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Home , Deductive closure, Gettier problem, KK thesis, Regress argument, Reliabilism

INDEX OF NAMES

A Austin, John L., 53-54, 286-287 Abelard, Peter, 11, 13,325 Auvergne, Wilhelm of, 13 Abraham, Max, 945 A verroes, 11 Achinstein, Peter, 215, 218 219 Avicenna, 11, 13 220 ' , Aquinas, Thomas, 11-12, 13,20, Ackennann, Wilhelm, 592 337,456 Adams, Ernest, 902 Ayer, Alfred, 51, 52, 283, 379, Adams, J. K., 868 405,820 Adams, P. A., 868 Adams, John Couch, 926 B Adler, Jonathan, 158-160,880-881 Bachelard, Gaston, 611 Aeschylus, 639 Bacon, Francis, 14, 18, 24, 197, Agassi, Joseph, 219 198, 206-208, 210-211, 228, Agassiz, Alexander, 931, 932 244,524,987 Ajdukiewicz, Kazimier, 5, 48, 790, Bacon, J. B., 798 793,795,805,824,829,830 Bacon, Roger, 12-13, 18 AI-Farabi, Abu Nasr, 11 Baire, R. L., 586 Albert the Great, 11, 13 Baker, John A., 293 A1chourron, Carlos, 255, 263 Baker, L. R., 511 D' Alembert, Jean Ie Rond, 27 Baldwin, T., 400, 402 Almeder, Robert, 551 Balzac, Honore, 634 Alston, William, 349, 366, 467, Bambrough, Renford, 625 470,483,487,665,687,696, Bar-Hillel, Yehoshua, 521-522 698-4, 702, 862 791,827 ' Amabile, Teresa 858 Barnes, Barry, 758-765, 770, 926, Anaxagoras, 6 931-3,937,954-956 Anderson, C. A. 831 Barthes, Roland, 634, 639 Anscombe, Elizabeth, 955 Bartlett, F. C., 956 Anselm of Canterbury, St., 11 Bartley, W. W., 742 Archimedes, 575 Batens, Diderik, 232-34 , 7-8, 9, 11 20 206 228 Baudrillard, Jean, 989, 1006-1007 337-1,341,348: 385,398-2, ' Bayes, Thomas, 216-3, 225, 226, 405,456,506-507,522-523, 683 526, 573-575, 580-582, 608, Bealer, George, 782, 831 612,751,811 Beardsley, Monroe C., 632, 634- Annstrong, David, 341, 399, 417, 635,641,990 652,985-986,996-998 Belnap, Noel D., 236, 245, 382- Aron, Raymond, 635 383 Arthur, Brian, 957 Bencivenga, E., 797 Audi, Robert, 490, 873 Bender, J. W., 891, 991, 993 , 10,986 Beneke, Friedrich Eduard, 41 Aune, Bruce, 828 Bennett, Jonathan, 794,828 Austen, Jane, 655, 1003

1027 1028 INDEX OF NAMES

Benussi, Vittorio, 41 Bradley, Francis Herbert, 34, 49, Berg, Jan, 827 351,362,402,621 Bergmann, Gustav, 793 Bradwardine, Thomas, 13 Bergson, Henri, 47-48 Braine, M. D. S., 888 Berkeley, George, 3, 5, 21-23,81, Braithwaite, Richard B., 228 404,417,555,652,694,926 Brandom, Robert, 384, 403, 405 Berlin, Isaiah, 612 Brannigan, Augustine, 236, 239- Bernays, Paul, 38, 446, 593, 599 241,243 Berry, G. D., 594 Brentano, Franz, 43-45, 403, 440, Bernoulli, Jacob, 527 452-453,610,614,617,628, Bernstein, Richard J., 622 819 Berwick, R. C., 726 Brewer, Bill, 670 Beth, Evert, 229 Brigdman, William P., 47 Bhaskar, Roy, 428 Brisson, Christine, 726 Billman, Dorrit 858-859 Broad, C. D., 820 Black, Max, 525-526,997 Broadbent, Donald, 938, 956 Blackburn, Simon, 9 Bromberger, Sylvain, 230 Blake, William, 1004 Brooks, P. G., 887 Blanshard, Brand, 34, 364-8, 401- Brouwer, Luitzen Egbertus Jan, 5 445,586-587,588,922 Block, Ned, 720, 728 Brown, Jessica, 668 Bloor, David 758-765, 770 Brueckner, A., 667 Blum, L., 190 Buchanan, B. G., 900 Blum, M., 190 BUchner, Ludwig, 40 Boden, Margaret, 238, 995 Bunge, Mario, 796 Boghossian, Paul, 566, 668, 670, Burali-Forti, Cesare, 594 782, 804-805, 828 Burge, Tyler, 510-511, 518, 657- Boh, I., 963 659,662,665,667,669,721 Bohr, Niels, 218 Burian, Richard, 223 Bolayi, Janos, 594 Buridan, John, 13, 337, 963 Bolzano, Bernard, 3, 41-42, 325, Burleigh, Walter, 963 442-443, 445, 453-454, 458, Butrick, R., 828 585 Byrne, R. M. J., 888 Bonaventure, St. see Fidanza, Jan Bonjour, Laurence, 363, 367, 476, C 477,478-479,481-482,484, Cain, J. A., 740 487-488,490,831,859,873, Campbell, Donald, 221, 222, 736- 891 738,740-742,810,934,956 Boole, George, 532, 581, 594 Camp, J. C., 382, 383 Borkowski, L., 795, 806-807 Candlish, S., 402 Borel, Emile, 527, 586 Cantor, Georg, 575, 581, 584, 586, Born, Max, 948 590,594 Bosanquet, Bernard, 34 Cardano, Girolamo, 14 Bourbaki, Nicholas, 599 Cargile, James, 566 Bradie, Michael, 736 INDEX OF NAMES 1029

Carnap, Rudolf, 38, 51, 52-53, 188, Cohen, L. J., 514, 515, 536, 860- 213,219,227,402,418,420- 861,900 421,521-522,526,531,533- Cohen, Paul, 595 534,534-535,550,553,556, Cohen, Stewart, 484 566,610-611,618,788,791- Cole, Stephen, 939, 941, 944, 949- 792,799,801,803-804,812, 950,952,957 818-819,828,830,932-934, Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 993- 940, 951-952, 963 994 , 9 Collingwood, R. G., 228, 618 Carnot, Sadi, 233 Collins, Allan, 900 Carroll, Noel, 990 Collins, Harry, 236, 954, 956, 957 Cartwright, Nancy, 611 Comte, Auguste, 38-39, 418 Cartwright, R. L., 400 Conant, James, 925 Case, J., 191 Condillac, Etienne Bonnot de, 27 Cassirer, Ernst, 35, 36, 631, 633 Conee, Earl, 485, 486 Castonguay, Charles, 822, 828, Copernicus, Nicolaus, 14, 566, 830 921,921 Casullo, A., 831 Copi, Irwing, 790, 821, 830 Cauchy, Auguste, 594 Cosmides, Leda, 142, 146-148, Chaitin, Gregory, 602 152-153,888 Chalmers, David J., 615 Cournot, A. A., 529 Changeaux, J.-P., 740 Couturat, Louis, 578 Charron, Pierre, 14 Chun, Carl, 931, 932 Cheng, P. W., 888-889 Church, Alonzo, 790, 809, 830 Cherniack, Christopher, 169,219 Cirera, Ramon, 828 Chihara, Charles, 597 Cowper, E. A., 709, 726 Chisholm, Roderick, 284, 351, 349, Craig, Edward, 491, 872 485-486,618,694,796,819, Creath, Richard, 828 828,831,862-863,873,876, Crimmins, M., 502-504, 510, 726 963 Culicover, P. W., 192, 709 Chomsky, Noam, 17, 138-140, Curd, Martin, 214, 143,396,614,629,709,710, Currie, Gregory, 990, 996 712-714,718,727,818,860, Curry, Haskell B., 446, 455, 603 992 Cziko, Gary, 736, 738-739 Church, Alonzo, 423, 446, 458, 528,592,595 D Churchland, Paul, 416, 551, 607, Dalton, John, 218 615,627,629,873,875 Dante Alighieri, 12 Chwistek, Leon, 446, 585 Danto, Arthur C., 639 Clarke, D. S. Jr., 286-289 Darden, Lindlay, 237, 740 Clasius, Rudolf, 233 Darwin, Charles, 46, 219-222, 230, Clement of Alexandria, 9 240,244,558,736,738-739, Clifford, W. K., 689-690 819 Code, Lorraine 859, 993, 1003 David, Marian, 828 Cohen, Hermann, 35-36 1030 INDEX OF NAMES

Davidson, Donald, 318, 341, 389, Dretske, Fred, 509-511, 610, 614, 398-399,402,404,420,422, 741,869 481,518,609-610,615,620- Dubislav, Walter, 789, 827 621,626-627,632,635-636, Duhem, Pierre, 48, 234, 242, 921- 656,660,662,667,715,719, 924,926-928,930,932,955 721, 742, 756, 768 Dummett, Michael, 357, 369-403, Davies, Martin, 670, 709, 711, 712, 421-422,437,445-446,637, 717,990-991 641, 709, 714,719,720-725, Davis, Ph. J., 601 727,827 Dear, Peter, 208 Duncan, S. C., 239 de Finetti, Bruno, 530, 566 Duns Scotus, John, 12,423,456, de Morgan, Augustus, 581, 594 963 Dedekind, Richard, 583, 594, 599 Dvorak, Max, 38 Delius, H., 822, 829 DeLong, H., 830-831 E , 6, 20 Eccles, John, 417 Dennett, Daniel C., 615, 659, 726, von Eckhardt, Barbara 842 742,842 Eckhart, Master, 12 De Pieris, G., 829 Edelman, G. M., 740 Derrida, Jacques, 988 Edge, David, 956 Descartes, Rene, 3, 4, 5, lO, 14-18, Ehrenfe1s, Christian von, 41 20,24,32,95,100,206-208, Einstein, Albert, 221, 238, 829, 210-211,228,288,337,355- 925,944-945,947 356,357-358,360,404,469, Elman, J., 717 576-577,607-608,614,617, Ess1er, R 829-830 627,647-651,659,669,688- Ellis, Brian, 220 689,691,694,703,770,811, Ellis, R. L., 528 815,818-819,829-830,843, Empedocles, 5 987,992 Engels, Friedrich, 40 Desmond, Adrian, 954 Enriques, F., 582 Detlefsen, Michael, 798 Ericsson, K. A., 868 Devitt, Michael, 399, 608, 616, Eriugena, John Scot, 13 625-626, 636 Etchemendy,John,389 Dewey, John, 351, 401, 419,735, Euclid, 7, 574-576, 582 742,841 Evans, Gareth, 712-7l3, 716-717, Diderot, Denis, 27 726 Diller, Justus, 447 Dilthey, Wilhelm, 34, 38, 607, 609, F 623,642,954 Dionysius the Pseudo Aeropagite, Fagin, R., 963 10 Faraday, Michael, 221, 238 Dorling, Jon, 210, 223 Faucher, Luc, 219 Downes, S., 235-236 Feagin, S., 990 Doyle, Jon, 258 Feldman, Richard, 290, 485-486, Dreben, Burton, 828 841 INDEX OF NAMES 1031

Fetzer, James H., 562 Galileo Galilei, 13-14, 220, 559, Feyerabend, Paul, 416, 623, 640, 751-753 923-924, 1016 Galison, Peter, 551 Feynman, Richard, 218 Gfu"denfors, Peter, 255, 263, 265, Fichte, Johann G., 3, 32-33, 35, 505,534,963 439-440, 993 Gauss, C. F., 594 Fidanza, Jan, 12 Geach, Peter, 384, 613 Field, Hartry, 333, 393-394, 399, Geffner, H., 902 405-407,423,596-597,831 Geirsson, H., 83 1 Fine, Arthur, 424, 623, 952, 973 George, A., 707, 708,711, 716, Finetti, Bruno de, 966 724, 726, 728 Firth, Roderick, 287 Gentzen, Gerhard Karl Erich, 353, Fischhoff, Baruch, 142, 868 593 Fisher, R. A., 532 Gettier, Edmund, 286, 290, 356, Fleck, Ludwik, 239, 611 357, 467-468 Flew, Anthony, 679-680 Gewirth, A., 799, 827-828 Floyd, Julieth, 828 Gibson, E., 713 Fodor, Jerry, 144,333,509,511, Gibson, J. J., 416 610,614,627,629,632,710- Giere, Ronald, 213, 532 712,718,727,864-865,874- Gigerenzer, Gerd, 142, 146, 150, 877 152,157-158,160-163, 172, Foley, Richard, 500, 504-505, 507, 550 859 Gilligan, Carol, 1013 Foucault, Michel, 607, 609, 612, Ginet, Carl, 291, 488,862 616-617,642,988-989,993 Glymour, Clark, 223, 227, 536, Fox Keller, Evelyn, 1015 566 Franklin, Allan, 566 GOdel, Kurt, 455, 458, 572, 582, Frege, Gottlob, 41-43, 213, 325, 585,592-593,595-597,602 346-347,349,351,379,398, Gochet, Paul, 803, 828 404-405,437-438, 442-443, Goethe, John Wolfgang, 212 445-446,501-503,511,581- Gold, E. M., 189, 191-192 585,591-592,594,625, Goldman, Alan H., 873 786,794-796, 8 I 2, 814-8 I 5, Goldman, Alvin, 164-165, 168, 818,827,829-830 291,303-304,367,483,719, Freud, Sigmund, 639 850-857,859,862,864,866- Friedman, Harvey, 594 867,869,872,878-879,883, Friedman, Michael, 831 899-902 Fries, Jacob Friedrich, 35, 37, 819 Gombrich, E. H., 1006 Fritzsche, P., 958 Gottfried, K., 928 Good, I. J., 530-531, 534 G Goodman, Nelson, 421, 423, 427, 536,553,725,800,828,870 Gadamer, Georg, 609, 621, 623, Gopnik, Alison, 652, 868 631-632,638,642,990,1000, Gregory of Rimini, 325 1002, 1008 Gregory, Richard, 417,873,957 lO32 INDEX OF NAMES

Grelling, Kurt, 38, 594 Hellman, Geoffrey, 599-600, 828 Grice, H. P., 284,802-803 828 Helmholtz, Hermann, 38 Griggs, R. A., 887 ' Hempel, Carl G., 213-214, 227- Gross A, 427, 949 228,364,402,534-535,556, Grotius, Hugo, 17, 819 610,618,641,828-829,878 Grover, D. L., 382-384 Henry, John, 954-956 Gruber, Howard, 220-222, 244 , 5 GMel, Kurt, 395-396,790-791, Herbart, Johannes, 35 807-808,821,830 Herder, Johann 612 Gupta, Anil, 397, 797 Hersh, Reuben, 601 Gutting, Gary, 212-214, 228 Herz, Marcus, 608 Hesse, Mary, 221, 244, 764, 925, H 926-926,958 Heyting, Arend, 446-447 589 593 Haack, Susan, 828,949-952,957- Hick, John, 676-2, 701' , 958 Habermas, Jiirgen, 631 Hilbert, David, 38, 446, 553, 580, 582,590-594,599 Hacker, Peter, 653 Hill, A. B., 550 Hacking, Ian, 560, 566, 637 Hilpinen, Risto, 291-292 Hale, Bob, 437 Hinchman, L. P., 1005 Hamblin, C. L., 245 Hinchman, S. K., 1005 Hanson, Norwood Russell, 206, Hintikka, Jaakko, 209, 228-229, 214-216,873 232,243,521-522,531,533- Haraway, Donna, 1017-1018 534,536,551,566,796,805, Harding, Sandra, 822, 1016, 1018, 806,816,820,828,963,967 1021-1023 974,979 ' Hardwig, J., 925 Hirsch, E. D. Jr., 621, 632, 641 Hardwood, J., 944, 954 990 ' Harman, Gilbert, 164,298-299, Hjort, M., 990 333,487,505,519,720-721, 742,828,831,883,891,992 Hobbes, Thomas, 17-18,669,987 Hocutt, M. O. 964 Harms, W., 743 Holland, John, 222, 887 Harper, William, 255 Holland, R. F., 831 Harre, Rom, 221, 309-311 Hollinger, D., 920 Harrison, Bernard, 991 Holyoak, Keith J. 888 Hartmann, N., 819 Hon, Giora, 944-949 Hashimoto, T., 956 Hookway, Christopher 842 Hattiangadi, J. N., 218 Hornstein, N., 718 Heal, Jane, 654 Horwich, Paul, 395-396, 407 Hegel, Georg Friedrich Wilhelm, Hosiasson-Lindenbaum, Janina, 32,33,35,40,351,400,402, 534-535 416,607-609,612-613,616- Hospers, John, 998 617,619-621,642,993 1017 Howard, William, 447 Heidegger, Martin, 45, 607, 609, Howson, Colin, 226, 514 642, 768 Heit, Evan 858 INDEX OF NAMES 1033

Hull, David, 221, 736-738,741- Kant, Immanuel, 3, 18,28-31,32, 742 211,228,283,338,372-375, Hume, David, 3, 22-24, 68-69, 94- 402-404,416,456,460,525, 95,243,416,503,521,524- 572,579-581,584,586,588- 526,554,737,819,841,847- 589,591,598,607-608,612- 849,925,942,957,986-988, 613,615-617,626-627,659, 993, 1002 737, 781-784, 790, 796-798, Humphreys, Paul, 552-553, 562, 811-816,818-819,824,827, 566, 758 829-830,987,993,1002 Husserl, Edmund, 41, 44-45, 213, Kantorovich, Aharon, 222 325,440,607,628,813,815, Kaplan, David, 347, 351, 826 818-819,830 Kaplan, Mark, 505-506, 508, 516- 517,974 I von Karman, Theodore, 958 Katz, Jeroldj, 796, 804, 828 Ibn Rushdo See A verroes Kaufmann, Walter, 925, 944-948 Ibn Sinao See A vicenna Kelly, Kevin, 224, 227, 883 Ingarden, Roman, 45 Kelsen, Hans, 38 Iseminger, Go, 990 Kemeny, John, 534, 792, 802, 828, Israeli, Isaac, 13, 337 830 Kenny, Anthony, 613 J Kepler, Johannes, 14, 242, 558 James, William, 46, 49, 351, 354, Keynes, John Maynard, 531, 533- 355,400-401,403,418-420, 534 736 Keyser, Samuel, 709, 726 Jardine, Lisa, 207, 228 Kiikeri, Mika, 241 Jeffrey, Richard, 514, 518-519, Kieran, Mo, 1001 533 Kim, Jaegwon, 614-615, 630, 741, Jeffreys, Harold, 533 841 Jennings, Dennis 858 Kirkham, R. L., 355, 370, 399, Jevons, Stanley, 529 403 Joachim, Harald, 34, 359, 398-399, Kirsh, Do, 726 402 Kitcher, Philip, 218, 551, 597, 601, Johnson-Laird, Po No, 888 742,831 Jones, Ernest, 639 Kjorup, So, 997 Joule, James Prescott, 233 Kleene, So Co, 789, 831 Klein, F 0' 588 K Klein, Peter, 293-299, 315 Kleiner, Scott, 221, 230-231, 244 Kahneman, Daniel 130, 134-135, Koftka, Kurt, 41 137-138,549,851-852,856, Koehler, Jo, 160-161 858-859, 867, 885, 899-900, Koestler, Arthur, 241 902-903 Kohlberg, Lennart, 10 14 Kaila, Eino, 51-52 Kohler, Wolfgang, 41 Kaiser, Do, 954 Kokoszynska, Maria, 790 1034 INDEX OF NAMES

Kolakowski, Leszek, 573 Le Roy, Edouard, 48 Kolmogorov, Andrei, 195,446- Lebesgue, H. L., 586 447,527-528 Leeds, Stephen, 637 Kordig, Carl, 214, 757 Lehrer, Keith, 276, 285, 288-290, Koriat, Asher, 868 292,319,363,477,484,489, Kornblith, Hilary, 487, 489, 742, 513, 891 857,859,869,872 Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 3, 17, Koza, John, 222 25-27,32,338,456,521,575, Krantz, David H., 552, 554 577-579,581,583,601,620, Kripke, Saul, 347, 351, 423, 620, 694-695,808,811,819,829- 625,726,818,826,831,963, 831 977-979 Lemmon, E. J., 968 Kronecker, Leopold, 586 Lemos, N. M., 828 Krug, Thomas, 3 Lenat, D. B., 234, 882 Kuhn, Thomas S., 228, 230, 239, Lenin, Vladimir I., 40 245, 551, 558-559, 561-562, Lenard, Philipp, 920 566,610-613,620,642,743, Lenzen, Wolfgang, 963-965 756-757,770,873,923,925, Lepore, Ernest, 621, 713-714, 718- 926, 943-944, 952, 955-956, 719,726-727 1016, 1020-1021 Lesniewski, Stanislaw, 446 Kulkarni, D., 237 Leverrier, Urbain Jean Joseph, 926 Kusch, Martin, 944, 953-954 Levi, Isaac, 255, 257, 260-261, Kutschera, Franz, von, 963, 971 274,511-513,529,536 K vanvig, C. Jonathan L., 311-312 Lewin, Y., 831 Kyburg, Henry, 504, 529, 829, 883 Levinson, J., 991 Lewis, C. I., 47,819-820 L Lewis, David, 423, 531, 552, 721, 977 Ladusaw, W., 726 Lichtenstein, Sarah, 142, 868 Lakatos, Imre, 216, 229,566,598- Liebman, Otto, 35 599,743,920,958 Livingston, P., 990 Lamarque, Peter, 995-996, 998, Lloyd, B. B. 855, 872 1008-1010 Lloyd, Genevieve, 1015 Langacker, R. W., 717 Lloyd, Elisabeth Anne, 552 Langer, Susanne, 633 Loar, Brian, 726 Langford, C., 790, 830 Lobachewsky, N. I., 594 Langley, P., 234-236 Locke, John, 3, 18-21,24,32,337, Laplace, P. S., 532 416,469,471,554,583,688, Larson, R., 709, 712 986-987, 991, 993 Latour, Bruno, 611, 940-943, 955 Loeve, Michel, 552 Laudan, Larry, 207, 211,214, 223- Loewer, Barry, 727 228,230,562,757-758,920, Longino, Helen, 924, 952, 955, 958 1015,1018-1021,1023 Laver, S., 990 Lorentz, Hendrik Anton, 945-947 Lavoisier, Antoine, 925 Lorenz, Konrad, 629, 736-737 Laymon, Ronald, 210 INDEX OF NAMES 1035

Lotze, Hermann, 41-42 McLaughlin, Brian, 670 Lowith, Karl, 607 McLaughlin, Robert, 214, 217 Luklics, Gyorgy, 40 225 ' Luzin, N. N, 586 McMullin, Eman, 562 Lycan, William G., 220, 725 McTaggart, John,34,403 Lyell, Charles, 219, 221-222 Medin, D. 855, 872 Lyons, William E., 652 Meheus, Joke, 232-234,236 Mehlberg, Henryk, 793 M Meinong, Alexius, 44, 325, 399, 819 Mach, Ernst, 39,424 Mellor, Hugh, 661 MacCrimmon, K. R., 902 Mendel, Georg, 240 Macintyre, Alasdair 765-770 Merton, Robert K. 920-921, 934, MacKenzie, D., 944 939,950,955 Mackie, John L., 348-349 Metcalfe, Janet, 868 Madden, Edward H., 309-311 Meyer, Jean-Arcady, 859 Maddy, Penelope, 597 Meyer, Michel, 228, 244 Maher, Patrick, 516-517 Michalski, Ryszard, 900 Makinson, David, 255, 263, 267- Mill, John Stuart, 39, 82, 197,208, 268,274 226, 417, 523, 554, 580-581, Malebranche, Nicholas, 987 815,841 Malthus, Robert, 221 Miller, David, 193 Mannheim, Karl, 38, 920, 954 Millikan, Ruth Garrett, 509, 861- Marc-W ogau, Konrad, 827 869,872 Margolis, Joseph, 609, 628, 631, Mills, E., 931 634,639,641,990,997 Milmed, B. K., 812 Marsilius of Padova, 12 Miner, Ann, 868 Martin, Ben, 957 Mises, Richard von, 186, 528 Martin, Emily, 1014, 1015 Mitchell, Basil, 675 Martin, J. N., 793-794, 797, 801- Mohanty, Jitendranath, 628 802,828 Moleschott, Jacob, 40 Martin-LOf, Per, 441, 447 452 456-457, 798, 829 ' , Monk, Robert, 217 Montaigne, Michel, 14 Marty, Anton, 44 Moore, George Edward, 31, 49, 50, Marx, Karl, 40, 607, 609,642 53,325,338,349,351352-354 Mates, Benson, 800-802, 828 399-401, 440, 556, 618-620 ' Maxwell, Grover, 566 812 ' Maxwell, James Clerk, 221 Moravscik, Julius, 795 Mayo, Deborah, 532 Morscher, E., 827 McCarty, D. C., 798 Moser, Paul, 471, 488, 782, 797, McClelland, John, 717 804,828,830 McDowell, John, 608, 617, 626, Mulkay, Michael, 956 647, 719-720, 723-725, 727- MUlier, O. 828 728 Mulligan, Kevin, 341, 399 McGee, V., 407 Munz, P., 737, 742 McGinn, Colin, 714 1036 INDEX OF NAMES

Murawski, Rowan, 827 Oresme, Nichole, 13 Musgrave, Alan, 566,743 Osgood, Charles, 944

N p Nagel, Thomas 754 Palmer, F., 995 N agel, Ernest, 712-713 Pannekoek,A.,926 Natorp, Paul, 35, 586 Pap, Arthur, 819, 820, 823-824, Nayak, Abhaya, 261 827,830 Nelson, Leonard, 37 Papineau, David, 758 Nercessian, Nancy, 221, 238 Pappus, 208 von Neumann, Johann, 552 Parmenides, 5-6, 815, 819 Neurath, Otto, 51,402,405 Parsons, Ch., 828 Newell, Allen, 237, 257 Pascal, Blaise, 17,24,445, 527, Newton, Sir Isaac, 206-210, 243, 577 558,575 Pasch, A., 828 Neyman, Jerzy, 187,514,532,536 Pasch, Moritz, 582, 594 Nicholas of Cusa, 12 Pasteur, Louis, 237 Nicod, Jean, 534 Paxson, Thomas, 292 Nickles, Thomas, 212, 216, 220, Peacock, A., 831 222,224-227,232,242,244- Peacocke, Christopher, 666, 670 245 Peano, Giuseppe, 582,591,594 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 46, 355, 401, Pearl, Judea, 883, 900-902 607,609,642,988-989 Pearson, Egon, 187 Niiniluoto, Ilkka, 533 Peirce, Benjamin, 418 Nisbett, Richard 858, 868 Peirce, Charles Sanders, 46-47, Niyogi, P., 726 206,214-216,244,365,351, Nordenstam, T., 804, 828 354,369,403,416,418-419, Norton, John, 210, 223 423,427-428,523-524,526, Novitz, David, 990-991, 994-995, 529,531,581 998-999, 1004-1008 Pera, Marcello, 225 Nowak, G., 894 Perkins, R., 828 Nowaczyk, A., 796, 831 Perry, John 503 Nozick, Robert, 302, 306 Phillips, D. Z., 676, 702, 868 Nussbaum, Martha, 986, 1001 Pickering, Andrew, 943-944, 954 Pieri, M., 582 o Pinch, Trevor, 954 Planck,Max, 945,947 Oberdan, Thomas, 828 Plantinga, Alvin, 291, 295-296, Ockham, William of, 12-13, 18, 305-308, 313-320, 366-403, 963 469-471,500,515,680,684- Olsen, Stein, 995-996, 1008-1010 695, 701-703 Olson, K. R., 399 , 6-7, 9, 42, 228, 244, 283- Olsson, Erik, 274, 276 284,301,333,337,343,376- Oppenheim, Paul, 228, 534, 610 377,399,403-404,468,573, Orenstein, Alex, 828 576,581-582,589,735,747, INDEX OF NAMES 1037

766, 770, 815, 830, 861-862, Quinton, Anthony, 820 873,970,985-986,1002 Plotinus, 10 R Plotkin, H., 739 Ramsey, Frank Po, 49-51, 379, 381, Poincare, Henri, 48, 574, 587-588, 405,446,530,552,585,637 819-820,945,947 Ranke, Leopold von, 642 Polanyi, Michael" 223, 946 Rantala, Veikko, 828 Pollock, John, 299-301, 479,519, Rawls, John, 870 794-795,828,873,883-890 Reder, Lynne, 868 Popper, Karl, 43, 51-52, 185, 193, Reichenbach, Hans, 38, 51, 186, 213,218,221-222,226,244, 212,213,214,523,526,528, 417,526,529,531,535,557, 791,812,824 566,598-599,610,618,623, Reid, Thomas, 31, 117, 244, 416, 637,641,736-737,740,752, 650,702,942 755-757,923,924,952,956 Reinhold, Ernst, 3 Prakash, Mo, 882 Reinhold, Karl L., 3 Prawitz, Dag, 448 Remes, Unto, 209 Priest, Graham, 797, 828 Rescher, Nicholas, 402, 480, 736- Prior, Ao No, 382 737 Premack, David, 629 Resnik, Michael Do, 599 Proclus Diadochus, 574- 575 Richard, Mo 503 Protagoras, 6, 376, 377, 420, 439, Richards, Jo, 954, 957 747, 768 Rickert, Heinrich, 36 Proust, Joelle, 827 Ricoeur, Paul, 631 Ptolemy, 7, 921 Rips, Lance, 888 Putnam, Hilary, 188-189,347,351, Root, Michael, 726 365,378,401,403-404,423, Rorty, Richard, 353-354, 401, 416, 427-428,440,480,510,553, 420,483,621,742,765-770 596, 608, 610, 616-618, 626, 1007 ' 637,667,721,765-770,794, Rosch, Eo 855, 872 819,828,831,998,1001 Rosenbaum, Po, 566 Pylynshyn, David 842 Ross, Lee 858 of Elis, 9 Rott, Hans, 264 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 27-28 Q Rowe, William, 681-683 702 Quine, Willard van Orman, 41, 47, Rubin, Do, 566, 610 ' 242,284,341,345,391-393, Rudner, Richard, 610 397,399,406,417,423,440, Rumelhart, Do 717 446, 551, 553, 558, 566, 596, Ruse, Michael, 220, 736-739, 743 607, 609-610, 614, 620-621, Russell, Bertrand, 49-50, 289, 325, 625-626,636,711-712 715 338,340,341,345,349,351- 717,725-726,742,754,757, 353,398-399,401,417-419, 788,794,797-806,808-810, 440,446,502-503,556,564, 827-829, 843-845, 847-848, 581-582, 584-585, 591-592, 857,974-975,977-979,1016 1038 INDEX OF NAMES

594,599,620-621,625,786- Shapin, Steven, 610, 944, 954 788,812,818,827-829 Shapiro, Stewart, 599-600 Ryle, Gilbert, 53, 323, 508, 652 Shatz, David 841, 846-847 1000 ' Sheperd, M., 882 Shields, Carol, 992 S Shin, Sun-Joo, 563 Shoemaker, Sidney, 663 Salmon, Wesley, 216-217, 225 Shortliffe, E. H., 900 Samuels, Paul, 219 Sidelle, A., 831 Sandqvist, Tor, 263 Siebel, M., 827 Sarkar, Sahotra, 565, 828 S!egel, Harvey 747-750, 766, 841 Sartwell, C., 971 Slger of Brabant, 12, 13 Sauer, W., 828 Simon, Herbert, 168, 223, 225, Savage, L. J., 536,902 234-235,237,239,868 Schaffer, Simon, 240, 944 Simons, Peter, 341 Scheffler, Israel 757 Simonton, D. K., 222 Scheler, Max, 45, 819 Simpson, S. G., 594 Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm 32- Singer, L., 828 33,35,212,993-994 ' Sintonen, Matti, 231-232, 236, 238, Schepers, H., 829 245, 728 Schiffer, Stephen, 709, 718 Skinner, B. F., 710 Schiller, Ferdinand C. S., 47, 351 419-420 ' Skolem, Thoralf, 446, 594 Sloman, Aron 794-795 Schilpp, Paul Arthur, 737-738 Slovic, Paul, 142,868 Schlei~rmacher, Friedrich, 34, 621 Smart, John, 417 Schlesmger, George N., 226 Smith, Barry, 341, 656, 714, 720 Schlick, Moritz, 51, 244, 420, 424 728 ' Schmitt, Frederick F., 399, 842, Smith, c., 190 846,849,853,859,862 866- 867 ' Smith, E. E., 855, 872 Smith, Hermstein, 958 Scholz, Heinrich 789,830 Soames, Scott, 389 Schopenhauer, Arthur, 34, 46, 993 Smullyan, Raymond, 661 SchrOder, Ernst, 581 Sober, Elliott, 220, 860 Schiltz, Alfred, 45 Socrates, 6, 197, 244, 341, 345, Schwarz, Bennett, 868 747,985-986,1003-1005 Scott, P., 957 Sosa, Ernest, 290, 303-321, 480, Searle, John R., 615, 625, 636 712 956 ' , 482-483, 491-492, 993 Spencer, Herbert, 39, 736, 819 Segal, G. 709, 712 Spengler, Oswald, 639 Segerberg, Krister, 969 Spinoza, Benedict de, 17, 25, 32, Sellars, Wilfrid, 403-404, 476 478 647 ' , 338,359,362,366,402 Stammier, Rudolf, 38 , 9, 184, 849 Stark, J., 920, 954, 955 Shafer, Glenn, 902 Stecker, R., 990 Shapere, Dudley, 228, 230, 566, Steel, Thomas B., Jr., 236, 245 757 INDEX OF NAMES 1039

StegmUller, Wolfgang, 828 Tversky, Amos, 130, 134-135, Stein, Edward, 132, 810, 860-861 137-138,851-852,856,858- Stein, Howard, 210 859,867,885,899-900,902- Stenius, Erik, 795, 825, 828 903 Stich, Stephen 219,507,713 Twardowski, Kazimier, 44, 51, Stoneham, Tom, 663, 670 819 Stout, R., 669 Tye, Michael, 670 Stove, David, 958 Tweney, Ryan, 239 Strawson, Peter, 341, 348, 526, 625,802,803,828,846-848 U Stroud, Barry, 551, 741, 841, 844- Ueberweg, F., 827 846 Urbach, Peter, 514 Stumpf, Carl, 44 Suppes, Patrick, 566 Suszko, Roman, 795 v Swain, Marshall, 294, 483 van Benthem, Jonathan, 828 Swart, E. R., 601 van Fraassen, Bas C., 424, 514, Swinburne, Richard, 675, 683-687, 566,611,623,831,899 702 Venn,John,528,531,581 Veronese, G., 582 T Vico, Giambattista, 612, 617 Viete, Francois, 14 Tappenden, J., 797 Vogt, Karl, 40 Tarski, Alfred, 52, 336, 342, 385- Vollmer, G., 736 393,396,399,405-407,420, Vossler, Karl, 38 426,521,554,566,572,585, 594-595 802, 816, 825, 828 W Taylor, Charles, 614 Tennant, Neil, 828 Witismann, Friedrich, 790-791 Textor, M., 827 Walker, R. C. S., 402 Thagard, Paul, 238, 883, 891-897 Wallace, Alfred Russel, 232, 558 Thomson, George, 639 Walsh, Dennis, 995 Tonelli, G., 829 Walton, K., 990, 996 Tooby, John, 142, 146-148, 152- Wang,Hao,796,800,817,822, 153,888 828 Toulmin, Stephen, 244, 736-738, Warwick, A., 944 741, 743 Wason, Peter, 133, 887 Toynbee, Arnold, 639 Weber, Max, 38 Trivers, Robert, 150 Weierstrass, Karl, 583, 586, 594 Troeltsch, Ernst, 38 Wertheimer, Max, 41 Troelstra, Anne, 447 Wexler, K., 192, 713 Tselishchev, Vitali, 828 Weyl, Hermann, 449 Turing, Alan, 790, 830 Whewell, William, 211-212, 225- Turner, M., 1005 226,523 Tursman, R., 216 White, Alan R., 323-325 White, Norton, 800 1040 INDEX OF NAMES

Whitehead, Alfred North, 584-585 Wordsworth, William, 635, 993 Whitt, Laurie Ann, 218 Worrall, John, 210, 226, 244 Wilder, Raymond L., 599 Wright, Crispin, 366, 369, 402- William of Sherwood, 379 403,654-655,711-713,714, Williams, Bernard, 659 716 Williams, C. J. F., 399 Wright, G. H. von, 526 Williams, Mary, 552 Wundt, Wilhelm, 41 Williamson, Timothy, 647 Wylie, Alison, 936-937 Wilson, K., 928 Wilson, Timothy, 868 y Windelband, Wilhelm, 36 Wisniewski, Andrzej, 231, 232 Yaeger, Larry, 563 Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 49,53, 188, Yandell, Keith, 701, 703 213,340-341,347,367,399- 400,437,444,446,454,457- z 458,460,482,521,597-598, 611-613,619-620,622,624- Zagzebski, Linda Trinkaus, 313- 626,637-638,642,653-655, 314 726,787-788,814-815,819, Zalta, E., 831 827-830,926,932,955 Zeiler, Eduard, 3 Wolenski, Jan, 405 Zelaniec, W., 831 Wolff, Christian, 27, 32 Zermelo, Ernst, 594 Wolff, Robert S., 563 Ziehen, Theodor, 41 Wolfflin, Heinrich, 38 Znaniecki, Florian, 38 Woodfield, Andrew, 667 Zuckerman, Harriet, 920 Woodger, Joseph Henry, 552 Zytkow, Jan, 241 Wool gar, Steve, 236, 239, 611 SUBJECT INDEX

A painting, 1006 a posteriori , 7 poetry,991 a priori and a posteriori, 28-29, 37, scepticism about art as a source 42,52,551-553,579-580,782 of knowledge, 985 a priori warrant, 118 scepticism about cognitive abduction, 215, 524 value of, 989 absolutism,769-70,953 seductive persuasion of, 1005 acceptance, 512-517 artificial intelligence, 206, 234-5, of hypothesis 536 602,841,849,882-90,892, theory 635 893,894,895,900 acquaintance artificial life, 859 knowledge by, 49, 620 ascription of thoughts, 656 ad hoc adjustments, 922 assent, 674 adaptationism, 143 assertibility-condition theories of adaptive complexity, 738 meaning, 421-422 AGM model, 259-268 assertion, 112,441-442,443 AI. See artificial intelligence declarative, 442 alethic modality, 974 performative, 441 analogies, 523-524, 534 atheism, 679-80 , 283-287 attainability constraint, III analysis and synthesis automated theorem proving 601 method of 208 avowals, 653 analytic vs. synthetic, 28-30, 284, axiom, 440 581 axiomatization, 554-556 analyticity, 42, 440, 456-460 model-theoretic, 556 anamnesis, 6 semantic, 556 animal knowledge vs.reflective syntactic, 555, 556 knowledge, 491, 492 anomaly hierarchy theorem, 191 B anti-, 52 basic AGM postulates. See anti-individualism, 666-70 Gardenfors postulates antirealism, 368-3, 437-460 basic Gardenfors postulates. See aposteriorism, 52 Gardenfors postulates apriorism, 6, 7, 16 Bayesian conditionalization, 899 art Bayesian decision theory, 506-507, and epistomology, 992-5 530,536 and knowledge, 985-1012 Bayesian induction, 504-507, 534, as powerful, 1007 564,897 cognitive value of, 1003 Bayesian network, 892, 900, 901 drama, 991 Bayes's Theorem, 529-530,532, drawing, 1006 555 epistemic value of, 988 behaviourism, 41, 53, 614, 652, of, 990 710

1041 1042 SUBJECT INDEX base, 258, 269-273 categorical matching, 259, 272 belief change models, 255-276 categories, 737 dichotomous, 256, 257 causal theories of knowledge, 301- input-assimilating, 258 303 sentential, 256, 257, 260 ,524-525 time-index, 259 , 4, 15-16, 18, 19,24,26, belief reports, 501-504 27,37,475,476 belief revision, 255-276 characterisation theorem, 192 non-prioritised 26i, 273-275, charity, principle of, 481, 656, 906 276 cinema, 991, 1006 screened, 274 claim to know, 122 belief set, 257-260 cogito, ergo sum, 4-5, 10, 15 belief state, 255-258, 259 cognitive anthropology, 841 beliefs, 331-4, 499-519 cognitive capacities, 674 basic vs. derived, 269 cognitive competence, 860 de dicto vs. de re 499 cognitive environment, 319 deductive closure of, 257, 505, cognitive mechanisms, 735, 739 513,516 cognitive science, 841-916 degree of, 256, 505-508, 518- cognitivism, 709, 715 519,529,898-903 coherence of beliefs, 124,276 emphatic, 995 , 99-100, 110, 271, grounding, 110 473,475,479-482,483-484, inferential, 501 485,486,487,489-490,492, in , 504-508 851,891, 1002 objectual vs. propositional, 59- competence, 116, 617-624, 860 61 computable function identification perceptual. See perceptual paradigm, 189-191 belief computationalism, 143 in oflanguage, 501- concept application, 926 504 concept learning paradigm, 196- in philosophy of mind, 508-512 197 moral,1001 concepts, 283 religious, 673-706 conceptual analysis, 283 strong vs. weak, 965-71 conceptual framework, 122 vulnerabilty of, 258 conceptual relativity, 415 betting quotient, 530 conceptual schemes, 750, 756 bivalence, 445-446, 641 conceptual skills, 998-8 Borel , 195 conceptualism, mathematical, 588- Brentanism, 43-44 589 British , 18-24, 31 conclusive analyses of knowledge, 302-303 conditional sentences, 256 C conditionalization, 519, 534 confirmation, 185, 226, 294, 534- calibration, 557 539 Cartesianism, 647, 649-651 SUBJECT INDEX 1043

degrees of,534, 535 data stream paradigm, 184 confinnation function, 932-4 de dicto vs. de re, 976, 979 conjunction, laws of 965 de se statements, 9 principle of conjuctivity,966, 972 death of epistemology, 483 conjunction fallacy, 134 decision theory. See Bayesian conjunction rule, 851 decision theory connectionism, 717, 892-7 decomposition principle, 260 connectionist model, 901 deduction. See reasoning , 87-100,630,651, deductive closure of belief, 964, 652 969,971-2 consensus, 483 defeasibility theories of consistency knowledge, 291-301 logical, 964 defeater, 291-294 of beliefs, 505, 513, 516 deliberation, 220 principle of, 966 demarcation criteria, 557-560 constituent, 534 demonstration, 522 constitutive analysis of knowing, deontological expressions, 298 285 descriptive vs. prescriptive constructive empirism, 415, 424 epistemology, 741-2 constructivism design stance, 842 mathematical,589-590 detection, 557-556 in social sciences, 618, 622 detenninism, in belief change 259 Containment Claim, 663-664 developmental cognitive history, content, 347-1 122 broad vs. narrow, 508, 512 dianoia, 6 of utterance, 113 Dinge an sich, 30-31, 32 context of pursuit, 214 direct inference, 523, 529 contraction of belief sets, 260 disciplinary matrix, 561 , principle of non- discovery, 186,205-48 contradiction, 968 friends of, 214 conventions, 440 social models of, 239-9 conventionalism, 6, 48, 557-558, discriminative ability, 304 809,812,923-6 discursive knowledge, 6 mathematical, 587-588 dispositionalism, 715 corroboration, 535 dispositions to behave, 711 creative imagination, 994 disquotation schema, 391-7 credibility, sources of, 930-1 doxastic ascent argument, 476-479, credulity, principle of, 684 479,481 cultural , 415 dualism, 415, 614, 650 dub ito, ergo sum, 10 Duhem-Quine thesis, 48, 242 D duty, 469, 469 Darwinism in epistemology, 735, 738 neural,740 1044 SUBJECT INDEX

E evolutionary epistemology, 221, 598,735-746 Edinburgh school, 937 evolutionary psychology, 142-157 EEM and EET programs, 736 evolutionary scenarios, 736 Eleats,5 eliminativism, 618, 627 existential generalization, 945, 977 emotional responses, 990, 1000 expansion of belief sets, 260 expected utility, 530 empathy, 35, 995, 999-1001 experience, phenomenal, 619, see empirical factor, 933 also empirical sciences, 988 experiments, 560 empirically equivalent theories, explanation, 276 552 by , 632 empiricism, 14, 18-24,27,28,31, explanatory coherence, 892 50,474,556-557,580 extensionalism, 618 quasi- 596, 602 about justification, entitlement, 664 199,477,486-490,665,674 Epicureans, 8, 9 externalism about meaning, 510, epigenetic rules, 738 512 epistemic agents, idealized, 551 externalism about mind, 666-70 epistemic communities, 321, 1003 extrapolation paradigm, 188-189 epistemic dependence, 110 epistemic entrenchment, 264-266 F epistemic logic, 553, 963-983 epistemic principles, 115 facts, 338-6 epistemic security, 556 faculties, 306, 310-312 epistemological argument, 370-8 , 211, 356-50, 371-5, Euclidean paradigm of 526 mathematics, 574-576 falsehood, 343-7 equivalence, extensional, 812 false makers, 344-41 equivalence postulate, 759, 761, falsification, 526 764 falsificationism, 185,557-558,564 ethics, and epistemology, 674-5 family resemblance, 115,625 evaluation criteria, 747 fiction, learning from, 998-1002, , 66, 98, 116, 118, 124- 1009 126,135,192,290,293,294, finitistic mathematics, 593 295,296-297,298,299,313, finitism, 926-930 428,438,452-456,469,673 folk epistemology, 111, 120 purism, 675 folk linguistics, 115 evidential indefeasibility, 360 folk psychology, 115, 118, 652 , 478, 485-486, 490, force of utterance, 113 492,493,501 formal semantics, 53 evolution formalism, mathematical, 590-594 conceptual, 738 foundationalism, 6, 18, 32, 99-100, Darwinian, 736, 846 110,271,473-476,477,478, evolutionary biology, 736 481,482,483-484,486,487, 489,490,492,637,851 SUBJECT INDEX 1045 four-colour theorem, the, 60 I heuristics, 226, 234-1 Frankfurt School, 40 strong and weak, 234 French Enlightenment, 27 Hilbert's programme, 590-594 function, 306 relativized, 593-594 proper functioning, 311, see also historicism, 611, 642, 768 proper functionalism historicity, 609, 611, 619, 640 functionalism, 618, 652, 663 holism, 621-622, 757, 799 further reliability accounts of meaning holism, 364-8, 621- knowledge, 303 622,633,635,757,804-5 horizon, hermeneutic, 638 G Hume's problem, 524-526 hypotetico-deductive method, 186, Gardenfors postulates, 263-264, 189,192,193,210 266 basic,263 supplementary, 264 game theory, evolutionary, 743 idealism, 79, 415, 417-418, 935 general epistemology, 110 German, 32-38 generality problem, 303,484 Plato's, 573 generalization. See induction idealizing versus nonidealizing geometries, Non-Euclidean, 582, approaches to rational belief, 588,601 879-82 Gestalt psychology, 41, 53 identity, cross world, 977 , 286, 289-291, imagination, 986-7 314,315-316,321,323,373 immaterialism, 21 God,677-8 implication, strict, 969-70 proofs of existence, 11-12 incommensurability,757 Godel's incompleteness theorems, incorrigibility, 474, 659, 661, 665 456-460, 593, 595 indeterminacy of translation, 726 grammar, 707, 708 indifference, 661 grammatical competence, 860 indispensability argument, Quine's grammatical performance, 860 and Putnam's 596 Gricean conversational individual essence, 12 implicatures, 160 indubitability,474 grue-green puzzle, 536 induction, 110, 184, 186,209,276, 474,521-541,857-9,930 H Bayesian. See' Bayesian induction hallucination, 70-78 complete, 522-523 haecceitas, 12 continuum of inductive Harper identity, 256 methods, 932-4 Hegelianism, 34-35, 40 demonstrative, 223-20 British Neo-Hegelianism, 34 eliminative, 223-20, 524 hermeneutic circle, 621 enumerative, 523 hermeneutics, 34-35, 990 inductive generalization, 523 Romantic, 632 intuitive, 522 1046 SUBJECT INDEX

justification of, 524-526 forms of, 450 mathematical, 523, 587 of, 452-456 singular inductive inference, justification, 359, 467-494, 664- 523 665, 743, 1002-3 statistical generalization, 523 argumentative conception, 472, inductive logic, Carnap's, 552 477,478,481,482,489-490, inductive support, 524 491,492,493,494 infallibility, 474, 652 coherence theory of, 891 inference conditions of in testimony, ampliative, 225 117-119 to the best explanation, 216, contextual, 482-483 536 deontological conception, 469- infinity, actual, 588 469,477,478,481,488-489, information content, 521 491,492,493,494 innate ideas, 16 evalutive conception, 469 institutions, 929 evidential account. See instrumentalism, 415, 424-425 evidentialism intellectual virtues, 312-312 of empirical beliefs, 110 intentional stance, 842 holistic, 479 intentionality, 43-44, 610, 614, inductive, 184 621,623,624-635,637,639 and introspection, 96-99 internal relations, doctrine of, 621 normativity of, 469-472, 493 internalism, 120,469,478,485, and perception, 66-69 486-488,493,665,768,846, prima facie, 479-480 862-5,674 propositional vs. doxastic, 484, accessibility internalism, 862-5 486 perspectival, 859 situational, 67 interoception, 84 justificatory structure, 258 interpretability, 629-635, 637 justified propositions, 321-322 interpretation, 628, 635, 656, 990 justified true belief analysis of introspection, 88-99, 301 knowledge, 283-291, 301, 320, intuition, 18,206,478 321 intuitionism, mathematical, 586- 589 K Paris school of, 586 knowing how vs. knowing that, intuitive knowledge, 6, 440, 563- 323-326 564 knowing mechanisms, 739 irrealism, 415 knowing that, 283 irrelevance of , 257 knowing who, 978-81 iterated epistemic attitudes, 967 knowledge, iteration law, 971 by acquaintance vs. knowledge by description, 49 of, 283-326, 970-1 J in human and social sciences, judgements 607-646 SUBJECT INDEX 1047

logic of, 963 as tautologies, 521 knowledge level, 257 logicism, 42, 583-586, 598 knowledge representation, 237 if-thenism, 586 KK-thesis, 972 logico-set-theoretical paradigm of mathematics, 594-596 L lottery paradox, 504-505, 506 Lowenheim-Skolem theorems 555 lambda, 932-4, 940, 956 luck, 216, 314 lambda-continuum, 533-534 Lvov-Warsaw School, 51 language learning paradigm, 191- 192 M language of thought, 512, 718 Law of Large Numbers, 527 Marburg School, 35-36 learning Marxism, 40, 41, 45, 639, 1014 language, 123 Marxist epistemology 40, 1017 learning how, 324 massive modularity hypothesis, theories of learning, 183-200 143-144,153-157 learning paradigm, 184 materialism, 38-40, 935 Lebensjonn, 619,622,626 mathesis universalis 576 Leviidentity,266,272 meaning, 110, 622 reversed Levi identity, 272 and truth, 437 Liar Paradox, 426 error about, 656 limits of science, 554 verificationist account of, 558 linguistic analysis of knowing, 284 meaning postulates, 803 linguistic competence, 628 memory, 110 local , 1019 ,6,468 logic, 641 Meno's paradox 236 deontic, 968 mental properties, 87-88 doxastic, 963, 965-70 mental representations, 502 epistemic, 963-983 mentalese. See language of erotetic, 23 1 thought of generation, 218 metacognition, 867 inductive, 188, 526, 531, 533 metamathematics, 591 as language vs. as calculus, 446 many-valued, 641 and epistemology, 618 multiple-conclusion, 231 essentialist, 208 nonmonotonic logic, 902 meta-epistemology vs. substantive paraconsistent, 232 epistemology, 467-468 of questions and answers, 231 meta-language, 426 logical atomism, 49, 340-4 metaphor, 1014 logical complexity, 333-4 mind-body problem, 16-17, 602 , 521 miracles, epistemological, 953 logical empiricism, 50, 51-53, misuse of words, 656 420-421,564 modality, 256, 974 logical objectivism, 41-42 modularity, of perception, 875 logical , 11, 42, 458, 521 modularity thesis, 877 1048 SUBJECT INDEX models, scientific, 560-561 , 626, 630, 635-642 moral undestanding, 1001 obligation, 469, 493 moral values, 999-1001 observation, 556-557 Moore's paradox, 981 ontogenesis 738 myth of the given, 476-479, 485 ontogeny 739-741 ordinary language, 111, 115 N ordinary language philosophy, 53 overconfidence, 868-9 nativism, 6, 7, 16, 143 Natural Ontological Attitude, 415 natural kinds, 12,423,562,565, P 857-9 PAC paradigm, 197-198 natural selection, 737 paradigms, scientific, 561-563, , in human sciences, 612-617,757-8 608-610,614,615,618,620, incommensurability of,562 626,627 partial entailment, 531 , 41, 607, perception, 57-87, 110 674, 735-746, 843-6 adverbial theories, 75-78 necessary truths, 29, 30, 32, 52, causal theories, 70 303,307,390-4,580,600,683- extra-sensory, 84-85 4,987-9 modularity of, 875 necessity, 23, 24, 26, 29-30 perceptual hierarchies, 64-65 negotiating across difference, 1023 propositional vs. objectual, 61- Neo-Kantianism, 32-38 62 the Badenian School, 36, 38 representative theory vs the Neo-Frisean School, 38 perceptual realism,416-417 Neo-Platonism, 10 sense-datum theories, 71-76 Neo-Thomism, 3 of value, 85-86 neuroscience, 841, 842 perceptual belief, 58-62, 220 , 747, 750-754 perceptual error, 656 new look psychology, 874, 876 perceptual knowledge, 656 nihilism, epistemological, 438-439 permission, 469 noesis, 6 persuasion, 1004-4 nominalism, 415, 422-424, 597 phenomena and noumena, 30-31 non-cognitivism, 717 , 24, 52, 78-81 normative epistemology, 110,472, phenomenology, 44-46, 612 741 phylogeny, 736, 739-741 normativity 469-471,553,928 physicalism, 415, 508, 618, 620, deontological vs. non• 627 deontological, 469-471, 553 physiogrammar, 708 norms, epistemological, 736-7 Platonism, 423, 597 no-truth theory of literature, 1008 pluralism, 873-8, 924 Port-Royal school in grammar, 17 o , 27, 38-40, 420-421, 618,626 objectivism, 635-642 SUBJECT INDEX 1049

possible-worlds semantics, 977, in sensu diviso, 981 965-6 Russellian, 504 possibility,529 structured, 502-504 postmodernism, 45, 987, 1006-8, propositional knowledge, 60,563, 1010 998-9 power, 311-312 psychoanalysis, 638-639 practical reasoning, 506-507 psychogrammar, 707 , 6, 46-47, 48, 185, psychological laws, 512 418-420,735,767,768, psychologism, 16-17,41,42,559- neo-pragmatism 420 560,859,860,862 predication, 618-620, 622, 623, , 846 624-629 Pyrronists, 9 preface paradox, 505, 503 Pythagoreans, 5 Presumptive Right Thesis, 118- 119, 125 Q primary and secondary qualities, quantification, 974, 979 19-20 Q-predicate, 533 Principle of Charity. See charity questions, 229 privileged access, 92-96, 655, 967, method of questions and 969 answers, 229 probabilism, 518, 519 probability, 51, 135, 195-196,256, R 526-539 Bayesian interpretation, 135, radical interpretation, 481 195,216-3,505-506,532-534, range problem, 484 536 rational choice theory, 264 epistemic, 505 rational negotiation 1023 frequency interpretation, 528 rational reconstruction, 213 logical, 531 , 6, 14-18,24-27,28, prior, 216 31,474 probability kinematics, 534 rationality, 131-173,211,256,322, propensity, 312, 529 621,622,743,770,967 robust, 675 Bayesian ideal, 256 subjective interpretation, 51, realism, 54, 69, 71, 73, 368-3, 529,965 415-435, 743, 935 problem solving, 225 internal, 415 , 447-459, 522 metaphysical, 415 proof theory, Hilbert's 591-592 perceptual, 416-417 proper functionalism, 314-320, scientific, 415, 424-425, 618, 861-2 622 properties, 423 vs. idealism, 417-418 propositions, 345, 443, 502-504 vs. nominalism, 422-424 and truth, 345, 444-452 vs. relativism, 425-429 ideal vs. real, 591 reason, 131-173,632 in sensu compos ito, 981 Kantian idea of, 580, 591 1050 SUBJECT INDEX reasoning Russell's theory of descriptions deductive, 110,474,521 884- 49 ' 88 ' defeasible, 902 S scepticism, 6, 9, 14,24, 100,357, about testimony, 125 370-4,475-476,479,619,842, in human and social sciences 843-6,846, 847-9 614,618,627,635 ' academic, 846, 849 reductive knowledge, 564-566 antecedent, 848 reference, 618-620, 622, 623 Cartesian, 843, 848 class, 528 Sceptics, 8, 9 direct / new theory of, 562 , 13-14 referential opacity, 975-7 science, unity of, 564-565, 610, referential transparency, 975 618,623,626,629 632 reflective equilibrium science and technolo~ studies narrow, 850, 870-2 206 ' wide, 857, 870-2 scientific discovery, 205-252 , 475-476, 478, scientific method, 739 482,488 scientific revolution, 205-2 relativism, 6, 46, 48, 415, 425-429, seeing, 62-68, 81-84 635-642, 747-780, 935-40, 936 953 ' and believing, 62-64 seeing as, 65-68 alethic,375-72 selection task, 133 as self-refuting, 747-750, 764 767-768 ' selectionist models, 736 selective advantage, 739 Protagorean, 747, 748 self-attribution, 648-649, 651, 653, , 114, 120, 121, 301- 654,656-659,665,667-8 304,478,483-485,486,490, fallibility of, 659-664 491,492,501,850-7,867,850- self-warranting, 665-666 7,862,866,867,869 self-categorization, 648-649 atomistic vs. holistic, 867 self-consciousness, 630 virtue reliabilism, 867 reliability, 183, 298 sel~evidence,455,456,460,474 self-identification, 648-649 metareliability, 853 self-knowledge, 647-672 reliability theories of non-aetiological conception of knowledge, 301-304 665-666 ' representativeness heuristic, 852 self-refutation, 768 representing, 320-321 semantics, 641 resemblances, 997 indicator semantics, 509-510 responsibilism, 859 model-theoretic, 444 rigid designators, 423, 978-9 sense data, 71-76, 78-79 Romanticism, 28 sensory evidence, 66-69 romantic epistemology, 993-4 serendipidity 220 Rule of Succession, 532 sincerity, 116 SUBJECT INDEX 1051 social aspects of knowledge, 298- without language, 123 299,491-492 transcendence, 750, 754, 768 social constructivism, 415, 928 transcendental arguments, 30, 119 of knowledge, 41 transcendental deduction, 37 sociology of scientific knowledge transductionism, 717, 718 739,750,758-765,919-961 trial and error, 737, 743 strong programme, 750, 758- triangulation, 656 765 trust, 112, 116-117 symmetry thesis, 935-40 blind truster, 116-117 solidarity, 483, 767 simple trust, 123 solvability, 183-184 trustworthiness, 112, 116 speech acts, 1 12-113 truth, 627, 743770, 1008 state description, 533 Aristotle's definition, 7 states of affairs, 345-40 Bolzano-Frege realist reduction, statistical deduction, 523 443-444 statistical testing, 187-188 criterion of, 492-493 statistics, 505, 513 and justification, 468, 470, 469, Stoics, 8, 9 480,483,486 story telling, 1005 as relative, 749 strategic skills, 1000 roles of truth, 437-460 structuralism, 599 semantic conception, 13, 52, structure description, 533 337,802 subdoxastic states, 714 Tarski's theorem on the supervenience, 473, 482, 614, 618, undefinability of, 595 635,666 truths of fact and truths of supplementary Gardenfors reason, 26, 579 postulates. See Gadenfors Wittgenstein's ontological postulates, reduction, 444 symbolic order, 1014 truth bearers, 331-5 synthetic a priori, 28-30, 45 truth maintenance systems, 258 truth makers, 341-6, 344-41 T truth theories, 331-411, 438-439 coherence theory, 362-8, 438 tacit knowledge, 563-564, 708 correspondence theory, 13,32, tautological knowledge, 682 47,54,336-49,438, SOl, 627, tautologies, 787, 788, 791, 827 636-637 telling, 111-113 deflanatory theories, 379-98, testimony, 109-126 636-637 justification of testimony disquotationalism, 391-404 beliefs, 117-119 epistemic theories, 355-75 testimony beliefs, 109 evidence theory, 438 Theaetus, 376, 468, 747 identity theory, 349-51 theoretical facts, 927 justification theory, 358-62 theory choice, 552 minimalism,395-91 theory-ladenness, 875, 877 pragmatic theories, 351-8,438 thinking, 87-88 1052 SUBJECT INDEX

prosentential theory, 382-8 veridicality conditions, 117-118, redundancy theory, 379-82 121 truth-bearers, 441-444 verification, 185-188, 211 truth-condition theory of meaning, verification principle, 415, 422 415,421-422 verificationism, 357-8 truth-frequency, 531-532 verisimilitude, 538 truth likeness, 193, 538 Vienna. Circle, 39, 51-53, 611,815, Turing machine, 905 819,828 Twin Earth, 510, 512, 666-8 , 304-314, 320 types, Russell's theory of, 584 virtues, 304-305, 310-314 vision, 929-1 u vocabularies 1007 voluntarism, 469 undetermination of theories, 361, 951 understanding, epistemology of w 110 universals, 7, 11, 12,23,423-425 warrant, 469 universal language, 577-578, 601 well-calibrated system 853 universalism, 921 z V zero-sum game, 940 , 440-441