’s Division of the Pennsyl­ ers is a story of interest to every em­ vania State Department of Labor and ployer in the metalworking industry. To­ Industry assisted in the survey, provid­ day, Wyckoff employs a larger percent­ ing helpful information on safety and age of women workers than does any health standards and state regulations in other cold-drawn steel mill, according to connection with the employment of Vice President J. G. Schaefer. Women women workers. constitute more than 25 per cent of the total expanded force. Wyckoff officials Form Six-Member Committee attribute their production achievement Most the jobs to be surveyed were in throughout the replacement and expan­ the line of progression along which the sion period to their plan for the utiliza­ men moved as vacancies occurred, ac­ tion and training of women and other cording to the existing bargaining agree­ draft exempt workers. ment. Therefore, before making the In the fall of 1942, it became apparent survey, the training technicians of the there were not sufficient men in the Apprentice-Training Serv ice discussed in Pittsburgh area to satisfy the require­ detail the reason and necessity for such ments of the armed forces and the ex­ a study with the residence ordnance in­ panding war production establishments spector, and the district representative up and down the Ohio valley. The pro­ and local president of the United Steel­ duction force at Wyckoff, as in other workers, the bargaining agency for the cold-drawn steel mills, always has been plant. To work out a solution to the exclusively male. When consideration problem of placing women in the jobs was first given to the possibility of em­ listed as a result of the survey, a com­ ploying women to handle some of the mittee of six members was formed with

One of the first jobs to be filled by women at Wyckoff Drawn Steel Co. was that of crane operator. At left is shown a woman operator with a load of steel bars. Below, a team inspects gun barrels. At right below, women workers are operating centerless grinders WOMEN AT WORK

equipped and a full-time attendant em­ laneous tester; chemistry laboratory ployed. This compact arrangement has clerk; lathe hands-test pieces; machine made it easy for the women to get im­ shop-drill press hands and grinders; mediate first-aid treatment when injured crane operators; power hack saw for ')teel Co. in the plant. test pieces; centerless grinders; power Thus, the procedure for introducing hack savv% production work; punch press, women workers was fully worked out be­ straightening (keep one man per shift); fore any women were hired. Planning inspectors; checkers; magnetic tester; the vice president, personnel director, ahead has paid dividends in avoiding turning machines; shape straighteners, and plant superintendent representing controversies and eliminating misunder­ improve handling methods; receiving the company, and the president, secre- standings in regard to the employment clerk; crane, pointing department; point­ tary, and a member of the shop com- of women. Company officials credit the ing machines; wiring shapes for pickling; ■8» mittee representing the union. This rather remarkable success in operating tinning test pieces, die room and ma­ committee, agreeing upon the necessity this agreement to the co-operation of chine shop; surface grinders; mill office for employing women in the mill, rec- Wyckoff men and their recognition of clerks; mill office weighman; medart s ommended three supplementary pro- their patriotic duty in doing all -they can straightener, small; shears; and as Stock­ 5 visions to the regular bargaining agree- to keep production mov ing by aiding the ers. 2; ment to make this possible. The pro- women workers. Responsibility for worker training is • J visions are as follows: under the direction of a full-time train­ r= A. The agreed-upon schedules of pay Women Operate Cranes ing supervisor. In carrying out this as­ currently in effect shall apply to women One of the first jobs to be moved from signment, he works in close co-operation as to men; as shall the 1942 agreement, the line of progression for the duration with the plant superintendent. An in­ 5 -eicept as herein modified. of the war was that of crane operator. duction conference is first held with all - - B. When a man is displaced from a This is one of the high-vvage classifica­ new employes by the personnel director, job by a woman he shall be paid for the tion jobs but one which could be satis­ who then introduces them to the training a work to which he has been displaced at factorily performed by women. The supervisor. The training supervisor then the rate of the work from which he is cranes in this mill can be operated with­ turns the workers over to the care of the displaced excepting if the rate of the out much physical exertion and are easily proper job instructor to receive training new job is higher, then he shall be paid entered by an attached ladder. The in job proficiency on production work. v the higher of the two rates. first women placed in these jobs were The average training time varies accord­ carefully selected. ing to job from one week to one month. Permit Circumvention of Jobs Each crane operator trainee works Foremen and job instructor have had the C. A woman shall be permitted to with an experienced operator for 30 days benefit of job instructor training and job circumvent such jobs in line of progres- before being allowed to operate alone. methods training offered by the Training- sion which she is physically unable to do The women have worked out splendidly Within-Tndustry Service of the War _ in order to progress to job she is able to in this job and now all of the main mill Manpower Commission. Supervisory do; and a man shall be permitted to cir­ cranes on all three shifts are operated training is given to foremen and super­ cumvent women’s jobs in the same man­ by women. Although the women select­ visors through advanced courses at Penn­ ner. ed for crane operation are usually be­ sylvania State College. This supplement was agreed upon by tween the ages of 21 and 35, final selec­ the company and the union. Company tion is on personal qualities. One of the Precision Important Factor officials state that the joint committee, best operators is over 40. Fifteen women have been trained as . originally formed to consider the prob- The original survey made in the fall of magnetic testers, a job in which precision lem of introducing women to the mill, 1942 by the Apprentice-Training Service is an important factor. The company has continued to advise on utilization technician listed 153 jobs on three shifts reports that they are performing very and training, removing many difficulties as those in which women could be em­ successfully on this job. Most of the and smoothing the way for successful op­ ployed. This has proven a remarkably work is done without lifting as the bars eration of the plan. accurate estimate as there are now 150 are rolled from one position to another. Further preparation was made for re­ women on the three shifts in the jobs Although the bars are greasy and dirty ceiving women workers in the plant by listed. the women accept this as part of the setting aside sufficient space for indi- Job classifications in which women are job, using the protective hand cream s vidual lockers and complete washroom employed are: Time checker; assistant provided by the company7. As aptitudes facilities, including showers. Adjoining chemist; chemistry laboratory helper; are observed women are trained for the 2« these facilities, a first-aid room was emery testing machine operator; miscel­ more exacting jobs. It is now planned to select one of the girls showing apti­ tude on machine work and possessing the necessary' phy'sical qualities for the job for up-grading training to draw bench operator. One of the women selected from the plant production force is now being trained as an assistant chemist in the laboratory. The laboratory technician under whom she is being trained says she is doing excellent work. In this lab­ oratory, wffiere samples are analyzed and tested, 120 tests a day are often re­ quired. Forethought in planning the utilization and training of women workers has been the keynote to the successful manner in which Wyckoff is meeting its war pro­ duction responsibilities. As Mr. S c h a e fe r remarked, *Tf we hadn’t put w o m e n in , WO ”~ildn’t now be breaking records on production.” THE BUSINESS TREND Plate production declined about 51,000 tons during Push Production of February to 1,122,219, due to the shorter month, but primarily because of the extra working day this February, output was above the 1,072,001 tons produced in the like Critical Components 1943 month. DESPITE added pressure for production of most EMPLOYMENT—For the first time, the American Iron needed military equipment—such as selected types of and Steel Institute’s report on employment in the steel in­ planes and ships—the general pace of industrial output dustry represents the average number of employes at continues to • follow the leveling off pattern noted in work throughout the month, in contrast to previous re­ recent weeks. Strenuous efforts are still being exerted, ports which showed the total number of employes carried however, to overcome critical shortages in a number of on the payrolls regardless whether they had worked one components such as antifriction bearings and fractional day or the full month. In recent months when the turn­ horsepower motors, but in most instances surpluses in over of employes has been high, the total number of em­ many items continue to pile up all the way from raw ma­ ployes has not constituted an entirely satisfactory index. terials to finished armaments. Average work week of wage earners continued to Military authorities state requirements call for a 16 per lengthen during January, amounting to 45.7 hours, against cent gain in war production this year over 1943, and a 43.2 in December and 39.8 in January last year. Trend . late of about 4 per cent above that recorded in the final in average earnings per hour also continued upward 1943 quarter. during January, amounting to 116.5 cents per hour, com­ pared with 116.1 in December and 110.7 cents in the cor­ CIVILIAN GOODS—Production on a large scale may not responding 1943 month. be permitted until six to eight months after Germany’s col­ lapse, WPB Chairman Donald M. Nelson states. He PROFITS—Corporate profits before taxes turned sharp­ favors government control over industry during the re­ ly upward for years 1941 through 1943, the United States conversion period, but strenuously opposes “any attempt Department of Commerce states. Retained earnings after to put the postwar economy in a totalitarian strait- taxes recorded moderate gains during this period, while „ jacket”. It would be against the national interest for any dividend payments were somewhat reduced. concern to “begin jockeying for competi­ tive postwar position”, Mr. Nelson said, and added that WPB will resist all efforts Corporate Profits Before and After Taxes to “beat the gun”. BILLIONS OF DOLLARS Expanding steelworks order backlogs in 2 5 such key items as plates, sheets and cer­ tain bar sizes, a reversal of the down­ ward trend noted toward the close of last year, would appear to dampen any im­ mediate prospect of a general switch to civilian goods output even if the military were in accord. FINISHED STEEL—February finished steel shipments reported by the United States Steel Corp. reached a new record tonnage for that month of 1,755,772 net tons, while the total shipments for the first two months this year aggregated 3,- g l i l i i NET DIVIDENDS 486,559 tons, also a new record. On a PAID daily average basis February shipments,

with the extra working day this year, were 1929 1939 I9v O 1941 1942 I943i/ slightly under like 1943 month’s daily 1 Estimates are based upon corporate profits reports for the first three quarters of 194o. shipments. S n n r e p ' TT Ttonortrnúnt of PoimnArP»

FIGURES THIS WEEK Latest Prior Month Year INDUSTRY Period® Week Ago Ago Steel Ingot Output (per cent of capacity) 98.5 97.5 100.0 99 4,426 4,465 4,533 3,945 Bituminous Coal Production (daily av.— 1000 tons) 2,000 2,155 2,127 2,058 Petroleum Production (daily av.—1000 bbls.)...... 4,381 4,413 4,399 3,877 Construction Volume (ENR—unit $1,000,000) ...... $44.6 $39.4 $23.2 $90.4 17,605 17,655 17,595 17,560 “Dates on request.

TRADE Freight Carloadings (unit— 1000 cars) ...... 787 f 788 795 749 Business Failures (Dun & Bradstreet, number) 17 24 22 91 $20,963 $20,823 $20,586 $16,205 -11% -9% + 8% + 26% tPreliminary. {Federal Reserve Board.

80 EEL THE BUSINESS TREND

n i 11111 1 it 1111111 u ; r n i i 11 11 i i 1 r r ~ ...... Steel Shipments!—Plate Production! 2000 - S te e l jjI jjI (Net tons; 000 omitted) ft) 1950 - — Shipments— Plate Output 1 944 1943 1944 1943 1900 i/) Jan. 1,731 1,686 1,173 1,135 n 1850 L Feb. . 1,7 5 6 1,692 1,122 1,072 Mar. 1,772 1,168 t; 1 POD 1 Apr...... 1,631 1,122 May ...... 1,7 0 7 1,1 1 5 O 1750 ' IA 1 June ...... 1,553 1,056 1,090 1A A July 1,661 ..... §1700 f " Aug. 1,705 1,061 Sept. . . 1,665 1,106 ^1 6 5 0 Oct. 1,795 1,147 Nov...... 1,661 1,142 £ 1600 M I Deo. 1 ,7 2 0 1,169 f 1 o o u COWRIGMT IR44 Total . 2 0 ,2 4 5 13 ,3 8 2 / f i l l 1 j UU S. STEEL CORP.) (SOURCE: WPB STEEL DIVISION) ¿ s (SOURCE: U. tU. S. Steel Corp. (War Production Board. I 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II u 1943 1944 1943 1944

240 Steel Employment 220 — Em ployes— Total Payrolls------(000 omitted) (Unit—S1.000,000) 200 COX 1944 1943 1942 1944 1943 1942 180 _5 l Jan. 583J 637 651 $141.8 $ 129.7 $ 118.8 160 2 Feb. 635 651 122.8 108.5 U- 140 O March 637 653 136.8 117.0 CO April 634 654 133.3 118.5 120 Z o M ay 632 656 137.4 117.4 136.2 118.0 100 —J—i June 631 659 s July 627 655 142.8 120.7 80 Aug. 625 647 139.9 118.7 60 Sept. 6 20 641 143.8 124.8 0 Oct. 615 635 144.9 126.6 50 Nov. 611 632 141.5 122.8 D ec. 605 633 140.2 129.3 WAGE EARNERS AVERAGE HOURS WORKED PER WEEK 46 42 f Monthly average; previous reports showed total number regardless of whether they worked one day or full month.

1942 F 1943 1944 10 l i i 1 i ; : I I I ' ■ I I I ' I . I I I I I I I I I I I 1 T 10 Iron, Steel Production 9 OnjcdLuxdi&n (Net tons— 000 omitted) S te e l 9*Ufol-ßiuQ*t Steel Ingots Pig Iron------8 1944 1943 1944 1943 m 7 Jan...... 7,595 7,424 5,276 5,194 z Feb...... 7,188 6,826 ...... 4 ,7 6 6 2 6 Mar...... 7,670 5,314 u- Apr...... 7,374 5,035 May . . 7,545 5,173 m° 5 z June 7,027 4,836 Z 4 § July 7,376 5,023 Billi STEEL Aug...... 7,562 5,316 1 4 3 * Sept. .... 7 ,4 8 9 ...... 5 ,2 2 6 * 3 PIG IRON ■ Oct. 7 ,7 8 6 .... 5 ,3 2 4 Nov 7 ,3 7 4 5 .0 9 6 2 2 Dec 7,266 5,213 COfVPlGHl 1944 I 1 / T i l l 1 Total ...... 88,873 61,777 LLLL 0 (COMPILED BY AMERICAN IRON & STEEl INSTITUTE)

Prior Month Year FINANCE Period* Week Ago Ago $7,414 Bank Clearings (Dun & Bradstreet—millions) ^ ,0 9 5 $9,173 $9,636 $187.4 $182.1 $120.4 Federal Gross Debt (billions) ...... $100.3 Bond Volume, NYSE (millions) ...... *...... $61.1 $87.7 9 5 4 0 3,512 7,826 Stocks Sales, NYSE (thousands)...... ",4IJ 4,047 $53,267 $52,177 $41,470 Loans and Investments (millions)! ...... - • - • • - ...... too $37,930 $28,657 United States Government Obligations Held (millions) t ...... ¡j>oo,oyo $38,755 tMember banks, Federal Reserve System.

PRICES $56.73 $56.73 STEEL’s composite finished steel price average...... $56.73 249.0 247.2 Spot Commodity Index (Moody’s, 15 item s)!...... 248.6 113.2 112.4 111.2 Industrial Raw Materials (Bureau of Labor index)!...... 113.2 100.5 100.6 Manufactured Products (Bureau of Labor index)!...... 100.6 100.6 J1931 — 100; Friday series. 11926 — 100. STANDARDIZATION

By JO H N W . OFFUTT and DAVID T. MARVEL National Tube Co., Subsidiary United States Steel Corp. Pittsburgh

Fig. 1 (A bove)— This pile of round, oval, streamlined, square and rectangular aircraft tubing in a plant of the National Tube Co. provides some conception of the many varieties required

Fig. 2 ( B elow ) — A white-hot seamless tube is shown here emerg­ ing from a piercing mill in a National Tube Co. plant

Fig. 3 (A b o ve)— A modern rotary straightener is shown removing any irregularities which may be present in this light gage tubing for aircraft use Fig. 4 (Right)— This aircraft tubing is being pickled to remove scale and oxides and, after dipping in a lubricant, will be ready for further forming operations in cold drawing equipment

84 )f AIRCRAFT TUBING PROPOSED

THE CASUAL observer admiring the Two hundred and five sizes Will to v e t 95 per cenf of sizes sleek lines of a modern airplane little real­ required for airframes, the authors point out, although 328 izes the number of parts hidden under the smooth surfaces of the body and wings. sizes are ordered. Standardization of other aircraft types If the “skin” could be removed one now regarded as desirable would be amazed at tire intricate skele­ ton framework beneath with its thous­ and gages between 1/16 and 10% inches ands of precision parts made from seam­ of 50 years no better type of construc­ I tion has been developed, for no other outside diameter, with walls from 0.004 less tubes, practically all of which are structural section will withstand the com­ to 1% inches thick, and a weight table alloy steel. listing of sizes that were obtainable The use of seamless tubing in aircraft bined stresses of tension, compression, within these ranges included over 4300 construction is the outgrowth of another bending, and torsion, as well as the round items. application of this versatile product tubular section. These factors filled the rigid require­ In the early development of airplanes where strength-weight ratio has been a only the smaller diameter and lighter dominant factor. Light gage steel tub­ ments in the construction of vital parts of the modem plane and the unprece­ wall tubing entered into the construction ing had its first major application in the of the small planes then built, and only bicycle frame, and for over a period dented demand for aircraft has called for hundreds of millions of feet of seamless such items were shown on lists of sizes tubing, taxing the capacity of all existing available in the aircraft grades. These tube plants and now being supplemented early published lists included about 240 by new seamless tube mill capacity. items, ranging from 3/16 to 5 inches The airplane designer must hold the outside diameter by 0.022 to 0.375- dead weight of the plane to the irre­ inch wall thickness. ducible minimum, calculate the stresses Nearly 800 Sizes Demanded in ’42 of each member accurately and then se­ lect materials and part sizes that will Army - Navy Aeronautical Design safely withstand these stresses. For­ Standard, approved June, 1940, listed tunately for all concerned, grades of ma­ but 146 items, 3/16 to 4% inches outside terial for steel tubing were, or have diameter by 0.022 to 0.188-inch wall. been standardized, and practically all In 1942, the steel tubing industry was structural tubing is being specified in asked to make about 600 round sizes plain carbon (SAE-1025) and chrome of X-4130, and over 200 round sizes of (SAE X-4130), of which the latter is used 1025 grade tubing, a considerable in­ in practically all but light trainer type crease. planes. Due to the difficulty in securing However, a detailed study made in ample supplies of X-4130 steel, chrome- that year showed that four leading man­ nickel-molybdenum (NE-8630) steel is ufacturers of aircraft tubing received or­ now being used as an alternate mate­ ders for 328 sizes of airframe tubing rial in increasing quantities. in the first ten months of 1942. Over thirty-three million feet of airframe tub­ Standardization Has Been Difficult ing was involved, of which about 95 per Unfortunately, however, standardiza­ cent was covered by a list of 205 sizes. tion of sizes of tubing due to design This list is submitted herewith as a stand­ requirements has been very difficult and ard which might be adhered to without both consumers and suppliers must share hardship for either design or production. the responsibility for this situation. The It was compiled from orders received designer, who must get the last pound over a period of years and therefore of strength and save the last ounce of represents the aircraft industry s choice weight in his structure, naturally wants of sizes of tubing required to meet the a wide choice of sizes and gages of tub­ major portion of all design requirements. ing to reach these goals, and no crit­ While it is not possible for the air­ icism of his requirements in the develop­ craft manufacturer to adhere strictly to ment period of airplane construction is this list, and tube manufacturers are pre­ implied here. He found tubing manu­ pared to make additional sizes not listed, facturers were willing to furnish almost it is hoped that sincere effort will be any size and gage specified, as they made to conform to the list as nearly were sympathetic to his problems, and as possible. From the manufacturer’s at that time the small quantities of tub­ standpont, the advantage would be two­ ing required did not involve serious pro­ fold, namely, increased production and duction problems. While aircraft tub­ reduced cost, both of which would be ing is a special grade of cold drawn passed along to the consumer in the mechanical tubing, made to more exact­ form of better deliveries and lower ing specifications than regular mechan­ prices. ical tubing, yet, practically all produc­ If orders for other than standard sizes ing equipment and tools used in the were for substantial quantities the mill whole range covered in the regular me­ problems would not be so complicated, chanical tubing field were available for but unfortunately they are almost with­ its manufacture. Producers of cold out exception for small quantities requir­ drawn mechanical tubing were, there­ ing more detailed attention than the large fore, readily equipped to make all sizes ( Please turn to F age 113) num izzon azunuuru, uyu,*u-utuv*%* — ...... ■ ' feathering mechanism and covering dome o f 's® aluminum as used on the Vought Corsair , $ one of the Navy’s newest shipboard fighters

By L. E. BROWNE ,,(«

Associate Editor, STEEL

Mil inch diameter disk, 0.500 to 0.540-inch in thickness, weighing 15.3 pounds. The .A' dome has a hemispherical bottom and is a»1 13 inches deep and 9 9/16 inches out- ¡¡p[i side diameter. ; Two double-action drawing operations, i «1 involving diameter reductions of 43 per st® cent and 16 per cent respectively with y« no intermediate anneal, produce a cup ¡#1 of even wall thickness. Successive draws 3* reduce the thickness of the side wall by “ironing”. link The first double action operation jail makes use of a draw die 12 inches in- ¡¡p side diameter, with a 2-inch draw radius, jji The punch is slightly less than 11 inches i « in diameter with a rounded end contour «¡|j formed by blending a 16-inch radius Lfe with center on the axis to meet a 4-inch ¡¡¡its radius tangent to the side of the punch. L, Moderate blank holding pressure is used. The second double-action tools consist -! of a die 10.2 inches in diameter with a 2 11/16-inch draw radius. The seat for the cup is 12.062 inches in diameter and blends into the draw radius with a 2 9/32-inch reverse curve. The punch is 9.15 inches in diameter with a hemis­ pherical end. ‘ After washing and annealing the side 2>eefz-2>^cuul*t^ horned wall is “ironed” out to 0.333-inch thick­ ness for most of its length by drawing part way through the next set of tools and ejecting the dome out of the top of the die. This leaves a band of side­ For Aircraft Propeller Mechanisms wall metal at the open end about 17/32- inch thick. The next operation irons this DEEP DRAWING the higher carbon the temper designation, and a total re­ heavy metal, leaving it uniform and and alloy steels as well as aluminum al­ duction in diameter of 57 per cent is at­ smooth. loys to closer tolerances, frequently to tained. This alloy contains 0.25 per Selection of Lubricants Important plus or minus 0 .0 0 1 -inch, is a progres­ cent copper, 0 .6 per cent silicon, 1.00 sive development given impetus by war per cent magnesium, 0.25 per cent Subsequent operations reduce the wall production and contributing much to the chromium and the remainder aluminum. thickness of the previously ironed side­ art of cold forming metal. In the alum­ This alloy content is among the small­ wall from 0.333 to 0.245-inch, pierce a inum alloy field, Worcester Pressed Steel est of any heat treatable aluminum. hole in the top center and trim off the Co., Worcester, Mass., is deep drawing Heat treatment brings ultimate tensile excess metal at the open end. and forming a series of domes for the strength to 42,000 pounds per square A depression is then formed in the top housing of the mechanism of the Hamil­ inch, comparable with mild steel, and center by means of a hot press operation ton Standard Hydromatic quick-feather­ yield strength is high, 35,000 pounds using a temperature of 650 degrees Fahr. ing aircraft propeller of 61S aluminum minimum. Elongation is 2 inches of 10 Two subsequent cold forming operations alloy. per cent minimum, indicating a high bring this depressed portion to the proper The deep-drawn dome was redesigned degree of formability to eliminate heat contour and finished size of 1%-inch from a forging of 17S aluminum. By treatment distortion. The Worcester diameter by 1 1/16-inch deep with a t thinning the wall and stamping, the shop is heat treating this alloy from a minimum amount of thinning of the Worcester engineers save up to 16 brinell hardness of 30 in SO condition to material. * pounds per dome in some sizes and since 90 after aging, using Lindberg furnaces, This tests the formability of any metal, more than three and one half million a water quench and Gehnrich ovens for but the 61S alloy stands up without pounds of aluminum alloy sheets and aging. fracturing. The small hole is punched disks have been fabricated, the saving Three sizes are produced, large, small before forming to remove strains and in metal is considerable. All the draw and intermediate. The intermediate size drift material from the periphery, main­ operations are performed cold. is considered standard and fabricating taining a metal thickness on the sides of As the original forging was of 17S, details here given cover that size. In­ the boss of 0.250-inch although inside this material was tried first for deep cluding inspection there are 23 opera­ radius at the boss is but Vs-inch thick. drawing but in forming many surface tions in fabricating the thin wall dome, As in all deep drawing, selection of defects appeared; this alloy could not 12 press, four annealing and heat treat­ lubricants is important and contributes * stand the repeated severe reworking. ments, the remainder a series of wash much to the ultimate resujt in close Finally 61SO was accepted, the O being and miscellaneous. Material is a 1914- tolerances and surface finish. The first s 86 two draws on this dome are heavy draw jobs, considerable pressure producing ap­ preciable heat, but the gage of the metal is not reduced and there is no increase in the surface area covered by the lubri­ cant. Tallow has given good results. After wash and anneal at 650 degrees Fahr. for 2 hours, the third press opera­ tion is much more severe, reducing the side wall in thickness. Previous to this draw, the dome is 10.200-inch outside diameter by 11%-inch long; afterwards the length is 13 inches. Increase in length is a result of the re­ duction in the wall thickness at the next section; pressure at the working lip of the die where the ironing takes place is high, considerable heat is developed and the metal area is increased. To withstand this combination of high pres­ sure, stretching and heat, the lubricat­ ing film must be tough with an affinity for aluminum in such marked deforma­ tion. A lubricant of high viscosity even at elevated temperatures is required, one with great adhesive power. Tallow used in earlier draws becomes fluid at this heat and will not meet requirements. Yet spreading power to permit coating of the entire surface is a requisite; these requirements in general are opposed to each other. I Special Lubricating Mix Used To meet this exacting operation, after considerable experimentation, a lubricat­ ing mix consisting of equal parts of Stuart’s Superkool and Quaker No. 2 stainless punching base, thinned with sufficient Topaz B paraffin base oil to permit ready application in production, was adopted. Excellent results have ado been found with this mixture, producing ■ ih a smooth planished surface on the side wall and giving long die service. Dies, punches and hold downs kept well pol­ ished are material aids in reducing fric­ tion, a primary factor in any lubricating problem. In this severe drawing and ironing operation, chromium plated die rings are itsi helpful in reducing lubricating difficul­ ties and prolonging die life. Despite all * precautions some breakdown in lubricat­ ing film is likely and while this may be local in extent and duration, frictional drag on sliding metal surfaces occurs; ntbe (Please turn to Page 131) xfi- (Top right)—Finished aluminum domes in three sizes with cut-out specimens to show inside boss in the hemispherical end

(Center right)—One of the heav­ ier press operations among the 12 required, a 1500-ton strike made on Watson-Stillman hydraulic unit

(Bottom right) — Revolving the domes in a kerosene bath to help remove the special lubricants used in drawing before feeding them into the special washing machine at left in the rear Ingenious use of tubing with formed, sized and welded plate has many production advantages, reduces cost more than 20 per cent. This type of design with its wide range of application is believed to have considerable postwar significance

tubing, 2 1/2-inch inside diameter and 3V4- REDESIGNED ROLLER diagrammed inch outside diameter. After the roller in Fig. 1 is significant because of the im­ has been fabricated, an, SAE-1020 bear­ portant reduction in amount of machin­ By G. W . BIRDSALL Associate Editor, STEEL ing bushing, with a hot formed outer ing required. This roller is used on an flange (Fig. 1) is pressed into the hub. application where it must withstand the Bushing is 3Mi inches long, with y4-inch full impact of heavy vehicles striking vantages thus obtained, are ease and sim­ wall. trees, ditch walls and other obstacles. The only machining involved in the plicity of manufacture, high production Thus it not only must possess consider­ entire job is a reaming operation on the rates, simple fabrication, elimination of able structural strength but must be ex­ inside diameter of the hub into which practically all machining, use of non- tremely tough to avoid breakage. The the bearing bushing is pressed. critical rolled steel plates and tubing, very nature of its use requires that it Tolerances: The bushing is the only employment of stamping and forming fa­ “give” somewhat in striking an obstacle part of the complete roller assembly that cilities not otherwise engaged in war in order to absorb some of the shock of is machined. The internal diameter of impact. This means that no attempt is work and so readily available for quan­ tity production. He reports the cumula­ the hub is held between 2.499 and 2.497 made to design or produce a perfectly inches to assure proper press fit between rigid roller but rather one that will with­ tive effect of these many production ad­ vantages is more than a 20 per cent re­ it and the bushing whose outside diam­ stand much accumulated abuse. eter is held at 2.500 to 2.502 inches. The As originally made and put into pro­ duction in the total cost of the roller. As will be seen by examining Fig. 1, interference (excess of bushing diameter) duction, this roller had a forged or cast of about 0.003-inch assures a tight press piece inserted in each end of the wrapper the built-up design is extremely simple. The outer shell is a piece of lap welded fit when the parts are assembled. tube or outer shell. These end pieces Other tolerances are not so critical. required considerable machining in order pipe made from SAE-1010 steel. It is about 12 inches in diameter and some The 12-inch outside diameter of the to assure a good tight fit in the casing shell is held within plus or minus 1/32- and to provide the bearing seats required. 32 inches long. Central section of the shell is rein­ inch with maximum runout not exceed­ Due to the tremendous volume needed, ing %-inch. The central reinforcing some method was sought to relieve over­ forced by two internal rings placed about 10 inches in from each end. These cen­ rings have a nominal outside diameter loaded forging, casting and machining which allows just sufficient clearance for facilities. At the same time, any cost tral rings are made from sections of SAE- an easy insertion inside the shell. Some reduction possibilities were to be care­ 1010 hot-rolled steel bar stock, Vi x 1% inches in cross section, which have been clearance is necessary, for a tight fit fully examined. might prevent positioning of the ring in Of several different designs that were rolled on edge to form a ring and the a plane at right angles to the axis of the suggested, that offered by Harry Kranz, ends then electric butt welded on an shell when making the assembly. president, and Homer Meuller, vice pres­ automatic flash welder. The inner flange plate on each end is ident, Cleveland Welding Co., Cleveland, At each end of the roller, two flange pressed over the hub section. The other appeared to present the most advantages. plates are positioned about 3 inches apart and with flanges facing as shown parts of the roller are assembled by As can be seen in Fig. 1, the one-piece hammering lightly, a tolerance of minus end sections have been replaced by a in Fig. 1. These flange plates are blanked and formed from SAE-1010 hot- 0.010-inch plus zero being allowed. built-up assembly of two flanged plates Production Operations: The outer and a hub into which is pressed a forged rolled steel plate 3716-inch thick. They shell is machine cut from lap welded and heat-treated bearing shell. securely position the hub which is a 3V2- steel pipe at the mill which ships in fin- Mr. Kranz points out principal ad- inch length of SAE-1020 seamless steel e à ia n G u ti Go&U 20% TO'i —o-

WELD BEAD *E ROLLED AND BUTT WELDED

CENTER FLANGES C-IO»O.H.R. STEEL W E LD B E A D " F* OUTER SHELL

I AD WFLDFD STEEL PIP

Fig. 1— Cross section of built-up roller. Sequence of welds is indicated here as well as some of principal dimensions and tolerances Fig. 2— First step in fabricating the roller is to tack weld the central rein­ forcing rings. Shell is placed over fixture resting on floor. Ring supported on fixture then is positioned correctly for welding Fig. 3—Most all the welding is done on automatic setups like the one shown here. Bead “B”, Fig. 1, is being deposited here. Note special fixture holding work at correct angle as indicated in Diagram A and rotating shell by self- contained drive in base Fig. 4—Subassembly is made by pressing hub into inner flange plate on this 3-post worm gear drive press. Fixture assures assembly of flange plate at right angles to axis of hub. Photos by Birdsall Fig. 5— Hub-and-inner-flange subassembly is driven down into position, using a mandrel in center to assure positive alignment. Operator at left is holding gage to indicate when correct position has been reached Diagram A— Section at circumferential weld “B”, Fig. 1. Machine setup foi automatically depositing this weld bead is shown in Fig. 3 Pig 6— Tack welding huh-and-inner-flange assembly in position to assure Welding wire used at this point is continued alignment during subsequent automatic finish welding 3'/16-inch in diameter, with 350 amperes • Pig. 7—Reaming shaft hole is only machining operation performed on of direct current being employed. The built-up roller positioner revolves the work at a rate to - complete the entire circumferential weld bead “B” in about 180 seconds arc time. ished pieces ready for assembly. A tol­ the side opposite the tacks at “A”. This Automatic controls with start and stop erance of plus or minus Vs-inch is al­ welding is done using an automatic weld­ buttons are on a floor pedestal just back lowed on the nominal length of 32 inches. ing head on a fixture in a setup designed of the operator in Fig. 3. First step in assembly at Cleveland by Cleveland Welding Co. engineers. Automatic Head: A unique automatic Welding is shown in Fig. 2. Here a Quick Setup: As shown in Fig. 3, the system is employed in feeding welding welding operator has placed an outer automatic head is mounted on a floor wire from the overhead reel into the arc. shell over a fixture that rests on the stand which also carries the welding wire The welding wire is notched slightly so floor. Then he inserts the first central on a large reel at extreme upper right. it meshes with a geared feed roll, as­ reinforcing ring and places it on the fix­ The arm supporting the automatic head ture which then supports the ring the is hinged near the center, allowing the suring positive feed as the roll is turned. Feed roll is driven by a differential gear correct distance (about 10 inches) from head to be pivoted up away from the connected to two electric motors which the end of the shell and in a plane at work while removing a completed piece run in opposite directions. Thus when right angles to axis of shell. Next the and inserting the next one to be welded. both motors run at same speed, resultant operator makes tack welds at four places A weight counterbalances the head so it around the circumference, see Fig. 1, by can be moved easily and yet remain speed at feed roll is zero. running a 1-inch length of bead at those fixed in any position. Two arms with “Up” motion of welding rod is pro­ duced by a constant-speed motor. points. hand grips can be seen extending down With first ring tacked in place, op­ in front of the head. These make it easy “Down” motion is produced by a vari- erator reverses the shell end for end to for the operator to move the head and able-speed motor whose armature is con­ allow positioning and tacking of the position it accurately inside the shell. nected across the direct current arc so second central reinforcing in a similar The work holding fixture contains a its speed varies with arc voltage. manner. This tack welding is done with motor and speed reducer in the base for This system keeps arc length constant a 200-ampere direct-current arc welding revolving the shell which is held ac­ because if arc length increases, voltage set, using a 5/32-inch shielded general- curately in a fixture by quick acting across the arc rises and “down” motor purpose electrode and about 180 am­ clamps. The entire base is tilted so the speed increases, causing the electrode peres of current. Since these tack welds weld metal can be deposited in the most feed roll to move the wire downward. are not relied upon for strength but are efficient position. This is not at the ex­ Thus speed of feed closely follows arc merely used for positioning for subse­ treme bottom of the circumference but length which can be set at any point quent automatic welding on the opposite somewhat back of that point. Thus as over a wide range by adjusting a vari­ side of the ring, this welding is not crit­ the work revolves, the molten metal able resistance in the “down” motor cir­ cuit. Automatic operation at arc speeds ical. is held back by the weld. Diagram A These two central rings are now finish shows how correct angle of welding is up to 90 feet per hour is obtainable welded by depositing weld bead “B”, obtained with the welding wire coming with this system. Fig. 1. This is a continuous bead around vertically downward from the automatic Parts Sized: The flange plates are made from SAE-1010 hot-rolled steel the entire circumference of the ring on welding head.

E L 90 Rejects cut on these • HOW Easily and Economically Close Tolerance Ports could you MACHINE these Stainless Parts ?

A switch to uniform Carpenter Free- • W hen you have a Stainless job for an automatic Machining Stainless #5 practically elimi­ screw machine—or a forging that requires machining— nated rejects in machining these oil investigate the possibilities of using a Free-Machining burner nozzle parts. Tool life was also grade. C arpenter Free-M achining Stainless Steels offer noticeably increased. you the opportunity to machine parts at speeds approach­ ing that used for ordinary screw stock, and often with standard tooling set-ups. Absolute Uniformity Many of you may remember back in the early days when the machining of Stainless was almost prohibitive from a for cost standpoint. Tools broke, rejects were high, speeds Precision Parts were slow. W hen Carpenter invented the Free-Machining Stainless Types 416 an d 3 0 3 this picture ch an ged almost overnight. Tool b reak age practically ceased , rejects were cut to a minimum, cutting speeds were greatly increased, The close tolerance and high finish re­ and the reduced costs broadened the use of Stainless. quirements for precision instrument parts Today, thousands of wartime products are being produced like this were more easily obtained when faster, to closer tolerances, at lower costs with Carpenter the m anufacturer went to Carpenter Free- Free-Machining Stainless. Tomorrow, the benefits of cor­ Machining Stainless #5. rosion resistance, heat resistance, high strength/weight ratio and longer life can be given to your products with this Stainless. Turned out on Check your machining operations and see if a Free- Machining Stainless grad e wouldn't sa v e you time and Automatics money, help avoid shop troubles. Your Carpenter repre­ sentative has helped hundreds of other Stainless users solve tough machining problems. He can help you select the best grade for the job. Call him in now.

% $ Advantages You Get from Carpenter Free-Machining Stainless Testimony of the easy-machining qualities of Carpenter Stainless #5 and #8 is the LONGER TOOL LIFE fact that tiny screws and many intricate LESS TOOL BREAKAGE parts can be accurately and economically FASTER MACHINING SPEEDS produced on automatics. MINIMUM REJECTS LOWER UNIT COSTS

The Carpenter Steel Company — 739 W . Bern Street • Reading, Pa.

0 IS* ( J a r p e n t e

BRANCHES AT Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit, Hartford, St. Louis, Indianapolis, New York, Philadelphia Fig. 8—Roller is completed by pressing bearing housing in hub using pneumatic press as shown

ing. This job is done on the converted vertical drill shown in Fig. 7, using a built-up reamer with eight detachable and adjustable cutter blades of hardened tool steel. Metal removed in making this cut is only about 0.006-inch on the diameter, just enough to assure a good finished surface of correct diameter for the press fit. Inside diam eter before reaming is 2.496/2.491 inches. Base of this machine has a fixture to hold the roller so as to provide accurate alignment in the reaming operation. Reamer rotates at 30 revolutions per minute and is fed down into hole by hand at about 3 inches per minute. En­ tire operation only consumes some 2 minutes. Bearing housing is now pressed into the hub as shown in Fig. 8. Compressed air is used to operate a 12-inch diameter piston to produce a maximum force of about 3500 pounds which is sufficient to seat the bearing housing properly in po­ sition in the hub. shell. To secure alignment, a mandrel 3 /16-inch thick, using presses up to 500 Shot Blasting: Next a protective plug tons capacity. After stock has been is put through a hub-and-flange assembly at each end of the outer shell. This is placed in each shaft opening and the blanked out, the flange at outer edge is completed roller cleaned in a shot blast turned over and flange at inner edge mandrel is kept in place during all sub­ machine to remove all welding slag from made by draw necking. The work is sequent welding to assure positive align­ ment. Fig. 5 illustrates how the op­ the external welds. This cleans up the sized at the same time to hold the outer metal in preparation for a spray coat of diameter of IIV inches within the toler­ erators drive dre hub-and-flange assem­ 2 primer put on to protect the surface of ances of plus 0.000 and minus 0.010- bly down into the end of the shell with a mandrel in place to align the parts. the roller during shipment and prior to inch. Inner diameter of finished piece is application of finish paint coats. successfully maintained within the limits Workman at left is holding a gage in his of 3.248 and 3.255 inches. left hand which he uses to indicate when In cold working the metal, the thick­ the assembly has been positioned at Vibration Study Reprinted ness of the outer flange is increased point desired. about 1/64-inch so that finished flange After aligning, next operation is to An 8-page reprint of a technical pa­ may be reduced about 1/32-inch to 5/32- tack weld at four points by hand as per entitled “The Vibration Characteris­ Similarly the edge of the inner flange shown in Fig. 6. Operator employs Vs- tics of ‘Free-Free ’ Circularly Curved may be reduced about 1/32-inch to 5/32- inch coated rod, using about 180 amperes Bars” is being offered by Cooper-Besse- inch instead of 3/16. from a 300-ampere direct-current weld­ mer Corp., Mount Vernon, O. Report­ Result of being able to hold such close ing set. That is followed by making a ing the outcome of an extensive study, tolerances on these flange plates is that continuous bead with an automatic head the paper is considered a valuable con­ the parts go together with little difficulty in a setup similar to that shown in Fig. tribution to engineering in connection when making the assembly as described 3. Weld bead “D” is now deposited with the behavior and design of piston using 5/32-inch welding wire and about below. rings. 250 amperes. Arc time is 250 seconds. Subassembly: Before starting the Taken from a recent issue of the pub­ main assembly, a subassembly is built Most Welding Automatic: After a lication “Journal of Applied Physics , up by pressing the hub into the inner hub-and-inner-flange assembly have "been the material was prepared and written flange plate as shown in Fig. 4. The 3- positioned and welded in each end of the under the direction of W . A. Pliskin post press used here is a worm gear drive shell, the outer flange plate is positioned and J. E. Edwards of Ohio University type with a 9-inch stroke and 12-inch and weld bead “E” deposited by another and F. P. Bundy, Harvard University, maximum opening. Maximum capacity automatic arc welder similar to the one collaborating with engineering officials is given as 8-tons. The fixture employed in Fig. 3. Using Vs-inch electrode wire, of the Cooper-Bessemer Corp. whose is so designed that the flange plate is a current of 150 amperes is employed to interest in the preparation of the data assembled at right angles to the axis of complete this weld in 62 seconds, arc also included the furnishing of accu­ the hub. time. rately machined ring specimens used in various tests upon which the paper was Next this hub-and-inner-flange assem­ This is followed by depositing final bly is welded in an automatic arc weld­ weld bead “F” also done on an auto­ based. ing setup similar to that shown in Fig. 3, matic arc welding setup similar to the The discussion deals with the experi­ depositing the weld bead “C” in the others. This is the heaviest weld of all, ments conducted to determine certain comer provided by allowing the hub to about 400 amperes being used with vibration characteristics, the results of extend about 3/16-inch past the face of 7/32-inch electrode wire to make this which furnish data that make it possi­ the flange. The automatic welding head weld in 225 seconds, arc time. ble to calculate with reasonable accu­ employed here makes this weld with Single Machining Operation: The racy the frequenqy of vibration, parallel 5/32-inch electrode at 250 amperes in only machining performed on the com­ or transverse, of any incomplete, free- 60 seconds, arc time. pleted roller assembly thus produced is a free, circularly curved bar of uniform Now the hub-and-inner-flange assem­ reaming operation to accurately size the cross section where its mechanical con­ stants are known. bly is mounted into the end of the outer shaft hole to receive the bearing hous-

E L {80 TOH S

Another Important Porter Development!

A brand new idea in hood construction and door arrangement provides easy access to engines through full double-door open­ ings. The frameless hood is constructed en­ tirely of formed sheets, thus eliminating angles and stanchions, and affording unob­ structed access to power plants. Service men can work on one of the two indepen­ dent power units while the locomotive is operating on the other, thus adding to its ______availability. Full description on request.

¡poUTECHHMM

Established 1««« ■

Ball and Pebble Mills- H. K. PORTER COMPANY, Inc. ------PITTSBURGH. PENNSYLVANIA FACTORIES: PITTSBURGH PA. NEWARK, N. J. BLAIRSVILLE, PA NEW BRUNSWICK. A BRILLIANT, multicolored electro­ stopped as soon as the desired colors alkaline. Or a sufficient excess of acid plate has been obtained from molyb- develop, usually in 60 to 80 seconds. was used in dissolving the carbonate to date solutions. Because of the brilliance As soon as removed from the bath, the form the desired amount of citrate or of the colors and their normally banded cathode should be rinsed, wiped dry tartrate when the solution is made alka­ arrangement, the process has been named without scratching, then polished with line. “rainbow plating.” The plating solution is a tuft of absorbent cotton to brighten After the solution has been made alka­ simple, consisting of 20 grams per liter the colors. line by sodium carbonate, and heated ammonium molybdate, with the addition As might be expected, any over-plating to 65 or 70 degrees Cent., it is ready of 1 gram per liter sodium cyanide, to dims the colors, and heavy plating causes for use. Plating solutions may be made secure a slight gain in brightness of the their complete disappearance. Addition directly from the sulfates of nickel and colors. The bath temperature should be to the plating solution of ammonium car­ copper, but these solutions seemed less 65 to 70 degrees Cent, for the best ef­ bonate as a “conducting salt” widens the satisfactory in operation than when the fect. A satisfactory current density is bands of color and enlarges the figure sulfates are first converted to carbonates 0.4-ampere per square decimeter. Cath­ which they form. The largest plating before making the plating solution. When odes should be highly polished, and so far produced is a foot square. Lac­ the acetates of nickel and copper are may consist of copper, brass, nickel, or quering dims the colors. used instead of the sulfates, there is no an electroplate of these over other metals. Monel Plating: Because of its excel­ need of converting these to carbonates The source of these brilliant colors lent physical properties, electroplating before adding to the plating bath. Am­ monium carbonate or ammonia may be used for rendering the bath alkaline in­ stead of sodium carbonate, but if the latter is used, excess ammonia must be removed by application of a vacuum to the hot solution. Of the many solutions tried the following are typical: c n • No. 1. The Carbonate Citrate Bath for the Deposition of Monel Alloy: This consists of 50 grams per liter nickel carbonate, 25 grams per liter Monel carbonate, moist, 50 grams per liter citric acid made alkaline by sodium carbonate, ELECTROPLATING and 2 grams per liter sodium cyanide. Current density, 0.5-ampere per square decimeter at 70 degrees Cent. No. 2. The Carbonate-Citrate Bath, How about plating colors, depositing alloys and the alkaline by ammonium carbonate, instead like? Some investigations in those directions are of sodium carbonate, otherwise the same as No. 1. The carbonates of nickel and recognized and described Monel were still moist, although sub­ jected to suction on the filter on which appears to be the same as the colors of with monel should make a good substi­ they were collected after precipitation the soap-bubble, i.e., the reflection of tute for nickel plating—when and if ac­ and washing. light from two parallel surfaces only complished. From a solution containing No. 3. The Sulfate-Citrate Bath: This half a wave length of light apart. Where the sulfates or chlorides of both nickel contained 50 grams per liter nickel sul­ the two reflecting surfaces are only half and copper there is a natural tendency fate, 3 grams per liter copper sulfate, a wave length of red apart, the inten­ for the deposition of copper instead of 50 grams per liter citric acid, made sity of that color is strengthened, because nickel. In order to plate out an alloy alkaline by sodium carbonate, and 1.5 the crests of the red waves reflected from such as Monel, this tendency must be grams per liter sodium cyanide added. the two surfaces coincide; where the overcome. No. 4. The Acetate Citrate Bath: This distance between surfaces is less, the The first step in preparing a monel contained 40 grams per liter nickel ace­ blue light will be similarly strengthened, plating solution was the making of tate, 3 grams per liter copper acetate, and so for other colors. “monel carbonate.” For each liter of 40 grams per liter citric acid, made solution desired, 60 grams NiS04.6H20 alkaline by sodium carbonate. 1.5 grams The colors in rainbow plating may be per liter sodium cyanide was added as made to take the form of an arch, as and 3 grams CuSQ, - 5 H20 were dis­ solved, precipitated by sodium car­ a brightener of the deposit. in nature’s rainbow, or they can be dis­ The performance of these baths is tributed irregularly, all by controlling the bonate, and washed free from soluble salts. The “monel carbonate” was dis­ shown in Table I. spacing and position of the anode. The An increase in the copper content of anode consists of a platinum or nickel solved in several different solvents and tested for plating with Monel. It was the deposit with rise in temperature is wire (any other metal insoluble in the seen in No. 1 and 3 (Table I). Stirring electrolyte will serve), which protrudes found that in alkaline solutions the tend­ ency for deposition of copper instead of the solution and motion of the cath­ an inch from the glass tube which in­ ode while plating has a similar effect. sulates it from the plating solution all of nickel was lowered sufficiently to make monel plating possible. Tartrates, An increase in current density raises the except the protruding end. This is nickel content of the deposit. coiled closely to confine the entrance of citrates and cyanides prevent the precipi­ tation of copper and nickel by alkalies, Tartaric acid and tartrates may be sub­ current to a small area, and make possi­ stituted for citric acid and citrates. A ble the control of color and its distribu­ so either 50 grams per liter sodium (Please turn to Page 128) tion. For a rainbow form the sheet citrate or tartrate is added before making cathode is placed against one side of the beaker containing the electrolyte, and the anode held against the wall of the TABLE I— CODEPOSITION OF NICKEL AND COPPER AS “MONEL” beaker 1 to 2 inches away from a ver­ Bath No. Ni Cu Grams/amp.-hr. Amp./dm. Temp. Result tical edge of the cathode. This position in deposit 1 ...... 67.7% 32.3% 0.71 g. 0.53 67°C Fine Monel plate causes a thinner deposit on distant than ] ...... 60.3 39.7 0.952 0.53 80 Fine Monel plate on near points of the cathode, hence a 2 ...... 65.4 34.6 2.67 80 White, metallic variation in color. Plating should be 3 ...... 76.3 23.7 1.21 0.53 36 G 48.4 51.6 1.12 0.53 70 4 86.3 13.7 0.87 0.43 62 Bright Monel From a report by Oliver P. Watts to the Electrochemical Society. Holding a Ship’s S h a p e ... Shaping a Stove’s Course

mating that hurries a product along an of RB&W products. Little wonder th at so T h a t S h i p . . . defying a rough-and- tum ­ much of the best-known farm machinery, ble fighting ocean . . . needs stiff-willed assembly line: fasten with RB&W bolts transportation equipment, electrical ap­ stamina in the bolts and nuts that secure and nuts. pliances, construction equipment and fur­ its ribs. RB&W developments in cold-forming niture is put together faster and held to­ and cold-punching have set new stand­ That stove . . . built on a fast-moving gether better by RB&W fasteners. production schedule . . . needs bolts and ards in holding power, accuracy and ap­ nuts that are quick on the get-away and pearance for all kinds of fastening devices. take tightening without fumbling or The dependability you would expect jamming. from the accumulated experience of 99 RB&W years and the results of hundreds of thou­ For fastening strength that will resist RUSSELL, BURDSALL & WARD whatever beating a ship or steam-shovel sands of dollars’ worth of research work BOLT AND NUT COMPANY orstone-crusher can give . . . for accurate ... is wrapped up with every shipment

Factories a t: Port Chester, N . Y „ Coroopotis, Po., Rock Foils, IH-Soles Offices of: Philadelphia, Detroit, Chicago, Chattanooga, Los Angeles, Portland, Seattle

'ISSN

AND ALLIED FASTENING OEVICES SINCE 1845 Herbert Mermagen, radiographer for university laboratory, ap­ plies calipers to determine section thickness of a 2600-pound turbine casting positioned for radiographic examination

CO-OPERATIVE

X-RAV RESEARCH

.... program uses "all-seeing" eye of million-volt unit to eliminate defective castings before machining and call attention to flaws preventable by changes in casting design or procedure

MILLION-VOLT X-ray unit at the University of plex finished assemblies. However, most of the work Rochester, set up in collaboration with eight Rochester, at the university has dealt with castings. N. Y., industrial concerns which share its facilities, rep­ When the million-volt unit is used to inspect “raw” resents a project unique in American industry. It makes castings, two things are accomplished: available at low cost a direct and practical service 1. Defective castings can be eliminated before ex­ previously lacking for industry of the area. It is not pensive machining and other labor is expended on them. only an important aid in the war efforts of neighborhood Life testing of the finished product can likewise be firms but holds forth great possibilities for peacetime eliminated since each individual casting is thus pro­ research in engineering, metallurgy, chemistry and nounced free of flaws, fissures, holes, etc., which could physics. cause its failure under stress. The eight concerns which originally co-operated in 2. Data are accumulated which indicate where the having the General Electric Co. industrial X-ray unit common flaws occur, and the casting procedure then can installed were Symington-Gould Corp., Eastman Kodak be changed to avoid such defects. Co., Delco Appliance Division of General Motors Corp., This latter step was established after one particular Consolidated Machine Tool Corp., Rochester Gas & job at the university where a cast door for a piece of Electric Corp., Pfaudler Co., Rochester Brewing Co. Army equipment was brought in for preliminary tests. and Rochester Products Division of General Motors In making the door, only one inlet for the molten metal Corp. Since the unit began operating in January, 1943, was used. X-ray examination showed shrinkage and the number of firms sharing its facilities has grown fissure around the gate. The process was changed imme­ to 20. diately so that the metal was poured into two or more Scientific staff is headed by Dr. Stafford L. Warren, gates. This brought about a marked decrease in de­ head of the Department of Radiography at the univer­ fects, and doors X-rayed subsequently revealed none sity. Allan E. Kappelman, director of co-ordinated of the previous flaws. research and Radiographer Herbert Mermagen are the One of the laboratory’s first jobs called for radiogra­ other officials. phy of completely machined finished assemblies. X-ray All of the radiographic work is done in a narrow two- showed the assembly was faulty in a vital zone, with the story brick structure, 110 feet long. The X-ray lab­ result that the company concerned had to discard for oratory itself is 36 feet long, 24 feet wide and 22 feet scrap, at 25 cents per unit, a product on which had high. Providing effective protection for personnel, the been spent $25 to $27 for machining. Technicians walls vary in thickness from 18 to 36 inches. There found that 80 per cent of the company’s 1200 units are two traveling cranes, one of which supports the were defective. Had it been possible for the firm to X-ray tube on a pantograph device, while the other han­ resort to X-ray examination before machining, this loss, dles steel castings, many weighing more than 6500 which did not involve a government contract, would not pounds. Castings to be radiographed are delivered have occurred. through a vestibuled opening in one side of the build­ The university’s unit is one of over 50 now being ing. The manually operated crane moves the castings used in war industries. The instrument can inspect in into position. On the X-ray bridge crane are push 16 minutes pieces of metal whose inspection by other button control stations which govern the vertical move­ methods requires 60 hours. A number of the Navy ment of the head and also the rotation of the X-ray Yards are using the powerful device for high-speed unit about its trunnion axis. radiographic inspection of heavy sections. X-rays re­ Materials submitted for examination so far include veal such faults as blow holes, tears, shrinkage cavities, heavy tank armor, turbine parts and castings, gun mounts, inclusions and cracks—faults which could not be detect­ magneto housings, generator commutators, oil refrac­ ed by the keenest eyes and which could not be tolerated tion tube weldments, boiler headers, munitions and com­ in turbine castings or ordnance equipment.

96 E 9 Items to Check When Ordering Wire Rope

(Note: Every day, several orders are re­ HOW TO MAKE SURE OF CORRECT ROPE ceived which require correspondence and FOR YOUR EQUIPMENT delay because of insufficient information. There are hundreds of different sizes, Listed below are items which can be grades, and constructions of wire rope. used as a wire rope specification check For many years we have cooperated with list. Because wire rope is a controlled wire rope users to get the correct ropes material, C M P allocation or symbol, also for all kinds of equipment. We have certification, must be included before watched these ropes give outstanding orders can be entered.) service on equipment like yours. The benefit of that experience may help make your wire ropes last longer, WIRE ROPE CHECK LIST or may help you in specifying what Item Example 1. Length...... 120 Feet we believe is the finest wire rope you 2 . Diameter...... 3/ t Inch can buy — the correct rope for your 3. Number of Strands...... 6 equipment: Monarch Whyte Strand 4. Number of Wires per Strand. . 19 PREformed. 5. Lay...... Right Lang Lay Monarch Whyte Strand PREformed 6. Core...... IWRC 6x19F 6x19F has recorded outstanding service records 7. Kind of Fabrication. . PREformed JWRC Metallic Coro because: 8. Grade (Improved Plow These are but a few wire rope con­ Steel) Monarch Whyte Strand structions taken from our G-15 Wire It’s made from selected steels. 9. Use. Make, Model of Equipment It’s PREformed to reduce internal (Plus . .. CMP allocation or symbol, Rope Catalog to indicate the vast also certification.) number of types and constructions of stresses and to fight rope fatigue. wire rope that are made. As wire rope It’s internally lubricated to protect manufacturers, we are in a position to wires and strands against corrosion and Here are all these items for this order. help wire rope users obtain the correct friction. 120 feet % -inch 6 x 19 R ight Lang rope for their specific needs. Lay with IWRC PREformed Monarch Whyte Strand W ire Rope, to be used for hoist line on Model 45 Lorain Skimmer. which the rope is wanted. Then if an MACWHYTE Note: For more complete detailed infor­ error is made in listing the proper con­ mation on how to specify wire rope, refer to struction, or if our experience has shown P R E f o r m e d Macwhyte G-15 W ire R ope Catalog, pages a different construction gives better serv­ 89 to 101. W I R E R O P E ice for this purpose,'we may be able to The above check list is n o rm al and help you obtain a better rope. In some ^ C c i4 , Internal Lubrication complete as to the specifying of wire cases such inform ation today, makes pos­ Selected Steels rope in peacetime, but it is more im­ sible your getting a wire rope to meet Tested — Proved portant than ever in wartime when it your needs when the rope you specify is *76e coh-rcct xofie ¿on is so difficult to get wire rope. not available but a similar one is avail­ ty o u n , STATE USE FOR R O P E - I T HELPS able that might do an even better job for Always include the type of service for you at no additional cost. 1 MACWHYTE COMPANY

2 WIRE ROPE mJ§ Ü & Ä i W 0 s MANUFACTURERS

t r connect nofie ¿on cfoun eqtU fr*tte*tt

2912 Fourteenth Avenue, Kenosha, Wisconsin

M ill Depots: New York • Pittsburgh ■ Chicago • Fort Worth • Portland ■ Seattle • San Francisco. D istributors throughout the U.S.A. MACWHYTE PREformed and MONARCH WHYTE STRAND Wire Rope MACWHYTE Braided Wire Rope Internally Lubricated Wire Rope MACWHYTE Special Traction Elevator Rope MACWHYTE Aircraft Cables MACWHYTE Stainless Steel Wire Rope MACWHYTE Monel Metal Wire Rope METALLIC ARC WELDING ELECTRODES

This discussion of class E6011 electrodes is the th ird in a series on arc welding electrodes and their characteristics. Section I on the AWS-ASTM classification system ap­ peared March 6, 1944, p. 116. Section II on class £6010 E 6 0 1 1 electrodes was on p. 98, M arch 13 issue F L A T B E A D

Fillet contours produced by E 6 0 I 3 different grades or classes of arc welding electrodes CONVEX BEAD

A REVIEW of the class E6011 elec­ bead, chemistry, slag, spatter, appear- j By HAROLD LAWRENCE ance, soundness, penetration, etc. So it trodes (see S t e e l , March 6 , 1944, p. 116, is not surprising that the electrode that for a description of the AWS-ASTM Metallurgist and classification system that includes the Welding Engineer emerges from the laboratory is definitely a compromise. Because several raw ma­ E6011 type) is somewhat handicapped by sales optimism. Many distributors terials have been balanced with methods of metallic arc welding electrodes try trodes must produce weld metal with a of manufacture, the product of one pro­ to cover as many types as possible. This minimum elongation of only 17 per cent ducer is bound to be different from that situation is understandable as no sales­ the nonstress-relieved condition, where­ of another. man enjoys sending a prospective cus­ as the E6013 electrodes need meet a Likewise a compromise between E6011 tomer to a competitor except as a last minimum elongation of but 17 per cent and E6013 classes possessing the physi­ resort. But for someone attempting to in the same state. Of course an elec­ cal properties of the former can be understand the place of each electrode trode that meets a specification demand brought about. Yet welding is some­ type in some logical pattern, the ten­ of 22 per cent, also satisfies 17 per cent. thing like playing a violin. The right dency of manufacturers to make prod­ Perhaps it is this situation that has led notes can be played by many players. ucts suitable for two or three grades some electrode makers to report an But the feeling of the music, that cer­ renders the whole matter confusing. E6011-E6013 electrode. tain quality that electrifies an audience, Basically the E6011 electrode is a However the difference is intended is reserved for a few musical geniuses. first cousin of the E6010 electrode. The to cover more than physical properties. So it is with electrodes. Good welds former works well with alternating cur­ As is shown in Fig. 1, fillet contours are may be made with any num ber of elec­ rent while the latter is restricted to di­ a function of electrode classification trodes but the best and cheapest welds rect current, reverse polarity. (E6010 type. Since the E6013 electrode is “cold­ will result when a perfect matching of electrodes were analyzed in S t e e l , er” than the E6011, the fillet bead is de­ electrode grade and welded joint has been March 13, 1944, p. 98) Otherwise cidedly convex instead of fiat. Since brought about. In this day when every either grade, when used with the right the E6013 electrode is “colder” than industrialist is thinking of trimming costs current and polarity, can do precisely the E6011, its deposit contains more for the days of free competition that the same work as the other. porosity. But that’s enough data to are ahead, there is a premium on sensi­ Where does disorder enter this picture? suggest that the E6013 electrode is in­ ble selection of electrode classes. Right here. An electrode that could be tended to be different from the E6011. Whereas there were 23 producers of used with direct current or with alter­ As will be shown in a later article, the E6010 electrodes, Table I lists but 12 nating current to do exactly the kind E6013 electrode will perform some func­ makers of the E6011 class. When you of welding for which the E6010 elec­ tions that are outside the capabilities of recall that E6010 electrodes have been in trode has achieved a well deserved pop­ the E6011 variety. the market for many years before the ularity would be a distinct possibility. Please remember that some regard this development of the E6011 type (first an­ If the article on E6010 electrodes is as a controversial subject, which would nounced in 1942), the disparity between compared with this one, it may be noted suggest that the' reader may wish to the two lists is understandable. Follow­ that one manufacturer has done this very make some tests in his own plant. Be­ ing the practice begun in the preceding thing. But several manufacturers report fore leaving this idea, some discussion article, complete data is given for pro­ of electrode design may prove helpful. a combined grade E6011-grade E6013 ducers and the brand name of the prod­ Electrodes are designed by men who electrode. This situation may be some­ uct in Table I. thing of a paradox. have rather definite notions of what they The AWS-ASTM classification system desire in the final product. They con­ Very likely the sale of E6011 elec­ gives different ductility requirements for sider several dozen attributes among trodes does not exceed 5 per cent of the these two classes; that is, E6011 elec- which are ease of handling, quality of total electrode production. Still in the

98 E E L 40-TON STEEL SHAFT

...... stem -W heel Towboat

(Above) One o f the breaks on the 31" diameter shaft of the ste m wheeler steamer, "Sprague. ”

(Right) The huge paddle wheel was set up on a barge (A bove) The finished Thermit weldf preparatory to welding the showing the Thermit collar, and heating shaft. gates and risers before removal by oxy- acetylene cutting.

W HEN a 40-ton 31" diameter paddle wheel shaft box, ignited, the molten weld metal pouring into the broke in two places on the Steamer “Sprague,” gap and fusing with the parent metal in a strong, dur­ able weld; (6) the pouring gates and risers were removed world’s largest stern-wheel towboat, it presented from the finished weld by oxy-acetylene cutting. quite a problem. Replacement was almost impossible Thermit welding is often the only feasible method because of the steel shortage and the time required. of repairing large, heavy parts. As the weld metal is Therefore it was decided to repair the shaft by Thermit deposited all at one time and only one shrinkage is welding, the only practical method because of the involved, stress relieving is not necessary. Machining size o f the unit. is seldom required except for removal of excess metal. The work involved the usual steps in the Thermit The Thermit process is also used for fabrication welding process: (l ) the broken ends of the shaft were work where the great strength and durability of the flame-cut and lined up in position; (2) a wax pattern welds and the ease of handling several small castings was made in the space the weld metal would occupy; rather than one large one are decided advantages. (3) a mold box was constructed around the wax Write for the 30-page illustrated booklet which pattern; (4) the shaft ends were preheated; (5) u.e Thermit mixture was placed in a crucible over the mold describes the process in detail.

METAL & THERMIT CORPORATION 120 BROADWAY, NEW YORK 5 ALBANY • CHICAGO • PITTSBURGH Specialists in welding fo r nearly 40 years. Manufacturers of Murex Electrodes SO. SAN FRANCISCO • TORONTO for arc welding and of Thermit for repair and fabrication of heavy parts. C f i ^ .™ jib cranes!

GET QUICK ACTION ON POINT-OF-OPERATION JOBS ... J

« (¡ml 0 |j i ¿1

Jlfl is ' »5 HP fe (1 1« 4

?• it : IP it B

iij 2 iii 1 ! E I

Let Jib Cranes Release Overhead Cranes for Heavy-Duty Handling! ★ Above view shows a one-man Jib Crane in action loading castings onto the rack of a heat-treating oven at a large ordnance steel plant. PILLAR TYPE No. 541 Here, as in hundreds of other point-of-operation jobs in A rigid, strongly welded, any steel plant, these Chicago Tramrail Jib Cranes are able heavily bolted, self-supporting to take over loads ranging from 1/2 to 3 tons, thereby releasing Jib Crane with 360° complete the overhead crane for its usually more productive heavy circle swing. One-half to 2-ton duty handling. capacities with radius ranges np to 20 ft. Three-ton capacity Operating with a full 360° circle swing, these "little giants” up to 15 ft. radius. Hand oper­ of power will speed up your production, conserve your man­ ated or electric hoist. Mention power, reduce wear and tear on more costly equipment. desired height and length of jib Send for circular today describing pillar, mast and swinging when ordering. bracket jib cranes. Write—ask us to submit specific recommendations. No Obligation. CHICAGO TRAMRAIL COMPANY 2912 CARROLL AVENUE Phone KEDzie 7475 CHICAGO 12, ILLINOIS

100 EEL overcome a hurdle that is not encoun­ scant two years since its inception, many rent, E6011 electrodes are the right tered in direct-current welding. For applications have been discovered where choice. Deposited metal is sound the alternations of the current with both no other type works quite as well. Co­ enough to pass X-ray examination. voltage and amperage fading away to incidental with the development of this A digging arc characterizes E6011 zero many times a second place an extra distinct electrode class has been the ex­ electrodes and leads to good penetration value on arc stability. In the E6011 pansion of the use of a-c (alternating in fillet welds. Single V-butt welds need electrode all of the peculiar conditions current) welding. this penetration too. Also tack welding Although a-c welding was used dur­ provides a good outlet for a digging arc associated with high quality welding in ing the first World War, it fell into dis­ and good physical properties. Gapped all positions must be satisfied while pro­ use because of the need for high open- seams where penetration is of utmost viding an extra measure of arc stability. circuit voltages and because of the lack importance are best welded with the Alkaline compounds of sodium and po­ of suitable electrodes. About 1936 a-c E6011 electrode because this application tassium, more often the latter, furnish a welding began a comeback which con­ is frequently troubled with magnetic means of attaining good arc performance tinued at an accelerated rate during this blow. with alternating current. Fundamentally, though, the E6011 war and which promises to continue after More Slag—Less Gas the war. electrode behaves quite like the E6010. Undoubtedly the main reason for the Slag characteristics of E6011 elec­ Its performance with alternating current popularity of alternating-current welding trodes are like those of E6010 with some is acceptable for the end use intended. is found in the greatly lessened effect of exceptions. The slag possesses both a No other electrode will behave on alter­ magnetic disturbances found with direct- low melting point and a low density. nating current to show qualitites found current welding. These interferences, Such physical attributes allow the com­ in the E6011 group. But the arc action usually called “magnetic or arc blow”, plex manipulation associated with some leaves a great deal to be desired. interfere with the deposition of sound vertical and overhead welding opera­ weld metal. At times magnetic blow tions. Although the volume of slag Standardize on E6010 assumes proportions that almost prevent would be considered as low, there is As might be suspected these elec­ the making of any weld at all. With ex­ more slag present than would be en­ trodes may be used with direct current perience a welder learns to outwit this countered with the E6010 group. as well as with alternating current. Nor devilish condition but not without using Arc shielding is largely accomplished is it too strange to discover that reverse up much more energy than would be by the gases driven out of the coating polarity arc performance is more satis­ devoted to making the same weld were as the electrode is consumed. The func­ factory than that with straight polarity. no magnetic blow there. Similarly the tion of this gas shielding is quite similar Moreover, either type of current and use of alternating current has enabled to that discussed for E6010 electrodes. either polarity will lead to equally satis­ the beginners to turn a much needed However, there is more slag with the factory physical properties. But E6011 hand to production welding without the E6011 group and conversely less gas. electrodes are not recommended for di­ weld cut-outs that excessive blow would Although this type is definitely in the rect-current welding. Better standardize have necessitated. gas shielded category, it leans more to on the E6010 for direct current and E6011 electrodes are heavily coated, the mineral coated composition than pocket the difference as the latter are 10 to 15 per cent of the electrode weight does the direct current, reverse polarity, cheaper. is coating, designed to lay quality weld cellulosic electrode of class E6010. E6011 electrodes produce a weld met­ metal in the flat, vertical, horizontal and Primary coating constituents are cel­ al that falls into a low carbon pattern. overhead positions. They, like the E6010 lulose, asbestos, titanium dioxide, ferro­ Values reported by the different manu­ class, are commonly known as all-position manganese and an alkaline arc stabilizer. facturers have been gathered together electrodes. For the highest quality Cellulose furnishes the gas so essen­ and are summarized in Table II. Once work that is done in the vertical and tial to a gas shielded electrode and is again an examination of the ranges overhead positions with alternating cur- responsible for the carbon monoxide, shown leads to the conclusion that the hydrogen, water vapor and carbon mon­ spread for manganese and silicon is oxide found in the protecting atmos­ greater than can be explained by the phere. physical properties. Manganese ought TABLE I— MANUFACTURERS AND TRADE The asbestos provides a slag with the NAMES OF AWS-ASTM E6011 ELECTRODES to run from 0.25 to 0.60 and silicon (Primary color— none; secondary color— blue) aid of the titanium dioxide which also ought to be at least 0.10 if strengths are Air Reduction Sales Co. . Aireo 230 serves to stabilize the arc. As usual to be above the minimum requirement. 60 E. 42nd Street the ferromanganese acts as a deoxidant Physical properties are reported in New York 17, N . Y. and may help to make the slag more Allied W eld-Craft, Inc. . 77 Table III with all of the values having 401 W. South Street 77W friable. All of these materials were been gleaned from manufacturers’ cata­ Indianapolis, Ind. found in the E6010 coatings but now a logs. Some ductility values were listed Electric Arc, Inc. ' Universal new material is added. 152-162 Jell iff Ave. ( Please turn to Page 134) Newark, N. J. Alternating-current electrodes must General Electric Co. . . . W -26 Schenectady, N . Y. Hollup Corp...... Surew eld F 4700 W. 19th Street TABLE II— DEPOSIT ANALYSES PRODUCED BY E6011 ELECTRODES Chicago Man- Phos- Molyb- fe ii Marquette M fg. C o., Inc. . T ype 151 Carbon gañese phorus Sulphur Silicon denum Nickel Copper 401-419 Johnson Street, Type 25 ADS ...... 0.07 0.21 ...... 0 .0 5 ...... ! aliî N. E. Min., % M ax., % ...... 0.12 0.60 0.04 0.04 0.25 0.025 0.025 0.12 asi! Minneapolis, M inn. Metal & Therm it Corp. . T ype A 120 Broadway TABLE in PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF DEPOSITS MADE WITH E6011 ELECTRODES New York 5 , N . Y. Pronertv Stress-Relieved Not Stress-Relieved Reid-Avery Co...... R aco 11 vield Point psi ...... 47,56,000 52-61,000 Dundalk, Md. Ultimate Strengthj psi ...... 60-68,000 ^ ’0°° A. O. Smith Corp SW -15 Elongation, % in 2 in...... 27-33 22- 7 Milwaukee Standard Steel & Wire TABLE TV CURRENT AND VOLTAGE RANGES FOR E6011 ELECTRODE APPLICATIONS Co...... Greyhound Type RC Bolivar, Pa. Electrode, Inch Recommended Amperes Recommended Volts Westinghouse Electric & a 25- 85 17-29 Mfg. C o...... Flexarc ACP u 85-135 21-29 East Pittsburgh, Pa. ■A ...... 115-185 22-26 Wilson Welder & Metals * ...... 150-235 24-26 Co...... No. 5 30 A ...... 165-280 |5-27 60 E. 42nd Street % 225-315 26-2° Il New York 17, N. Y.

101 Fig. 2— Cam drive crankshaft gear Fig. 1—Several small gears made from N E -8640, formerly made from and oil pum p drive gear made from, NE-8640 SAE-4140 and 6145

tions caused by forg­ ADAPTABILITY of ing. NE-8640 material NE steels to oil hard­ was used, quenched ening is very satisfac­ from 1550 degrees tory, we have found, Fahr. especially the higher Fig. 3 shows the carbon steels which in tensile strengths of six our experience heat commonly used grades treat to a more uni­ D o * On

ELONGATION TENSILE STRENGTH ¿00 20 /— 175 Fig. 3 — Tensile a strength of six com­ z < < 150 monly used grades u 15 U7 12b of o i l - hardening o steel X 100 10 1— h- 75 z tu Fig. 4 — Reduction o 50 (V of area compared UJ D. Q- 25 for the same six : grades 3140 4140 6640 4440 6145 X4340 3140 4140 8640 9440 6140 4340

Fig. 5— Elongation comparison, same STANDARD END QUENCH HARDENABILITY TEST VI steels as Figs. -3 VI and 4 IU60 Z cs s s -4 3 4 0

I \ " N E 6640 Fig. 6— Hardenabil­ b 40 r r4 !4 0 ity compared. Steels include SAE-4340, ^ 3 0 UJ 7 3 1 4 0 - '' . ^ 4140, 3140, 6140 ^ 20 and N E -8640, 9440 kj NE9440— 1 o 1 6 1 4 0 - c* 10 1 1 1

2± CLEVELAND

To Cut Bar Machining Costs

T HERE is a Cleveland for almost every type of turning and forming problem, Nine variations of Model A Clevelands handle all metals, round, hex or square, in sixes from from small automatic parts production through 9/:6' to 2V2 in overlapping capacities. the full range of sizes to 8-inch bar or 10-inch tube work, including 18-inch shaft, or thread­ ing jobs up to 2 Vi" diameter. On jobs as small as fifty pieces, or in thousands, Clevelands can show economy.

The most direct way to show YOU is to dem­ onstrate this economy on YOUR job. That we can do if you will . . . (a) send us produc­ tion blueprints of a job on which you would

Four Model B Clevelands have work ranges from like to cut costs, or . . . (b) permit us to send 9/ i 6 " to 2 > /2 " diameters and up to 18” lengths. a Cleveland engineer to your plant to work in collaboration with your production men on a survey of method. We 11 describe this offer in greater detail if you wish.

Please write direct to the Cleveland Automatic Machine Company main office, 2269 Ashland Road, Cleveland 3, Ohio.

REMEMBER—CLEVELANDS CUT COSTS

Four larger Model A Clevelands have overlapping capact ties for 3%" to 8" bar and 9‘/z" and TO" tube stock. THE CLEVELAND AUTOMATIC MACHINE CO. CLEVELAND 3, OHIO

CHICAGO ...... 1408 Civic Opera Building

DETROIT...... 540 New Center Building Cleveland-made high-pressure hydraulic die-casting machines (for mag­ nesium, aluminum, bronze, brass, lead, tin or xinc) still further increase the NEWARK. .902 American Insurance Bldg. broad scope of production possible with Cleveland equipment. CINCINNATI 1315 American Building

103 T O C C O is pleased to announce the opening you, will gladly cooperate in making available of its new Research Laboratory . . . the the facilities of this big, new laboratory for the largest one of its kind in the world . . . devoted solution of your new heating and heat-treating entirely to the solving of Industry’s problems in problem s. induction heating . . . hardening, annealing, Write for free booklet, “Results with TOCCO” brazing and heating for forming. Some of the facilities of the new Here, at your service, is a 19,000 sq. ft. lab­ TOCCO Laboratory oratory . . . completely equipped and expertly staffed . . . to help you blast war-production 24 TOCCO heating stations. Chemical Laboratory. Frequencies 1000 to 450,000 cycles. Metallurgical Laboratory. bottlenecks TODAY . . . and to guide you to Power Capacity: Total 2100 kilowatts. Complete machine shop. valuable discoveries for TOMORROW. Creative, development department. Experimental Laboratory. Competent TOCCO Engineers, located near Design, drafting department. Total floor space 19,392 sq. ft.

THE OHIO CRANKSHAFT COMPANY • Cleveland 1, Ohio

HARDENING..BRAZING ANNEALING..HEATING

■

104 Fig. 7 — Crankshaft made of NE-8949 steel

Fig. 8— Microstructure of SAE-3140 stud, at 250 diameters

Fig. 9— Microstructure of N E-9440 stud, at 250 diameters

Fig. 10 — Microstruc- significant that at a distance of 1 inch from the quenched end, five of the steels ture of NE-8640 stud, have practically the same hardness. How­ at 250 diameters ever, at a distance of 214 inches from the end, which is only representative of Fig. 11 — Microstruc- large sections, the hardness of NE-8640 ture of NE-8949 is the highest of the five. Our experience crankshaft in Fig. 7 has shown that NE-9440 has about the same hardenability curve as SAE-3140. The entire hardenability curve of SAE- substitute for SAE-4340. The micro­ 4340 is much higher than the five other structure illustrated in Fig. 11 is very closely grouped curves. good. Physical properties obtained from Fig. 8 illustrates the microstructure of this steel are as good or possibly bet­ an SAE-3140 stud at 250 diameters. ter than those of SAE-4340. The NE- Quenching temperature was 1500 de­ 8949 analysis was: Carbon 0.45 to 0.52 grees Fahr., hardness 300 brinell. Note per cent, manganese 1.00 to 1.30 per the fine sorbitic structure. cent, chromium and nickel 0.40 to 0.60 Stud in Fig. 9 was made from NE- per cent, molybdenum 0.30 to 0.40 per 9440 steel. Note that the microstructure cent. Our experience with this steel, appears slightly coarser than that of SAE- as with all NE steels, is that the harden­ 3140 stud, as shown in Fig. 8. However, ability is somewhat greater than the the structure is well broken up and the steels which they are designed to replace. with which NE steels can be heat treated physical properties are practically the Summary: We have had no complaints are of great benefit in actual applica­ same with the exception of a lower elon­ from the shop on the machining of NE tion of them. A slight rise in magnaflux rejections gation. oil-hardening steels. Our experience, to Microstructure of an NE-8640 stud date, has been that they machine very has been noted, mostly due to small evidences a slight amount of banding. similar to the SAE alloy steels. It should inclusions in the steel, the harmful effect We have found banding to be more pro­ again be emphasized that the use of a of which is questionable on fatigue life. nounced in the NE steels than in some higher quenching temperature for NE However, we feel certain that such re­ of the familiar SAE types, such as SAE- steels is necessary, due to the slowness jections will become fewer as the steel 3140 or 4140. It is evident that this of these steels in passing through the mills become more familiar with mak­ structure is not as well refined as is de­ critical range and going into complete ing these steels. sired. We have found this to be the solution. The drawing temperature must The assistance of Richard Fox, now case on many NE oil quenched parts. also be slightly higher to develop the with our armed forces, in preparing this Micrograph taken at 250 diameters. same hardness as that of corresponding material is acknowledged and also that The crankshaft in Fig. 7 is made from SAE steels. of Donn Hylland in making photographs NE-8949 steel which is the proposed The hardenability and the uniformity and micrographs.

the several countries of South America. Glass Jewels Replace Dictionary of Spanish- Where there is a difference this book in­ English fo r Engineers dicates where each is used. Numerous en­ Sapphires fo r Instruments gineers in South American countries An essential part of our airplane pro­ Engineer’s Dictionary, by Louis A. aided in the compilation and the work gram, millions of electrical instruments Robb; fabrikoid, 423 pages, 5V2 x 8 is well authenticated. awaited a substitute for tiny sapphire inches; published by John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, for $6. jewels which were formerly supplied This is a two-way dictionary, English from factories of Switzerland. Accord­ into Spanish and vice versa, for use of For individually marking aircraft re­ ing to Westinghouse engineers, Ameri­ the engineering profession. The material placement parts, Avery Adhesives, 451 can ingenuity has found a way to make has been collected over a period of more East Third street, Los Angeles 13, have these vital instrument jewels of glass. than 25 years, starting as a small collec­ developed a Kum-Kleen label for this ap­ At first they were made slowly, by hand, tion of words to aid in translation for a plication. According to the company, one at a time, many of which were im­ firm with which the author was associated. tests have shown that they firmly adhere perfect. Production was about 1200 The first edition contained about 5000 to the part even under extreme heat, a day. terms and was in such demand the pres­ cold and humidity. They are mounted Now they are turned out by auto­ ent volume was compiled. on a translucent tape so that they may matic machines at the rate of 3500 per It now covers the entire field of civil be run through a machine for printing day with one girl tending two ma­ engineering, in the office as well as the on code numbers. They are applied chines and almost no poor jewels. This shop. It also includes many mechanical without moistening and, after they have glass-jewel development has not only and electrical terms and some in geology, served their purpose, can be peeled off solved a serious problem but has pro­ chemistry and other sciences. Spanish quickly and easily without scraping or duced a better product. For many types of instruments engineers now prefer t e America uses different terms from those tearing or in any way harming the sur­ of Spain and there is variation among face of the part. glass jewels. 105 Left— Low pressure steam cylinder for Liberty Ship engines. Since 1941 we have produced over 2100 large steam cylinder castings for fourteen different engine builders.

B e lo w -A four-valve cylinder head for our Type GSB supercharged Diesel engine.

m

A 7 ' 8" crankshaft for one of our six-cylinder Diesels. The finished shaft weighed 94 0 pounds. The rough casting weighed 1043 pounds com­ pared to a weight of 450 0 pounds for the billet from which the shaft was formally forged

CORPORATION

106 C a s t i n g J o b s

T HIS appeal is directed to no more than 50 to 60 busy machinery and equipment manufacturers — probably located in the Central and Middle Atlantic states. These are the companies in our territory who have a few troublesome casting jobs that they haven’t yet been able to lick. To them we offer the use of the facilities of our modern Meehanite foundries at Grove City and Mount Vernon, for the production of "impossible” and extra difficult structural castings of repetitive types, up to 60,000 pounds in size.

Our service is based on these four assets: 1. A metallurgically-trained Engineering staff, skillful in the design of high duty iron castings — so well executed that they replace forgings and steel castings and weldments at substantial money savings. 2. Ample, well-trained manpower of long experience, who work to high quality standards, with very low scrappage of even the most intricate designs. 3. Two foundries with completely modern equipment for producing castings, small, medium or extra large, on a mass production basis.

4. The use of Meehanite, an iron of remarkably high strength, ideally suitable for thin-wall construction and complicated designs.

If you need extra foundry capacity right now—or if you are using forg­ ings or weldments which well-designed castings could replace — or if you are faced with other unsolved foundry problems, we want to talk to you. Write, wire or ’phone us, and our Foundry Sales Manager will call to present a plan for a mutually-profitable working arrangement with you.

MT. VERNON, OHIO, DEPT. C GROVE CITY, PENNÄ. DEPT. F, _ ^ j Pinhole detector installation ( foreground) on shearing line of strip mill

Device is capable of locating holes 1/100-inch diameter in steel strip travel­ ing at 1000 feet a minute. All off-grade stock, such as heavy and light- gage sheets and those with minute holes, is routed into separate piles. Strip from 6 to 62 inches wide may be inspected and assorted

vide a lamp life of several thousand PINHOLES in tin plate destined for By HAROLD J. HAGUE hours. In this manner, lamp burnouts the canning industry cannot be tolerated. Electronic Engineer interfere with operation infrequently. Obviously, large holes permit the con­ Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. The light source is cooled by twin tents to leak out while small holes admit East Pittsburgh, Pa. blowers which are equipped with air air to spoil the product. Thus, such de­ fects must be detected and must be elim­ demonstrated that holes as small as filters and which are mounted on the inated before the finished cans reach 1/100-inch will operate the device at light source housing. The blowers may be connected to run continuously or may the shipping room. the aforementioned strip speed. Until a few years ago the inspection Pinhole detectors embrace a light be automatically disconnected from the of sheet steel for pinholes, the diameter source, a phototube housing and a con­ power line at die time the line is shut of which are in the order of 1/64-inch, trol device. Presence of a hole is indicat­ down and the lights go out. was performed entirely by workmen. ed by a signal light or a signal bell. The Phototubes are mounted on an assem­ Brilliant lights on the under side of the pinhole detectors also can be arranged bly frame under the sheet and are easily sheet enabled them to inspect it for to operate a classifier for sorting the de­ accessible for inspection and test. It is holes; if holes were detected, the sheet fective sheet. only necessary to remove the hinged was removed by hand from the conveyor. Operation. In the usual setup, the sideplate from the dust-tight phototube This inspection method was tedious for light source is mounted above the strip housing. The top cover of the phototube the workmen. Often it was necessary to to provide intense illumination over the housing contains a lens for each photo­ employ a number of inspectors, working full width of the strip. This is done by tube. In this manner, light from the in short shifts, to do a satisfactory job. low-voltage exciter lamps, wired in ser­ pinhole is focused on the nearest photo­ In addition, this old method limited the ies-parallel. Neon lamps are connected tube. The phototube housing usually is speed of the mill to approximately 50 in parallel across each lamp. Thus, in mounted directly on the mill structure feet per minute. the event an exciter lamp bums out, the so that the distance from the sheet to Today photoelectric devices (pinhole corresponding neon lamp will indicate the the top of the housing is approximately detectors) perform this inspection job on defective lamp by flowing. In addition, %-inch. Within the housing, phototube strip from 6 to 62 inches wide as it current relays are connected in series anodes are connected in parallel by a leaves the last stand of the cold mill. with each of three banks of exciter lamps; shielded cable. Cathodes, connected in Not only does the pinhole detector per­ when a lamp fails the relay drops out parallel, are grounded to the housing. form the job unerringly but it increases to activate an alarm. Control Equipment. This consists of a the speed of the strip to 1000 feet per Exciter lamps are operated at reduced thyratron lockin panel, an amplifier and minute. Though designed for detecting voltage, furnished by a separately- a voltage regulator. The voltage regu­ holes 1/64-inch or larger, practice has mounted transformer, in order to pro­ lator maintains constant voltage across the

108 cRo ;2££«*ce

ReCent im tallation o f size “N T ” Lectromelt furnace for pouring heats of 15 to 20 tons

MOOR

FURNACES Increased tonnage per man hour Lower power consumption Minimum electrode and refractory costs

Lectromelt furnaces are extensively used for tho r me t,ng of plain carbon steels, alloy steels an d i malleable irons. Lectromelts of t h l r u **** ^ available in standard sires ranging frot^um 7*° ,7PC “rc 250 pounds capacity. Write L ^ Z o Z

Pittsburgh Lectromelt Furnace Corporation Pittsburgh 30# Penna. desirable when a classifier is not used; the method provides a permanent visible indication of the pinhole position. After marking, the defective sheet is removed at a suitable inspection station, either after it has been sheared or following the plating process. Â A small pilot generator designed so j Schematic diagram that voltage output is properly propor- y of connections for tional to speed is geared to the mill to pinhole detector. indicate speed which the marking device D evice inspects translates into a time control of the I strip from 6 to 62 stylus solenoid. The latter is energized I inches wide while in inverse proportion to the pilot gener- | in transit through ator voltage, i.e., in inverse proportion cold mill at 1000 to strip speed. Thus, the length of mark 1 feet per minute on the strip remains approximately con- f stant (within a range of 10 to 20 inches) ij as set by the control potentiometer. If only a fixed time-delay relay was em­ ployed to control the length of mark, the mark would vary from 10 to 100 inches during threading or slow opera­ MARKING tion. “When the marking device is used, CONTROL it resets the lockin thyratron at the proper time. Therefore, the thyratron time-delay relay reset is not used. amplifier. It is arranged so that con­ coils and similar cases, the relay can be While the equipment described is nections can be varied in order to obtain arranged to operate a signal light or bell designed primarily for pinhole detection the correct output voltage for the stable or may automatically stop the mill itself. in metal strip, it is equally well adapted operation of the amplifier and thyratron After the hole has been detected and for hole detection in paper, rubber, panel. removed, the control is reset manually or leather, and fabrics. The amplifier is suspended under the automatically (by the thyratron time de­ phototube housing by springs to isolate lay) as desired. the device from mechanical vibration. Many mills employ classifiers to sort Cooling-System Treatise out light and heavy sheets as they come The small current impulse, created by Restudy of cooling-system maintenance from the shear. Often it is satisfactory light shining through a hole in the strip, methods in the light of war emergency to use a 2-pocket classifier. Such a setup passes through the phototube and is conditions—discontinuance of motor ve­ routes all off-gage sheets (light or heavy) magnified by the amplifier. The first hicle production for civilian use, short­ into one pocket and sheets having holes stage of the amplifier is nonmicrophonic. age of replacements parts and labor and into another pocket. Then again, those Thus vibration is less apt to cause re­ increasing dem and on existing vehicles with holes may be routed into pockets duced sensitivity. Safety tolerances —is recommended by the Maintenance containing light or heavy sheets. How­ (greatly above average) insure reliable Methods Co-ordinating Committee of ever, if it is desired to prevent resorting industrial service. A small potentiometer, Transportation and Maintenance Activi­ of rejected sheets, a 3-pocket classifier mounted on the amplifier, varies the ty, Society of Automotive Engineers Inc. sensitivity of the device. is necessary. When the pinhole detector is used to This group stresses the importance at Serves As Lockin Relay operate a classifier, some form of “mem­ this time of preventive cooling-system maintenance and suggests the most ef­ The impulse output of the amplifier ory” device is required to determine the proper segregation of sheets when fective means of cleaning, flushing and is passed on to the thyratron lockin preventing rust or freezing of radiators they are passing through the classifier. panel by suitable cables and is impressed in a comprehensive summary published upon a thyratron tube. This tube func­ This device is actuated as soon as the hole appears at the phototube housing recently by the Government Printing Of­ tions as an instantaneous lockin relay fice, W ashington, D. C. and circulated and it detects impulses lasting approxi­ and remains active until the hole reaches the classifier, which is some distance by Automotive Engine Rebuilders Asso­ mately 0.005-second, when the strip is ciation of Indianapolis, Ind. traveling at a speed of 1000 feet per from the phototube housing. The hole minute. The lockin tube operates a detector is immediately reset as soon as small relay whose contacts are connected the memory device is actuated, thus Hand Cleanser to a signal light, a signal bell or a classi­ being ready for another detection even fier. The lockin tube is reset by a thyra­ though the previous hole has not yet A clean, convenient, effective and sani­ tron time-delay relay, mounted on the been rejected. tary way of removing oil and grease thyratron panel. A small potentiometer from the hands and arms is said to be Reset by Contactor permits adjustment of the time-delay satisfactorily accomplished by a product relay for intervals ranging from 0.05 to The lockin thyratron circuit can be called Flix, developed by Waverly Pe­ 1.5 seconds. reset by a contact on the classifier. An­ troleum Products Co., Philadelphia and Indicator. Three methods are used for other setup utilizes the reset thyratron Refiners Lubricating Co., New York. removing sheets containing holes after time-delay relay. The method used de­ It is a hand-sized semiquilted pad con­ detection: (1) Visual indication, (2) mark­ pends upon the design of the classifier. taining an effective absorbent substance ing of strip for later removal, and (3) The initiating action for operating the that quickly removes all types of oils the automatic operation of a classifier classifier may originate in the marking from the skin, leaving it clean and dry. which is located immediately following device (when used) rather than in the Some advantages claimed for it by the the flying shear. thyratron lockin panel. manufacturers are: It helps prevent skin Visual indication (stopping the mill) Marking Device. When a hole appears diseases; it is economical, speeding up is not often used since it slows down in the strip its location can be marked cleanups and saving soap; it is safe, will production, even though time out is by a stylus. A marking device having not bum and has no loose ends to catch short. However, when strip is sold in a separately-mounted pilot-generator is in machinery; it is sanitary, and it is use­ coils it may be necessary to remove a employed in conjuction with a marking ful in removing oil from machine parts hole section at the time. For copper solenoid. This arrangement usually is preparatory to painting.

110 EEL Are you familiar with the composition

of lubricating greases? ...... Do you know the different grease

types . . . their virtues . . . their weaknesses? Are you informed

about proper selection and correct application?

This and other information, vital to in individual machine or complete every industry, is contained in "Lubri­ plant operation. cating Greases,” a new Sinclair brochure If you are interested in more efficient, published by America’s outstanding more economical lubrication with a manufacturer of lubricants. greatly reduced inventory of greases "Lubricating Greases”- by text and you will want a copy of "Lubricating chart furnishes you with facts essential Greases.” Write today for a copy—with to higher production and lower upkeep our compliments.

FOR FULL INFORMATION OR LUBRICATION COUNSEL WRITE SINCLAIR REFINING COMPANY. 630 FIFTH AVENUE, N v M

AUTOMATIC STAPLE FORMING MACHINE This plunger type. No. 2 model, insures greater speed without impairment of accuracy. Nilson has been designing and building special machines for half a century, and current improvements consist almost entirely of special at­ tachments, patented features and stream-lining. A special attachment

THE A. H. NILSON MACHINE CO. B rid g e p o r t , CONN.

112 E L Stellite and Steel Finish Machined

Simultaneously with Same Tools

A SPECIAL steel aircraft engine finishing cut which is to follow. valve with Stellite applied to the out­ Valve is held on the stem end by side diameter of the head and seat means of a collet in the work spindle is being machined simultaneously on and supported at the head end by a mass production basis by Thompson the tailstock center. Operator pulls Aircraft Products Co., Euclid, O., with in the tailstock with handle which the same cutting tools and speeds. also locks it. Lever movement also Good results are reported from this actuates switch mounted on the tail- combined operation, both as to pro­ stock, the latter starts spindle and duction and quality of surface finish, feed of the two slides. Thus, op­ as well as tool life, considering the dif­ erator’s duties are minimized—he ficulties involved. The method, set­ merely loads and unloads. Feed is up for which is shown here, is as automatic and machine stops when follows: cycle is completed. Part is machined on Sundstrand Cut across both steel and Stellite automatic stub lathe having a front surfaces is made at the same speed, and rear tool slide. The front slide 80 feet per minute. The instant tool carries a Carboloy turning tool, while clears the work, rear slide moves up forming tool of the same material is and forming tool comes in for the mounted on rear tool slide ready for finishing plunge-cut.

standardization of the sizes referred to consumers’ stocks, with a reduction of Aircraft Tubing inventory and stock control problems. in this article, the fact that actual re­ quirements of special sizes will still be (Concluded from Page 85) Identification of various sizes in the fab­ rication lines would also be simplified, available should always be kept in mind, orders for standard sizes. W hen 95 and where quantities are sufficiently per cent of all orders are for standard thereby minimizing costly mistakes by inexperienced workers. The purchasing large there is no objection on the part sizes, it is readily seen that many con­ of the manufacturer to accept orders for sumers’ orders can be grouped, thus per­ departments, too, would have their work lightened and expedited through any re­ such items. mitting long mill runs on individual sizes, No radical or revolutionary recommen­ duction of items, particularly since all and creating a liquid stock reservoir dations are being advanced. A refer­ orders must clear through the Aircraft that can be tapped in emergencies. ence to the records of the American Scheduling Unit of the War Production Further, and of equal or greater im­ Standards Association will reveal hun­ Board, Wright Field, Dayton, O. portance, standardization of sizes per­ dreds of industries that have put stand­ mits actual stocking of finished tubing Jigs and fixtures, as well as fittings, would be reduced in proportion to num­ ardization of their products into effect, in both mill stocks and distributors’ the results of which always have been to warehouses when conditions of supply ber of items. Aside from simplification of fabrication problems in manufactur­ the mutual benefit of the producer and and demand permit. consumer. Warehouse stocks would be more use­ ing plants, greater advantages would be gained in widely scattered service and In conclusion, it should be stated that ful because the number of sizes in any die airframe manufacturers have whole­ one warehouse would be tremendously repair depots where parts must be avail­ able at all times to service many differ­ heartedly endorsed the above recom­ reduced, and if the whole industry mendations and through this recognized standardized on fewer sizes the ware­ ent types of planes. standardization body, the National Air­ This discussion does not include tub­ house stocks would become more inter­ craft Standards Committee, are continu­ changeable from one section of the ing used in landing gear, engine parts, propeller blades, pressure lines, etc., al­ ing to explore the possibility of further country to another, instead of being though standardization of sizes of tubing standardization of sizes with the objec­ localized to serve a few nearby con­ for such applications is equally impor­ tive in mind of reducing the number of sumers. Furthermore, inactive and dead sizes to a minimum consistent with sound stocks would be reduced to a minimum. tant and desirable. In adopting and recommending aircraft engineering practices. The same conditions would obtain in

PROPOSED LIST OF STANDARD SIZES FOR AIRCRAFT TUBING

W all Thick­ 'EMS- ■OUTSIDE DIAMETER IN INCHES-—205 ITEMS 2!4 2% 2% ness m 1 11/. 11/ 1 1% 1 Ao 1% 1% 1% 2 % % % 1 1% A %A %A %A 0.022 22 22 22 22 28 28 2 8 28 2 8 .028 28 28 28 28 28 28 35 35 35 35 3 5 35 35 35 35 35 .035 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 49 4 9 4 9 4 9 4 9 4 9 49 4 9 49 4 9 58 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 58 58 58 58 .049 49 58 58 58 58 58 58 58 58 58 58 58 5 8 65 65 65 65 65 65 .058 58 58 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 83 83 83 83 83 .065 65 65 65 83 83 83 83 83 83 83 83 83 83 83 95 95 95 95 .083 83 83 83 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 120 120 .095 95 95 95 95 95 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 156 156 .120 120 120 156 156 156 156 156 156 156 156 156 188 188 .156 156 188 188 188 188 188 188 188 188 2 50 250 .188 188 188 2 50 2 50 2 50 2 5 0 2 50 2 5 0 313 .250 2 50 313 3 13 3 13 375 375 .313 3 7 5 3 7 5 500 .375 .500 t o

SELECTION, EVALUATION

.íhnical A dvi^

M emorial

Repri»>*otl fron1 /•f t t l !2 ,943-Nbruary November

ACTUAL SIZE 140 Pages— 5%" X

114 An Engineering Approach to the Selection, Evaluation and Specification of

METALLIC MATERIALS

CONTENTS: H ERE is an outstanding contribution to available literature in the field of metallurgy. This report, prepared for the War Metallurgy C H A P T E R I Committee, provides both the engineer and the metallurgist The Need for Interpretation of Test D ata with the basis for a better understanding of each others problems and C H A P T E R XI proficiencies. Such well-known men in the field of metallurgy as Zay Chemical Composition an Insuf­ Jeffries, P. D. Merica, John Johnston, R. F. Mehl, J. H. Critchett, G. F. ficient Criterion Jenks, V. N. Krivobok, J. B. Macauley, J. L. Gregg, S. Epstein, Val Cron- CHAPTER III “Pounds Per Square Inch” stedt, F. R. Shanley, and members of the Battelle Memorial Institute C H A P T E R IV staff actively collaborated with Doctor Gillett in drafting and revising The Meanings of the Conven­ the report. It should be in the hands of all engineers and production tional Tests men responsible for the selection or specification of engineering ma­ C H A P T E R V Reliability and Probability terials.

C H A P T E R V I It was published exclusively in the magazine STEEL over a period Special Tests of 12 weeks and has created a tremendous amount of interest through­ CHAPTER VII out the metalworking industries. Abstracts also appeared in Machine Ability to be Processed Design and The Foundry. CHAPTER VHI Specifications Now it has been compiled into a 140-page book, completely in­

C H A P T E R IX dexed by subjects and containing all the bibliography and reference Applicable Tests and Needed books cited. Tests Over fifteen hundred orders were received in advance of publica­ C H A P T E R X Selection tion, many companies purchasing quantities for distribution to their BIBLIOGRAPHY engineering and production personnel. Single copies are available at

APPENDIX SLOO each, with discounts for larger quantities as listed on the order Reference Rooks form below. INDEX

STEEL—Readers Service Department Penton Building, Cleveland 13, Ohio

Please send copies of ‘‘An Engineering Ap^oach to the > tion, Evaluation and Specification of METALLIC MATERIALS paid to the address given below. □ Payment is enclosed“ □ Please bill me. (on orders of $5.00 or less) □ Please bill company

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Speed Lathe Piloting fixture weighs 95 pounds and economy in current consumption. The measures 10 x 22 x IVz inches. It op­ major portion of the possible waste of Especially designed for deburring, erates from 115-volt 60-cycle power current when motor current is restrict­ lapping, polishing or finishing small met­ lines. ed by introducing resistance on first, al or plastic parts such as are handled second and third speeds, is prevented in spring type collets, a new model gen­ by the M-79 controller which uses re­ eral-purpose speed lathe is announced Wire Rope Clamp sistance on the first speed only. Addi­ by Schauer Machine Co., Cincinnati. A wire rbpe clamp forged and master Fully streamlined, the machine is cooled coined to fit the rope, made of high ten­ by forced ventilation with positive air sile strength steel is announced by Na­ tional Production Co., 4561 St. Jean avenue, Detroit 13. The clamp is made in two halves. The inside of each half is made to fit the rope; the large grooves pocket the large spiral strands; the small grooves pocket each small wire that makes up the strands. The large grooves hold the rope from endwise slippage and the small grooves prevent the rope from spiral winding out of the clamp. Every strand and surface wire contacts the full length inner surface of the clamp. The two halves are gripped tional power saving is attributed to the tightly on the rope with strong alloy manipulation of the motor fields, con­ steel nuts. necting them in series on first and sec­ filter to remove dust and abrasive par­ Some of the features of this clamp ticles which are injurious to motor and ond speeds which produces greater machine. torque with less current consumption. A new, fully enclosed type switch The welded housing of the new control­ eliminates danger of switch breakdown ler is dust tight and meets all specifi­ under adverse operating conditions. The cations for flash-proofing. The controller control lever is fitted with a palm-fit is installed on all company electric and ball handle. gas-electric low and high lift trucks in capacities up to 10,000 pounds. Piloting Fixture Potentiometer The surface-roughness measurement of piston rings is aided by introduction A redesigned Pyromaster self-balancing of a new piloting fixture by Physicists potentiometer is announced by Bristol Research Co., Dept. 16, 343 South Main Co., Waterbury 91, Conn. The new street, Ann Arbor, Mich. The side sur­ model 431 instrument has a universal faces of all types of rings, including key­ wall or flush mounting case consider­ stone rings, may be measured widi the ably deeper than previous model 440M. type R fixture which works in conjunc­ It also has an internal hinged panel on tion with any Profilometer. which are mounted pen and indicator The ring may be measured in three drive mechanism; in the case of electric ways: By tracing circumferentially; by controllers, the control contacts or pro­ tracing radially at one place on the ring; portioning slide wire; or in the case of and by a combination of both at the are: Economy in cost; it can be applied air control, the complete new convert­ same time. Operation is entirely auto­ by anyone—in a single operation—either ible-type air-operated control mechan­ matic with switches provided for selec­ in the field or shop; no special tools are ism. The deep case and inner panel tion of the type stroke desired. An auto- required; it automatically exerts a uni­ make it possible to service or replace form grip; and its streamline shape any part or portion of the instrument eliminates fouling. without disturbing any other part. Also, in the case of electric type controllers, Scraper Blades it is possible to include the control re­ Carboloy tipped scraper blades now are available in three widths to fit the company’s standard line of hand scrap­ ers, it is announced by Anderson Bros. Mfg. Co., 1907 Kishwaukee street, Rock­ ford, 111. All that is necessary is to re­ move the high-speed steel blade and slip in the new blade. Under test, these matic shutoff is provided to stop rotation blades lasted from 8 to 10 times longer of the ring as the gap approaches point than ordinary blades. where damage might occur. The fixture is intended for production checking of piston rings. The tracer is Reversing Controller advanced and retracted automatically for measuring each ring. Rings are easily A significant feature of the new lays in the instrument thus eliminating inserted and removed. Very little adjust­ M-79 simplified 4-speed reversing con­ considerable external wiring. ment is needed to handle rings varying troller for electric and gas-electric A heavy duty pen-drive motor gives from 2 to 10 inches inside diameter. trucks, manufactured by Elwell-Parker more torque for operating control con­ The same is true with keystone rings. Electric Co., Cleveland, is the improved tacts and other similar functions, espe- (All claims aie those of the manufacturer of the equipment being described.) K earney & Trecker

t h e n e w 5 0 H . P

*C. S. Al.

EXPRESSLY DESIGNED F0

Negative Angle MILLING!

This machine was designed and spec.ally engineered to ao > v-u.u Milling, but because it’s an all-purpose mach.ne, it will handle your regular C.S.M. FEATURES milling jobs to perfection. j 50 H.P. motor TOPS FOR Negative Angle MILLING Impact eliminating flywheel For the past year this machine has been handling all of the “Negative Angle ^ Spindle speeds from 50 to 125( milling jobs in our own plants. If you have a Negative Angle milling problem, * Feed s — '/*" to 6 0 " we believe this is the machine you need. NOTE: Our Research Department will gladly help you with ^ le m s con­ Electric spindle brake cerning Negative Angle milling. We invite your inquiries. ri e Available in both Horizontal an ment C.S.M., Kearney & Trecker Corporation, Milwaukee 14, Wisconsi . Vertical models KEARNEY & TRECKER CORPORATION INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT

cially under conditions of poor line- the center blade are made of beryllium, delivery. The separating belt runs faster voltage regulation. The indicating scale while the base is of bakelite. Under fac­ than the feeder belt, thus the magnetic on the indicating-recording model has tory tests the switch has shown no fail­ material spreads out over a greater area. been changed to a horizontal wide band. ure after 95 million operations. When Also the standard cell type of manual standardizing circuit now replaces the Flow Gage PIN PLUNGER voltmeter type formerly supplied. The A new precision Flogage which con­ stepping relays and the slide wire in the tinuously indicates the rate of fluid-flow is potentiometer circuit have been en­ announced by Hydraulic Machinery Inc., closed in a dust-proof bakelite housing 12825 Ford road, Dearborn, Mich. The and a heavier power supply has been design of this device permits actuation provided. This Pyromaster uses the of the indicating dial by the kinetic en­ same basic principle as previous models, ergy of the fluid flowing through the providing a self-balancing round-chart gage. Its mechanism consists of an indi­ recording potentiometer which has no cating dial constructed as an impeller, the continuously moving mechanical ele­ built into relays, smaller coils may be rotary movement of which is resisted by ments, is unaffected by vibration and used as only 4 to 6-ounce operating pres­ a precision torsion bar. The Hy-Mac needs no lubrication. sure is required. Furnished in single pole, normally open, normally closed and Potential Transformers double throw with both pretravel and overtravel provided, the switches are A new family of potential transform­ manufactured by Aero Electric Co., 1323 ers, 25 to 138 kilovolts—midgets com­ Superior avenue, Cleveland 14. pared with their predecessors—are an­ nounced by Westinghouse Electric & Carbide Tipped Tools Mfg. Co., East Pittsburgh, Pa. An ex­ ample is the 69-kilovolt unit which is Jessop Steel Co., Washington, Pa., an­ only two-thirds as tall as former model, nounces the addition of carbide tipped requires less than one-third the ground tools to their line of cutting tools. These tools, marketed under the name of Malta, are manufactured in 10 different styles and may be had with any one of three grades of carbide tips. A wide range of sizes will be stocked.

Magnetic Separator Designed to operate on the principle of the Ball-Norton underfeed lift meth­ od, a new type M magnetic separator has been built by Stearns Magnetic Mfg. Co., Milwaukee. The separator is partially enclosed in a welded steel housing and is furnished in various sizes and belt widths. A unique patented magnetic field is mounted above the lower surface of the separating belt in this type magnetic Flogage is insensitive to changes in fluid separator. In operation the mixed ma­ viscosity, fluid temperature or fluid pres­ terial is distributed in an even layer by sure. It is accurate to within a fraction space, occupies one-fifth the volume, an automatic feeder to the belt which uses one-eighth as much oil and weighs of 1 per cent and can be constructed to carries the ore or other material into withstand any internal pressure without two-fifths as much as previous potential the magnetic field where the magnetic transformers. affecting its accuracy. An adjustment is Use of Hipersil steel and a new type provided to permit measurement of the of bushing were important factors in flow rate for fluids of different specific achieving these reductions. Close co­ gravities. It is adaptable to any capacity ordination of insulation structure, and the design allows extremely low coupled with design features which per­ weight and overall dimensions in ratio mit liberal substitution of nonmetallic to gallons per minute flow capacity. materials for structural and supporting There are no restrictions or orifices. Pro­ members, are no less important factors. vision is made for fittings which facilitate installation. The unit illustrated has a capacity of 60 gallons per minute and is Midget Switch 3 7/16 x 13 15/16 inches overall. A new midget switch built on the roll­ ing spring principle is being made to portion is lifted by the power of the A ir Line Filler the maximum dimension of Vh. inches. magnet to the surface of the separating Outstanding features of the new com­ It is 9/16-inch wide, 7/16-inch thick belt. pressed air line filters added to the line of and weighs less than 1 ounce. All com­ The alternating polarity characteristic Filters Inc., P. O. Box 471, Glendale, ponent parts are noncorrosive. The of the magnetic field subjects the mag­ Calif., are: Greater flexibility through switch is designed for actuation from netically attracted portion of the mate­ the addition of two more outlets—mak­ either the top or the bottom and is adapt­ rial to a violent zigzag rolling move­ ing a total of six in the manifold; and a ed to electronic control devices, machine ment to release the entrained nonmag­ new self-dumping trap which automat­ tools, aircraft and electrical appliances. netic particles which drop back on the ically empties the water. Permitting the Both the snap-action spring itself and feeder belt and move along to final use of a larger number of filter lines

118 ^ r e a s o n s w h y in d u s t r y LOOKS TO MUEHLHAUSEN FOR LARGE, ------HOT-COILEDSPRINGS!

Specialized facilities enable Muehlhausen to pro­ duce springs:

— of any design — to close tolerances . —in large quantities — for q u ick d elivery Controlled atmosphere conveyor type furnace — of lasting efficiency

One entire plant devoted to hot-coiling-conveyorized forvolunJS m anufacture-with control laboratory an active part of production — quenching tanks of swimming pool size— skyscraper-like shot blasters for clean, lustrous finish and added life to springs. A letter will place Muehlhausen engineers at your service — to save you time, cost and effort in obtaining the right spring. New, illustrated booklet on hot-coiling springs now available. Muehlhausen Spring Corporation, Division of Standard Steel Spring Company, 921 Mic igan Avenue, Logansport, Indiana,

Complete magnafluxing and magnaglow facilities

T o improve product performance, use

•yorizad anomaling and baking spatds ogîput for serving air tool operations at a single point, the new CCA filters augment the company’s 2 and 3-way filters. The out­ lets are %-inch to accommodate snap-on ^ ¡n « UMM wö hose connections. The self-dumping water trap automat­ ically disposes of water filtered out of the lines. The closed float guarantees -*• REDUCED LABOR AND MATERIAL COSTS

★ SIMPLER, FASTER PRODUCTION

positive opening and closing of the dis­ charge valve. Interior parts are heavily plated to reduce rusting to a minimum. The trap is serviced easily. It is stand­ ard equipment of all CCA filters having 1-inch or larger pipe connections. The new filter prevents dust, rust, scale, oil and water from entering valuable air tools, prolonging life and increasing the efficiency of pneumatic equipment.

Magnetic Comparator Grammes "Packaged Metal For controlling the quality of ferrous Engineering” provides more than the efficient fabrica­ parts of the same size and shape, a new tion of metals—the scope of this valuable service ranges from Product magnetic comparator is announced by Design Research to Controlled Distribution. This R.C.A. radio case Special Products Division, General Elec­ is a typical pre-war achievement of functional design, coordinated tric Co., Schenectady, N. Y. When the part to be tested is placed in a coil engineering skill, economical precision production, and straight-line which has been balanced electrically assembly methods. This all-inclusive service can help solve your prob­ against a standard part, this comparator lem of developing a post-war product or improving a present one. detects any difference in the two parts which changes the magnetic flux link­ Grammes mass-production facilities, comprehensive knowledge of ing the coils surrounding them. The dif­ metals and their fabrication, coupled with more than 69 years of ference is shown as unbalance on the "know-how” can save you money, time and materials. Although 100% in war work, our research, designing and engineering services are available for developing your idea or solving post-war production problems. The following under-one-roof manufacturing facilities offer a versatile and economical setup for producing and assembling metal parts into complete units, with precision control.

• STAMPING • EMBOSSING • SPRAYING • DRAWING • HARD ENAMELING • HEAT TREATING • SPINNING • SCREW MACHINES • PLATING • WIRE FORMING • DRILLING • ENAMELING comparator’s indicating instrument which • ETCHING • W ELDING • TOOLS & DIES reads within passing limits when the • LITHOGRAPHING • MACHINING • LINE ASSEMBLY tested part is acceptable. It is designed particularly for fabri­ Let's work on your post-war product. Complete confidence assured. Write cators of iron or steel parts who desire Contract Service Dept. S-3 for booklet "Contract Service by Grammes’.’ a nondestructive test to make certain that each part has the required properties within the limits of a standard part. The comparator consists of a variable- "musTCR cRHFTsniin in mim' voltage transformer, a sensitivity con­ trol rheostat, coarse and fine balance control rheostats and required capaci­ Ł tors which are all mounted in a portable steel case. The zero-center indicating instrument, control knobs and the nec­ L. F. GRAMMES & SONS, INC., ALLENTOWN, PA. essary switches are conveniently located on the front of the panel. Test fixtures ESTABLISHED 1875 furnished with the magnetic comparator HEW YORK CHICAGO DETROIT CLEVELAND PHILADELPHIA are two air-core coils. Where surface

120 b y A . M * W gJu

eminent authority on springs and well-known for his devel opment of the "WAHL CORRECTION FACTOR.” He speaks from a wealth of practical experience obtained CONTENTS through his association with the Westing- house Electric and Manufacturing General Considerations in Spring Com pany Design—Helical Round-W ire Compres­ sion and Tension Springs—Open- Coiled Helical Springs with Large Deflection—Static and Fatigue Tests on Helical Springs and Spring M ate­ ASED on original research and on“ rials—Helical Springs Under Static practical applications, “Mechanical Loading—Fatigue or Variable Loading B Springs” also includes results of investi- _ . of Helical Springs—Practical Selection gations carried out under the direction of the American Society o and Design of Helical Compression Mechanical Engineers and the War Engineering Board Spring Springs—Buckling of Helical Compres­ Committee of the Society of Automotive Engineers. sion Springs—Helical Springs for M axi­ mum Space Efficiency—Tension Springs Fundamental principles and recent developments are presented —Square and Rectangular-Wire Com­ so that springs can be designed to perform more satisfactorily than pression Springs—Vibration and Surg­ if “rule of thumb” methods were employed—saving both time and ing of Helical Springs-Initially-Coned materials. Being important components of modern machines an Disk (Belleville) Springs—Initially- devices, springs should be designed with care, especially if fatigue Flat Disk Springs—Flat and Leaf or repeated loading is involved. The information covered puts Springs—Helical Torsion Springs- design on a rational basis. Convenient charts and tables aid quick Spiral Springs—R ing. Springs—Volute selection. A glance at the contents will convince you of the compre­ Springs—Rubber Springs and M ount­ hensive scope of this book. ings—Energy-Storage Capacity of Now on the presses, “Mechanical Springs” will soon be available. Various Springs—Spring M aterials. It is one of the M a c h i n e D e s i g n Series. Reserve your copy now.

TEN DAYS FREE EXAMINATION fllHCHiNE Design Book Department ly reason “Mechanical Springs” Penton Building Cleveland 13, Ohio exactly w h at you need, it m ay ned within ten days after receipt. * Orders for delivery in Ohio, 18c additional for state sales itax Postage will be p re p a .d ment accompanies order, otherwise postal charges will be added. conditions permit and the parts are too large for suitable coils, two gage heads can be furnished for contact measure­ Reduce Your Costs ments. These fixtures are interchange­ able and are equipped with flexible leads and connectors. Coils are available in a for Biqqe Profits variety of sizes. To operate the instrument, two parts of the same size and shape selected from a group of acceptable parts are SPEED C A SE STEEL placed within the coils where they are held in the same relative positions by A L O W CARBON OPEN HEARTH PRODUCT wooden jigs. The jigs are designed by the user to fit the parts. Then, by ad­ justing the sensitivity control and the coarse and fine balance controls, the comparator’s circuit is balanced to give a zero reading on the indicator instru­ ment. One of the acceptable parts is re­ placed by the part to be tested. In­ INCREASED PRODUCTION stantly the direct current provided by the full-wave rectification, which is es­ sentially the difference in current be­ tween the coils, indicates on the in­ strument a variation between the mag­ netic flux of the acceptable part and that of the part being tested.

Lamp and Guard A new lamp and guard, type 44-A, has been developed by Hoffman Co., 41 North Penn street, York, Pa. It is espe­ cially useful for fine piecework around airplanes. The type illustrated measures 14 inches from tip end of the hook to the end of the handle. The light globe and socket measure 5% inches and any length of cord desired is available. The light globe is aluminum finished with one side plain and clear for concen­ tration of light. However, the reverse

lms bpark rlug bheii was machined on an Automat­ ic at 302 S.F.P.M. with a

If you wrote your bright, smooth finish. To own specifications eliminate rejections due fo r the ideal, a ll p u r­ side, or portion finished, gives sufficient light to serve secondary purposes. The pose, open hearth to a crimping operation globe is 40 watts, 110 volts. It affords carburizing STEEL, customer changed from 90 per cent or better efficiency as its de­ it w o u l d b e . . . B1113 to. Speed CaseX1515. sign provides protection without detract­ SPEED CASE! ing from light efficiency. Estimated Savings per The handle makes it convenient to hold in any special desired position for ton of Steel Used $37.39. particular work, and its big hook enables the worker to hook the light almost any place where it is handy. W rite fo r SPEED CASE CATALOG. A ctu a l The armored lamp guards are of regu­ shop records showing savings of 20 to 65%. lar company design using the cantilever principle to withstand hard shocks and usage. They are made of flat die-cut L / c e n s e e for East errt Stales sheet steel, formed and shaped into a THE FITZSIMONS COMPANY guard of 6y4-inch circumference permit­ YOUNGSTOWN, OHIO ting straight light in out-of-the-way places. — o—

L i c e n s o r A Detroit plant producing super­ charger gears increased cutting speeds MONARCH STEEL COMPANY to 220 feet per minute by adopting ce­ HAMMOND • INDIANAPOLIS • CHICAGO mented carbide cutting tools. Previous­ PECKOVER’S LTD., Toronto, Canadian Distributor ly the gears were machined at a cutting speed of 55 feet per minute.

122 : E L OVEN ENGINEERING H C llfC

Continuous Drying Oven For Welding Electrodes Standard Box Ovens For Simpler Heating Jobs u For simpler heating applications which do not require elaborate handling, convey­ ing or heating equipment, box-type ovens can often be used to advantage. The Industrial Oven Engineering Company designs and manufactures a complete line of such ovens. Each box oven is, of course, custom built, assuring maximum efficiency for each user’s needs, but standardized de­ signs mean higher construction speed. These units are furnished for any type of commercial fuel.

Completely automatic and re­ variations of drying and baking times, with each zone completely independent of quiring only casual human super­ any other zone, allow the unit to be vision, this machine loads, dries, operated on most types of coatings. bakes, cools and presents for in­ Likewise, wide temperature limits may 600 spection welding rods per be obtained between zones. Temperature minute. uniformity in each zone assures uniform This 900° oven for heat treating Three different atmospheric coating dryness. aluminum forgings has a built-in, high- pressure air heater for positive and rapid zones are used to dry coatings circulation through a relatively dense properly. An automatic loader No Jamming work load. The smaller sizes are shipped assembled, requiring no post-delivery as­ picks the rods up from a stripping Transfer conveyers are foolproof and sembly except attachment of accessories. machine, and a system of convey­ lower rods from zone to zone without ers and transfer elevators carries jamming or bending. Automatic control Free Engineering Book them through the processes of of all temperature and burner operations moisture conditioning, drying, completely relieves the system of attend­ In addition to numerous blueprints and ants. The entire unit is 65 feet long and descriptions of unusual oven and conveyer baking and cooling, to final in­ only 5 feet wide, conserving floor space. systems, this book contains such engineer­ spection and weighing. ing data as the density, weight and volume of«? Other Industrial Oven processing of gases, the specific heat and density of iá' Single Heating Unit systems in many different industries are various materials, volume and weight of air and various fan law problems. Write is S equally ingenious. Why not examine the A single fuel-fired or electric air heater, for your copy of “Blue­ fri operations in your plant to see if they can into1 equipped with automatic controls, pro­ print for Industry”. penc; duces the various temperatures. Wide be speeded up? li'! (This is No. 9 of a series. Reprints of previous advertisements will be sent free upon request.) up®' jerf t» THE INDUSTRIAL O v c n COMPANY W tie's 11621 Detroit Avenue Cleveland, Ohio 124 PRESSES • PUNCHES • METAL-FORMING MACHINERY o srnt ad iiiy I dsrd a 2fo power- 12-foot a desired, If rigidity. and strength for prtd eesn fe tbe s vial fr s in use for available is table feed reversing operated T oncin ih hs ser. als r o same of cast with are e com Tables and shears, the shears. as these construction sturdy with connection PCA MCIEY UL O CONTRACT ON BUILT MACHINERY SPECIAL OA Hay uy ilt has r o all of are Shears Billet Duty Heavy HOMAS te cntuto, lsd osn, uloie type guillotine housing, closed construction, steel AHN MNFCUIG COMPANY MANUFACTURIHG MACHINE one, o ht aeil a be can material that so mounted, olr, one i rle bearing roller in mounted rollers, TTS PA. , H G R U SB T IT P sufficiently depress yet blades the ilw lcs Etr tbe s spring is table Entire blocks. pillow are truh h ser la of clear shear the through carried hn u i made. is cut when o Bultn 311. ulletin B for k s A

o 00 ons Hwvr ol experi­ only done. be However, will up work castings mental pounds. handling of 2000 to capable foundry th at the U. S. Army Air Forces, Wright Wright Forces, Air learned Army was S. it U. Then the at th erection. postponed American Brake Brake American most pilot units, but as a full-sized full-sized a as of case but the in units, operated as be pilot not basis at will most It miniature foundry a J. on experimental N. new Mahwah, a opened the procurement of forgings for aircraft aircraft for with forgings of concerned were procurement O., the Dayton, had Field, materials construction on situation h hN.J. ah,N ahw M t A rjc ws sind y h Wa Metal­ ar W Research the by Correlation assigned a Produc­ was ar W and Project the Board by Construc­ to tion Forces authorized Air was application. Army tion priority the a engineers for sponsor Field arranged ly ready right W be could they production, before for piloting able of possibility ings. the considering were and priority the research, metallurgical of Starts Foundry Foundry Starts the next step in the company’s program program company’s the in step next the ug Cmite f h Ntoa Re­ National the of Council. search Committee lurgy subsequent­ and Shoe Brake approached cast­ static and centrifugal substituting the company’s metallurgical laboratory. laboratory. adjoining metallurgical re-erected, company’s and the purchased was to tool room, boiler room, and storage storage and room, boiler room, tool to floor with the proper, being foundry one sections, two experimental of consists It mental work that may be assigned by the the by assigned be may that work mental devoted to offices on its upper floor and and below. floor is space section upper its other on The offices to feet. devoted 196 x 82 area W ar Metallurgy Committee; (3 ) research research ) (3 Committee; Metallurgy ar pilot W of Development be ) (1 will work to: immediate its devoted and installed for the eight operating divisions of the the of divisions war the operating on eight bearing a experi­ the have for ) that (2 projects industry; practices aircraft castings the static for and centrifugal the w ar the principal activity will be be in­ will work, activity research and after principal ) experimental (4 the the and ar w Co. Shoe the Brake American cluding investigation of new processes processes new of investigation cluding r products. or ting tools in six shank and tip styles. Tips Tips styles. cut­ tip tipped and a shank six carbide in announced tools standard ting has of line Mass., new 39, Cambridge finish. The tools have a black rust-proof rust-proof mirror black a a have have so tools surfaces wheels The exposed finish. diamond all on that ground finish are finish and are supplied with either of two two of either with supplied are and finish eil ecp te ad h ohr o steel. for other the and steel except terials rds f abd, n fr utn al ma­ all cutting for one carbide, of grades New Carbide Tool Tool Carbide New ie Announced Line THE American Brake Shoe Co. has has Co. Shoe Brake American THE hl ti-ln hd en lne as planned been had this-plant While ic sc csig rqie consider­ required castings such Since n de ln a Kna Ct, Kans., City, Kansas at plant idle An Latest type of equipm ent has been been has ent equipm of type Latest New England Carbide Tool Co. Inc., Inc., Co. Tool Carbide England New EEL LOCALIZED ANNE COST

R E D U C E D 5 0 %

with a G-E Electronic Heater

J UST the J^-inch tip of these small thumbscrews— part of a hose-clamp assembly for airplanes, tanks, and other war equipment—must be annealed. The rest of the screw must remain hardened right out to the end of the threads. By conventional heating methods it was difficult to confine the heat properly—and cost was excessive. Now, with a single G-E electronic heater, the W ittek Manufacturing Company, Chicago, 111., (a leading manufacturer of aviation hose clamps) anneals 100,000 The thumbscrews are so posi* tioned on the conveyor belt by thumbscrews a day— at one-half the former cost and the operator that only the tip is with absolute uniformity of results! heated. Only a ten-second treat­ ment is required. A simple conveyor belt automatically positions the thumbscrews so that only the tip passes through the coil of the heater. Thus, the heat is concentrated on this one small section, and the rest of the screw is not affected. That is a typical example of precision heat-treating being done today by inductive heating with G-E elec­ tronic heaters. With this versatile process you can heat practically any metal. You can anneal, harden, braze, or solder in a very short time and with great accuracy— the heated zone can be controlled to within a small fraction of an inch. It will pay you to investigate the many ways G-E electronic heaters can improve both your present and your future operations. Simply con­ tact the nearest G-E office, or write to General Electric Company, Schenectady 5, New York.

NO. 5 IN A SERIES OF CASE STUDIES on the accomplishments of G-E electronic heaters, a new and powerful tool that is speeding American war production. Like most new tools, it can easily be misapplied. The recommendations of G-E Industrial Heating Specialists are based on the experience gained with more than 200 installations o f electronic heaters, plus a quarter century of experience in the development, manufacture, and application o f electric heating equipment of all types. ELECTRONIC HEATERS

G E N E R A L m E L E C T R IC Every week 192,000, G-E employees purchase m o re than a million d o lla r s ' w o rth o f W a r B o n d s . N ew P roducts

Fluoboric Acid—Suggested for use in the control of acidity in fluoborate elec- , A C E ^ ^ W I R E troplating baths, preparation of various metallic fluoborates, pickling agent and preparation of catalysts for esterification, polymerization and condensation reac­ tions, Pennsalt FA 42 is a 42 per cent solution containing a slight excess of boric acid for stabilization. Pennsylvania Salt Mfg. Co., 1000 W idener building, $ Philadelphia 7;. ST 25.

jjf Insulation Tester—For production-line testing of faulty insulation and winding dissymmetries in motors, generators, coils and transformers. Consists of a repeat- ing-type, surge-voltage generator; a cath- ode-ray oscilloscope mounted at eye level height and a synchronously driven switch­ ing equipment enclosed in a steel cabinet designed for bench mounting. General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y. ST 23

Low Temperature W elding Alloys— Developed to offer all advantages of silver SHAPED Wire belongs in production that solders as well as greater strength, firmer is coming with reconversion—belongs as it never bonds and greater hardness. Available in wire, strip, sheet, rod and fine powder did before. form. Eutectic Welding Alloys Co., 40 W orth street, New York. ST30.

The Shaped Wire you plan to use may be — o---

Carbon Steel, Armco Ingot Iron or Stainless Alkali Cleaner-—No. 1919 developed to Steel. Whatever it may be, think of PAGE — clean brass cartridge casings as well as steel, tin and stainless steel. Low sodium for wire has always been the business of p a g e . oxide content makes it harmless to skin and clothing. Nielco Laboratories; 19720 And it has been part of our business to de­ Florence road, Detroit 19. ST 33. velop Shaped Wires to meet a wide range of special manufacturing requirements—in end Thermosetting Cast Resin—Advanced use of a casting resin, Toolite, for struc­ section areas up to .250" square and widths up tural parts of radial drills is reported at Consolidated Vultee Aircraft Corp., San to % inches. Diego, Calif. Adhere, Inc., 1220 Maple, • • • Los Angeles 15. ST34.

You will find it very much worth your while Tensile Tester—Gives an accurate and to discuss your planned use of Shaped Wire complete check of tensile strength of spot welds on thin sheet metal. Break­ with p a g e —possibly well in advance of the time ing load in pounds pull is read directly of reconversion. We may be able to help you from a dial without computation. Streeter-Amet Co., 4138 North Ravens- save many precious production hours and wood avenue, Chicago 13. ST32. reduce production costs. — o—

Spatter Proof Welding Liquid—Meth­ PAGE STEEL AND WIRE DIVISION od for spraying No-spat on steel struc­ tures before and after welding, this Monessen, Pa., Atlanta, Chicago, Denver, Los Angeles, liquid cuts cleaning costs and time, pre­ New York, Pittsburgh, Portland, San Francisco vents rust and leaves cleaner and smooth­ er surface to receive the priming coat of paint. ST31. In Business for Your Safety

AM ERICAN CHAIN & CABLE COM PANY, Inc. Gas Analyser—Provides simultaneous BRIDGEPORT • CONNECTICUT analysis and continuous graphic record

EEL of the amounts of oxygen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and hydrogen in a sample of combustion products on a 10- inch strip chart, and the four different registrations (one for each gas) are shown by different colors and numbers on the chart. Cambridge Instrument Co. Inc., 3732 Grand Central Terminal, New York. ST29.

A Pickle Bath Toners— For use in pick­ ling baths either with or without Rodine to improve the finish of pickled metals, to improve the pickling of work that is slightly oily and to reduce dragout of pickling solution. Available in either liquid or powder form. American Chemical Paint Co., Ambler, Pa. ST37.

Adjustable Pressure Relief Valve— Par­ ticularly adapted for high pressure sys­ tems in aircraft hydraulics where smooth operation and longer life at maximum flow are necessary. Available" in three sizes. American Screw Products, 7000 Avalon boulevard, Los Angeles, ST39.

Blackout Paint Stripper— Formulated primarily for blackout paints of both asphaltic and non-asphaltic types and ap­ plicable to windows, street light globes and other vertical surfaces as it is of heavy body and clings without runs on any surface. Turco Products Inc., 6135 South Central avenue, Los Angeles, ST40.

Portable Lifting Table— Simplifies and speeds handling of dies to and from ma­ chines, storage shelves, etc. and may be adjusted to heights ranging from 24 to 40 inches by a crank-up mechanism. Avail­ able in two sizes, one w ith a capacity of 3000 pounds and the other with 2000 pounds. Barrett-Cravens Co., 3240 West Bartlett-Snow Skip Hoists are fully representative of the Thirtieth street, Chicago. ST41 »mpany’s outstanding leadership in this field. Bartlett-Snow mceived, designed, and built the first fully automatic Skip Hoist iore than 35 years ago-and ever since has pioneered the successive Storage Battery—Special 6-volt charge retaining unit is designed to replace 6- nprovements that have made Bartlett-Snow Skip Hoists the volt dry batteries in many applications re­ referred equipment where the lift is high-the material abrasive quiring low current at sustained voltage over long periods of time. May be re­ and where efficient, low-cost, trouble-free operation are desired, charged 15 or more times but provides apacities from 5 to 500 tons per hour. Semi-automatic and fully service of one 6-volt dry battery on single charge. Willard Storage Battery Co., utomatic, counterweighted and. counterbalanced types. Bulletin Cleveland. ST47. lo. 83, fully illustrated, gives complete details. Send for copy today.

Low Temperature Flux — Simplifies soldering and tinning operations, speeds iE c .a . B artlett -Snow cd up production and saves time. Has 6140 HARVARD AVENUE • CLEVELAND 5, OHIO slightly lower melting temperature than engineering a n d s a l e s representatives i n t h e p r i n c i p a l c i t i e s soft silver solder on initial heats and once activated will work on temperatures «EYING AND ELEVATING EQUIPMENT OF ALL KINDS • CAR HAULS • DUST AND> FUME C™ ” ° 1 jr5 I[M S slightly higher than that of 60-40 solder. SI HANDLING, STORAGE AND RECLAIMING SYSTEMS . FOUNDRY SAND, MOLD Metallizing Co. of America, 1330 West CRUSHERS, PULVERIZERS, SCREENS AND FEEDERS • POWER TRANSMISSION EOUIPMFN Congress street, Chicago. ST46. Electroplating (Continued from Page 94) cyanide bath may be made by dissolv- # ROTO-CLONE ing 50 grams per liter nickel sulfate and 3 grams per liter copper sulfate, and adding a solution of sodium cyanide until J insures uniform the precipitate which first forms is near- f ly but not completely dissolved. Free t cyanide must be avoided. Ammonium s. sand perm eability citrate or tartrate is then added to dis- tf solve the remainder of the precipitate and to promote anode corrosion. A rise in tem perature or in copper con- i centration of the bath requires a higher current density to secure a white plate. Although it is not necessary to exclude w sulfates and chlorides from the bath, the writer considers it better to do so. Ad­ dition of ammonium chloride to a good ? monel bath did not spoil it, but free 3 cyanide cut current efficiency to the vanishing point. Like other electroplate - with which the writer is acquainted, : monel plate lacks the strength and duc­ tility of the rolled sheet metal. Plating with Chromium Alloys: The 50 per cent ferro-chromium alloy used to 1 add the chromium to chromium-bear- > ing steels keeps its brilliant luster as well as does chromium metal itself. High-chromium alloys of other metals ought also to maintain their initial bright­ ness. This indicates the desirability of electroplating with chromium alloys, if it can be accomplished. The chromium-plating solution is pe­ culiar in several respects: First, the chromium bath contains an extremely high concentration of metal, but most of this is in a compound from which the metal cannot be directly deposited by the electric current. Second, an extreme­ ly high current density is required for any deposition of metal—a current den­ The advantages of compact design , and the adapt­ sity which would be fatal to the physical ability of the Roto-Clone to overhead installation qualities of the metal deposited from when floor space is limited , are well illustrated in any other commercial plating solution. the picture shoicn here. Third, it is believed that metal is deposited only from the small amount These two No. 27 Type W Roto-Clones effectively control of chromium sulfate present, yet if this the dust from sand conditioning equipment, and exhaust small amount of sulfate or of sulphuric acid present be much increased in the the required amount of fines, to insure uniform permea­ hope of obtaining a higher efficiency, all bility of the molding sand, in a large steel foundry deposition of chromium is prevented! This indicates that in adding other metals recognized for the outstanding quality of its castings. to the chromium solution in the hope of depositing chromium alloys, sulfates, This installation is typical of hundreds of Roto-Clone chlorides, etc., must be avoided. This systems in steel foundries throughout the nation. Roto- restriction is evaded by adding the second metal as carbonate or hydroxide. Clone offers complete dust control for all foundry opera­ In the first attempt to deposit a tions including shakeout, sand handling, screens, mullers, chromium alloy, copper was chosen as tumbling mills, blasts, grinders, etc. the alloying metal because of its dis­ tinctive color. To a good chromium bath, copper carbonate was added in Write for complete descriptive bulletins on the successive doses, and plating was tried Roto-Clone and its application to all foundry after each addition. No alloy plate was obtained, and deposition of chromium it­ dust problems. self was prevented. Similarly, addition of nickel carbonate prevented metal de­ position. Since iron is rendered passive j A M E R I C A N A i r F IL T E R C O . , INC. by solutions of potassium dichromate and INCORPORATED of chromic acid, there still seemed a 443 CENTRAL AVE. LOUISVILLE, KENTUCKY possibility of plating with a chromium- IN CANADA, DARLING BROTHERS, LIMITED, MONTREAL, P. Q. iron alloy. A solution of ferric sulfate was precipitated by ammonia, and the

128 • E L washed precipitate dissolved in a good chromium bath. As with copper and nickel, no deposit was obtained by elec­ trolysis. Electroplating with chromium alloys is certainly difficult, and perhaps impossible from w ater solutions. Electroplating with chromium alloys would be so valuable that many new attempts to accomplish it will undoubt­ edly be made. The account of these fail­ ures is presented here as an aid to future experimenters, so that they will not waste their time in repeating these ex­ periments, but may concentrate on exper­ iments which have not already proved to be failures. Dew-Point Indicator An experimental device developed by Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co., East Pittsburgh, Pa., utilizes electrons to de­ Assembling airfield land- ing mats— clips made of tect dew-point temperature. The elec­ Thomastrip have ductil­ trons furnish a continuous report of their ity, strength, and uni­ findings to the operator. Oxygen and formity for high speed water vapor are ionized by electron bom­ production. bardment, whereas constituents of fur­ nace gases are not. The arrangement draws a sample of gas mixture past an electron gun. As long as the gas is free of ir k -ff l i m n st'irK f W 4,1,1 » M S B W FOR UNIFORM QUALITY

• The combination of ductility and strength found in steel makes it a most logical answer to many design and production problems. Since Thomas cold rolling, sub­ sequent operations, and inspection are executed with great care, you’ll find that Thomas adds uniformity, finish, and other product qualities to those other bene­ fits which are inherent in the steel itself. impurities, the electron current is constant. However, when oxygen or water vapor A few Thomastrip features are: are mixed with the gas, some of the (1) accuracy to gauge electrons are utilized in forming nega­ tive ions. This causes a measurable (2) finishes for painting and plating decrease in electron current. (3) uniform tempers from dead soft to hard The electron tube used essentially is (4) non-ferrous and lacquer finishes a diode tube which operates with both ends open. The electron emitter and the Investigate with Thomas engineers the possibility of plate continually operate in a stream of improving your product and reducing your production hot furnace gases. This electronic dew- costs with Thomastrip. We will gladly send you a book point indicator removes the difficulty of “Classification of Extras—Cold Rolled Strip Steel. judging visually determined dew points, Write today. and provides a continuous indication of gas quality. At present the new develop­ ment, a laboratory instrument, is not commercially available. Applications of this indicator will probably be restricted BRIGHT FINISH NOT COATED, SOLDER to certain types of furnace gases. COATED, ELECTRO-COATED WITH

Measure Sound Frequency, NICKEL, ZINC, COPPER, BRASS, Duration To Test Shell AND LACtlUER COATED— IN COLORS A device which at one time was thought to be the answer to the search for an automatic method of refusing bad coins in coin-operated equipment and of making change for bottled drink vending machines is now being used for accept­ ance testing of 20-millimeter shell. Known as the Sonotest, the instrument 129 tests the quality of small objects by i means of an analysis of sound waves generated by striking or dropping the ji objects upon an anvil. Its simplicity Are you interested in saving suggests wide scope for testing based on i vibration of the part. Even minute at cracks or defects can be detected by J money on your Pickling and this method. As described by Capt. E. S. Lombard in the January-February issue of Army ’• Heat Treating Equipment? Ordnance, the device relies for efficacy upon its faculty of distinguishing and measuring first, the frequency of the & sound wave; second, amplitude of the :? sound wave; and third, duration of the sound. In operation, base frequency of the 20-millimeter shell is first produced by:? dropping the shell upon an anvil. The ; frequency thus produced is picked up by a microphone and amplitude of the sound then is automatically stepped up ; to a fixed value by means of a “limiter”. The frequency next is multiplied by a harmonic generator. Frequencies falling 5 within the band width are passed on to the time-delay network, and others are rejected. Duration of the sound then is measured in the time-delay network, and, if the duration is greater than a certain fixed minimum time, a light is illuminated on the front panel of the instrument. Following the ab®ve routine, the shell is bounced upon its side and goes through an identical process of limiting, frequency multiplication, and duration THIS NEW BOOKWILL measurement. If the shell has had the necessary qualities to pass through the last test, a second light is illuminated on SHOW YOU HOW the front panel. When both lights are illuminated, and only then, a large green or master indicator light flashes to indi­ WRITE OR MAIL COUPON BELOW cate a good shell. The small indicating lamps permit analysis of defects by We design and build tailor-made showing whether frequency or duration is incorrect. equipment for the pickle house from Monel, Inconel, and alloy Zinc Plating Solution steels. In this new catalog, we illus­ A special alkaline solution with which trate 33 different types of equip­ is used S-B addition agent for producing ment, including baskets, crates, satin-bright deposits—the degree of luster depending on the choice of operating chains, and accessories. conditions—has been developed by Han- son-Van Winkle-Munning Co., Matawan, N. J. In unagitated solutions the cathode current density range is from 10 to 45 amperes per square foot. Maximum UIELDCO brightness is obtained with the solution temperature maintained at 70 to 75 de­ grees Fahr. The deposits are somewhat THE YOUNGSTOWN WELDING & ENGINEERING CO. lustrous as they are taken from the plat­ ing bath. A satin-bright to full-bright 3711 OAKWOOD AVENUE . YOUNGSTOWN, OHIO finish is produced by dipping the work momentarily in a Vz per cent nitric acid Please Send Your Catalog BY RETURN MAIL solution. The addition agent used in the S-B solution has an extremely long life. N a m e______Additions are not required until the solu­ C om p an y______tion has operated from 1 to 3 months, the frequency depending upon the A d d r e s s _ ------amount of drag-out. Zinc-aluminum anodes are recommended in the S-B solution. City and State ! _ The S-B deposits can be heat relieved, blackened, given phosphate coatings or

130 EEL guy of the chromate film treatments. They also can be soldered without dif­ ficulty- The deposits are unalloyed zinc, giving excellent protective value. The lustrous, silvery coating can be subjected to forming, bending or drawing opera­ tions without rupturing o t lifting, accord­ ing to the company.

Deep-Drawing Domes (Continued from page 87) chromium plate is helpful in minimizing this drag. Hardened steel tools also reduce lubri­ cating difficulties, and chromium plating not only gives a hard smooth surface, but introduces a new metal with a “greasy” characteristic. Chromium, favor­ able to free sliding contact, encourages a sliding action and minimizes galling and seizing even under severe condi­ tions. . Removal of lubricant after drawing operations is also important. With inter­ mediate annealing between drawing operations, it is necessary to thoroughly dean the metal before each anneal. If not, a hard abrasive deposit may be baked on the dome, aggravating friction­ al conditions during subsequent drawing. There are numerous commercial cleaners for aluminum alloys, but most have limited value for removing coatings of tallow or heavy drawing compounds, especially if the time elapsed between drawing and cleaning is sufficient to al­ low the lubricant to harden. These factors are all present in the fabrication of this propeller dome. Thorough clean­ ing is not a simple procedure. The very qualities desired for drawing opera­ tions complicate cleaning; high film strength and tenacious adherence to the metal make for difficulty. Strong Caustic Cleaners Avoided When tallow and heavier drawing compounds are used, a preliminary im­ mersion in a penetrating bath (kero­ Klexible handling equipment sene, benzine or one of the naphthas) is usually necessary. If the compound is very adherent, the part is actually wiped or scmbbed in this preliminary bath. will load, move or store multiple numbers of heavy For fighter coatings of lubricant, mechan­ ical washing machines with high-pressure sprays suffice, operating the solution at 180 degrees Fahr. or more, followed by items m one operation with savings in an equally hot high-pressure rinse. In this case most of the cleaning action is due to force and temperature of high pressure sprays, and a mild cleaning . . solution is used. To avoid water stains, time, space, money and manpower . the aluminum part passes immediately to the drying chamber. Strong caustic cleaners are not used for this grade of aluminum is readily attacked by strong alkalies, creating rough surfaces and in­ creasing friction in subsequent drawing operations. After one of the most severe press TOWMOTOR operations, the “strike” on a 1500-ton hydraulic Watson-Stillman press for 8 THE 2 4 - H O U R O N E - M A N - G A N G seconds in which the heavy compound previously described is used, the dome is taken from the press and given a quick T0WM0T0R CORPORATION • 1223 E. 152 NO STREET, CLEVELAND 10, 0HI wiping by hand in a kerosene bath be­ STRAIGHT-GAS POWERED INDUSTRIAL TRUCKS E X C L U S I V E L Y - S I N C E fore being placed on the conveyor to the 131

— ------washing machine. Kerosene breaks down jjiidJ the coating and so aids effective cleaning '.¡¡jiH1 by the hot high-pressure sprays. A clean jjjlai bright aluminum surface is thus obtained ^¿8 for each drawing operation.

New Method for Making Offset Type Tools Thompson Aircraft Products Co., Eu­ clid, O., has developed an ingenious method for making offset type Carboloy cemented .carbide tools. In making the ordinary offset tool, the usual practice is to make the tool in two pieces—the tip and the shank. To make the offset it is necessary to mill off the side of the steel shank. However, such tools are now brazed by Thompson Aircraft Products Co. from three separate pieces—a head, a shank and the ce­ mented carbide tip. Both head and shank are of cast Meehanite for all types %-inch or larger. Used standard tool shanks are also salvaged for this purpose when practical. The head is cast in such a shape that it is ready to receive the tip. This eliminates milling to produce the offset saving both machine hours and material and also reduces the amount of machin­ ing necessary to provide a recess in the shank for the insertion of the carbide tip. EVERY CLOUD HAS A The tip can be placed on either the right or left side of the head. Thus the same heads can be used for either right or left-hand offsets. To braze the various sections of shank, the cemented carbide cutting tip, silver LINING solder brazing alloy, etc., the parts are assembled and clamped in a vise. The brazing operation is then performed us­ ing a torch. Brazing of carbide tips is not at all difficult and requires only Andrews aircraft steel is giving a good account of the provision of the simple brazing equip­ ment available in most shops. itself in the skies over Fortress Europe. Built to the most exacting specifications, this high-quality steel Wheels of 57 Alundum gives our warplanes the ability to take it as well as Offered for General Use Announcement is made by Norton Co., dish it out . . . the strength to complete many success­ Worcester, Mass., that grinding wheels made of their 57- Alundum abrasive are ful missions. Andrews aircraft quality alloy and carbon now available for general use. This abrasive is an improved aluminum oxide steel sheets are available in a wide range of sizes and product which has proved to be a suc­ cess in wheels for cylindrical grinding, thicknesses to meet specifications AN-QQ-S-685 (X- centerless grinding, internal grinding and snagging (slow speed). The 57 Alundum 4130). AN-QQ-S-686 (X-4135). AN-QQ-S-756 (X-4340). abrasive is more friable than regular Alundum abrasive, hence these wheels AN-S-11 (SAE 1020-1025). AN-S-12 (NE-8630). AN-S-22 have a fast, cool cutting action as they tend to keep themselves sharp but they (NE-8635).Completeinformation will be sent on request- also have the ability to hold shape and require few dressings. They have been successful especially in crankshaft grind­ ing where the ability of the wheel comer to stand up is very important. THI m ïïTco: Production facilities at the time of in­ D I V I S I O N o f troduction were limited so that it was m u ip o B l @ THE nnDREUIS STEEL CO. necessary to confine the use of these grinding wheels to those critical war jobs where their special characteristics were The Andrews Steel Company produces a limited range of aircraft quality alloy plates most beneficial. Production capacity

132 EEL now has been increased so that 57 Alun- 5um grinding wheels are available in the patented Norton BE vitrified bond as well Foreman's Delight! as in regular vitrified bond in a wide range of grain sizes, grades and structures for all uses. Speedy Delivery - Speedy Heat Treating

No Return to Prew ar Tin-Lead Solders Seen The behavior of a solder joint of about 95 per cent lead, 2 per cent silver and 3 per cent tin in side seams of sanitary cans is reported as so satisfactory that it ¡s unlikely that a return would be made (o 70 per cent lead—30 per cent tin, even if tin were in unlimited supply. N o . This indicates that others who ap- proach the problem of conserving tin 30-A K in solder with the same will to succeed II and the same intelligent adjustment of :> I technique evidenced by the makers of ijj I sanitary cans may likewise find a com- ij | plete and satisfactory solution. W | The lead-silver solder thus bids fair to be not a “substitute”, to be aban- pet doned after the emergency, but a re- 1 placement for much lead-tin solder— ff from a report by the War Metallurgy at Committee.

fe Colds Com bated in l';\ Comic-Type Booklet Common colds cause more absentee­ ism in war industry than all other causes m m », a combined, and this kind of absenteeism P can be reduced by following simple [w I health rules. These are the condu­ it. ! j sions reached in a new comic type g p * z — I booklet “Common Sense About the Corn­ els I mon Cold”, issued by the Morale Build­ s' e j ing and Absentee Reduction Service, 52 ¡ape Vanderbilt avenue, New York 17. In this folder a popular picture tech­ nique is employed to point out the warning symptoms of colds and to give JOHNSON advice approved by an eminent med- l ical authority for the treatment of colds.

For furnaces that can be delivered in one week for furnaces that give you quick, high, accurate temperatures for heat-treating hi-speed steels - Insulating pinion gears from shafting now and later — call on JO H N S O N — for more by means of applying a bushing of rubber than 40 years a name that means reliable service. directly between gear and shaft to stop No. 120, Hi-Speed Steel Heat-Treating Furnace, transmission of noise, shock, vibration and $129 50 No. 130, Hi-Speed Steel Heat-Treating impact is a development announced by Furnace, $248.00. No. 130A , 4-burner Hi-Speed Bushings Inc., 3442 W est Eleven Mile Steel Heat-Treating Furnace, $295; 6-burner Hi- road, Berkley, Mich. Rubber or synthetic Speed Steel Heat-Treating Furnace, $325. No. 575, Pot Hardening and Melting Furnace, $400. A ll material can be inserted without the Prices F.O.B. Factory. usual inner and outer metal sleeves, sav­ ing considerable cost, the company states. USE COUPON FOR CATALOG Special tooling is not required and two " fie c customary machining operations, milling \ JOHNSON GAS APPLIANCE CO. keyways or flats, are eliminated. Process i 626 E Ave. N.W ., Cedar Rapids, Iowa. can be employed in virtually any equip­ ment employing gear drives. i Please send me Free Johnson Catalog No special preparation of shafting or gear is required. After the material is in , Name------position, it provides a mechanical bond Sales Offices: 120 Liberty St., with the bore of the gear and the surface __ State of the shafting of sufficient strength to New York City 6, N.Y. transmit the required torque. Bourse Bldg., Philadelphia Arc Welding tlectroaes

(Continued from page 101) at figures below the minimum value specified for E6011 electrode and the minimum figure is shown in Table III as it was suspected that this is the value to be expected. Ranges for current and voltage to be used with each diameter of electrode are given in Table IV. Here it may be noted that the spread is nowhere near as great as was listed for E6010 elec­ trodes. This state of affairs is no acci­ dent. One notable requirement of E6011 electrodes is that they be used within a narrow range of current. Overheating leads to inferior physical properties. Sim­ ilarly strange mechanical properties will be found when insufficient current is selected. This point might be kept in mind should any difficulty be encountered in passing physical tests imposed by welding codes. In fact while it is a good idea to follow manufacturers sug­ gested values with all electrodes, it is almost mandatory that you do so with E6011 electrodes. Because the E6011 electrodes are rather new, not all of the possible ap­ provals have been secured. A smaller list than was shown for E6010 electrodes is the result, although it is to be expect­ ed that E6011 electrodes will eventually qualify everywhere that E6010 have been accepted. At any rate the follow­ ing codes and specifications have been met: — American Bureau of Shipping, Hull Class 1 and Boiler Class 1. —-API-ASME Code for Unfired Pres­ sure Vessels, Paragraph W-520. —ASME Code for Unfired Pressure Vessels, Paragraphs U68, U69 and U70. —Bureau of Ships Specification 46E3 (INT), Grade III, Class 1. Although E6011 electrodes were de­ LAG SCREWS a n d veloped with the specific needs of the shipbuilding industry in mind, the ship­ yards have not turned to this group in CARRIAGE BOLTS all cases. The explanation will be found in the current generating conditions in TRIPLEX Lag Screws and Carriage Bolts are known for their the various yards. While some of the rugged dependability. Seldom do they yield from even excess newer yards are well equipped for alter­ nating-current welding, most of the overload. older yards are set up for direct-current It is better to have a Carriage Bolt just a little tougher than welding. Along the ways, especially, the older necessary for the purpose. yards are accustomed to providing con­ Likewise, with Lag Screws, it is safer to have a little excess of stant-potential generator outlets. A hun­ dred or more welders take their current the holding strength normally needed. For if one in a hundred from resistance boxes along the feeders fails, it casts doubt on the other 99. from a centrally located constant-poten­ tial generator of 1500 amperes mini­ Specify TRIPLEX for that added margin in toughness and mum capacity. Since all of the welders dependability. are seldom welding at the same time, this is a most economical way of getting TRIPLEX SCREW COMPANY welding current. Besides these large generators have a high power factor 5341 GRANT AVENUE • CLEVELAND 5, OHIO which is often helpful in off-setting a less favorable power condition from other power driven machinery about the yard. One drawback to the constant-poten­ tial generator is the restriction of one polarity. All of the welders must use

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