DOCSLIB.ORG

Persistent Poverty Across Locations in the United States

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Persistent Poverty Across Locations in the United States PERSISTENT AND TRANSITORY POVERTY ACROSS LOCATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By John M. Ulimwengu, MA **** The Ohio State University 2006 Dissertation committee: Approved by Professor David Kraybill Adviser Professor Tim Haab Graduate program in Agricultural, Environmental and Development Professor Elena Irwin Economics. ABSTRACT Poverty is often defined as lack of access to necessities such as food, shelter, and medical care. Adverse shocks such as income losses push households below the poverty line for a relatively brief period of time. Those who recover quickly without explicit external assistance are considered as transitorily poor. While households in transitory poverty are able to rebound relatively quickly from adverse shocks, those in persistent poverty remain poor for much more extended periods. Remedial policies for persistent poverty are different from those necessary to fight transitory poverty. Using a geocoded version of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79), my findings suggest that the persistently poor receive less than 65% of their total income as wages, accumulate fewer assets, and rely heavily on government social transfers. Although their incomes fall below the poverty line occasionally, the transitorily poor stay above the poverty line most of the time. I confirm the presence of poverty clusters as well as the presence of spatial interaction across locations. This calls for cooperation among counties or states in the fight against poverty. ii I use a generalized mixed linear model that incorporates both fixed and random effects while controlling for individual characteristics and spatial attributes. I find that the persistently poor and the transitorily poor experience very different poverty paths. Years of education, labor market participation, and access to the benefit of economic growth are among the major factors explaining the difference in wellbeing between the two groups of poor households. Spatial attributes such as level of employment and population share of college graduates yield different returns in terms of wellbeing with respect to metro or nonmetro locations. The effect on wellbeing of both job-training programs and economic growth are consistently greater in metro areas than in nonmetro areas. In contrast to economic growth, the effects of job-training programs and human capital (population share of college graduates) are more pronounced in counties with low education, low employment, persistent poverty, and population loss. In metro areas, the effect of job-training, economic growth and human capital on household living standards decreases with respect to the population size. In nonmetro areas, the effect of an increase in the share of college graduates increases with the rurality of the location. The more rural the location, the greater is the effect of human capital on living standards. Overall, my findings support arguments in favor of policies that differentiate persistent poverty from transitory poverty. They also highlight the importance of spatial attributes in the fight against poverty. In the United States, antipoverty strategy revolves around the provision of safety nets to prevent entry iii into poverty and foster exit from poverty through job markets. This strategy is not sufficient for persistently poor households who remain in poverty because they are unable to self-finance investments needed to generate high returns from their assets. This category of dynamically poor households would benefit from strategies that enhance their capabilities to accumulate assets and transform them into entitlements through social, economic, cultural and political institutions in place. iv Dedicated to my Lord and Savior, Jesus-Christ, and my family v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to thank my advisor, David Kraybill, for academic and financial support, encouragement, and intellectual support which made this dissertation possible, and for his patience in correcting both my stylistic and scientific errors. I am grateful to Elena Irwin and Tim Haab for their insightful comments that helped to improve the quality of this dissertation. This research was supported by a fellowship from the Rural Poverty Research Center (RPRC) located at Oregon State University. I wish to extend my gratitude to Bruce Weber, the co-Director of RPRC for supporting this project. I am grateful to the National Longitudinal Surveys Program for granting access to the geocoded version of the National Longitudinal Survey Youth 1979. vi VITA January 18, 1965…………………………Born-Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo 2002………………………………………M.A., Economics, The Ohio State University. 2001………………………………………M.A., Development Economics, Williams College. 1990………………………………………B.A., Mathematical Economics, University of Kinshasa. 2001-present………………………………Graduate Teaching and Research Associate, The Ohio State University. Publications Ulimwengu, J.M. and D. Kraybill. 2005. “Government Transfers and Poverty Transition in Metro and Nonmetro Areas,” selected paper presented at the American Agricultural Economics Association Annual Meeting, Providence, Rhode Island, July 24-27, 2005. Ulimwengu, J.M. and D. Kraybill. 2004. “Poverty over Time and Location: An Examination of Metro–Nonmetro Differences,” American Journal of Agricultural Economics 86 (5): 1282-1288. Ulimwengu, J.M. 2004. and G. Xiaoqi. 2004. “Modeling Spatial Accessibility within the Discrete Choice Framework,” selected paper presented at the American Agricultural Economics Association annual meeting in Denver, August 1-4, 2004. vii Ulimwengu, J.M. 1998. “Comment les kinois perçoivent-ils la pauvreté? ” Congo-Afrique, November 1998. (English title: Perceptions of Poverty of Kinshasa Residents). Ulimwengu, J.M. 2001. Choice of Exchange Rate Regime, Master Thesis, May 2001, Williams College (USA). Ulimwengu, J.M. and N. Nzinga. 1999. “La persistance de la dollarisation au Congo-Kinshasa : Manifestation de la substitution ou de la complémentarité monétaire? ” Cahiers Economiques & Sociaux, Vol. XXV, N°1, April 1999, PUC. (English title: Persistence of Dollarization in Congo-Kinshasa: Manifestation of Monetary Substitution or Complementarity?). Ulimwengu, J.M. 1997. “Comité de Politique Economique et Sociale, réformes structurelles et développement humain au Zaïre,” Zaïre- afrique, March 1997. (English title: Committee of Social and Economic Policy, Structural Reform and Human Development in Zaire). FIELD OF STUDY Major Field: Agricultural, Environmental and Development Economics viii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT............................................................................................................ ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ..................................................................................... vi VITA..................................................................................................................... vii LIST OF TABLES................................................................................................ xii LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................xiii LIST OF MAPS .................................................................................................... xv LIST OF DIAGRAMS......................................................................................... xvi CHAPTER 1 ........................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 1 1.1. Background.................................................................................................. 1 1.2. Research Statement...................................................................................... 6 1.3. Objectives .................................................................................................... 7 1.4. Hypotheses................................................................................................... 7 1.5. Methods........................................................................................................ 8 1.6. Data.............................................................................................................. 9 1.7. Contribution to the literature...................................................................... 10 1.8. Overview of this dissertation ..................................................................... 11 CHAPTER 2 ......................................................................................................... 12 LITERATURE REVIEW ON POVERTY ANALYSIS ...................................... 12 2.1. Introduction................................................................................................ 12 2.2. Poverty theories ......................................................................................... 13 2.3. Measuring poverty ..................................................................................... 16 2.4. Dynamic poverty analysis.......................................................................... 19 2.5. Spatial analysis of poverty......................................................................... 23 2.6. Welfare and poverty................................................................................... 27 CHAPTER 3 ........................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Assets, Savings and Wealth, and Poverty: a Review of Evidence
    Assets, savings and wealth, and poverty: A review of evidence Final report to the Joseph Rowntree Foundation Beverley A Searle and Stephan Köppe July 2014 Related summary findings can be downloaded from the JRF website at http://www.jrf.org.uk/publications/reducing-poverty-in-the-uk-evidence-reviews suggested citation: Searle B A, Köppe S (2014) Assets, savings and wealth, and poverty: A review of evidence. Final report to the Joseph Rowntree Foundation. Bristol: Personal Finance Research Centre. Contents 1 Introduction 2 2 Methods 2 3 What do we mean by savings, assets, wealth, and poverty? 2 4 The assumed importance of assets 4 4.1 Limitations of asset accumulation theories for poverty alleviation 5 5 Savings, assets and wealth: A review of international evidence 6 5.1 Wealth distribution in Great Britain 6 5.2 Savings 10 5.2.1 International evidence 10 5.2.2 Individual savings schemes 11 5.2.3 Credit Unions: Linking savings accounts to loan repayments 15 5.2.4 Conclusion 16 5.3 Pensions 18 5.3.1 Pension scheme and aims 18 5.3.2 Simulating future pension income from private sources 19 5.3.3 Coverage and contribution rates 20 5.3.4 Retirement income 21 5.3.5 Conclusion 23 5.4 Housing wealth 24 5.4.1 Housing and social capital 24 5.4.2 The sale of social housing 25 5.4.3 Using housing wealth 27 5.4.4 Home ownership and poverty 28 5.4.5 Conclusion 28 5.5 Intergenerational transfers 30 6 Risks of savings, asset and wealth as an anti-poverty strategy 32 7 Conclusions 34 Endnotes 38 References 39 1 Introduction Research shows people who experience poverty often lack financial resources such as assets, savings and wealth.
    [Show full text]
  • Creating Asset-Building Opportunities for TANF Participants
    Creating Asset-Building Opportunities for TANF Participants Sierra Solomon Region IX Consultant Asset Initiative ASSET Building • Idea came from Michael Sherraden: Assets and the Poor: A New American Welfare Policy in 1991 • Welfare reform was in national spotlight • Private foundations provided funds to test idea • Assets for Independent Act passed in 1998 with broad bipartisan support • Sherraden argued that welfare policy failed to recognize a tenet of middle class life by focusing only on income. 2 Shift focus from income to asset ownership • Income (TANF, SSI, SSDI) an important part of safety net, but asset ownership increases economic stability and provides hope for the future. • People with assets have more options in life and can pass on status and opportunities for future generations. • Income helps families get by. Assets help families get ahead. 3 What are Assets? • Savings (3-6 month nest egg) to protect against loss of income/emergencies • Matched Savings (Individual Development Accounts) – First home – Higher education and training – Develop or expand small business • Good credit report and score, access to credit • Human capital • Property, equipment, land 4 Financial Assets Matter • Move past paycheck to paycheck – Toward long-term financial stability • Stronger, Healthier Families • Enhanced Self-Esteem • Long-term Thinking and Planning • More Community Involvement • Hope for the Future 5 Asset Distribution & Trends: Asset Poverty • Asset Poverty: Having insufficient financial resources to subsist at the poverty line
    [Show full text]
  • ASSETS MATTER to POOR PEOPLE but What Do We Know About Financing Assets?
    ASSETS MATTER TO POOR PEOPLE But What Do We Know about Financing Assets? February 2020 Sai Krishna Kumaraswamy, Max Mattern, and Emilio Hernandez Consultative Group to Assist the Poor 1818 H Street, NW, MSN F3K-306 Washington, DC 20433 USA Internet: www.cgap.org Email: [email protected] Telephone: +1 202 473 9594 Cover photo by Mohamed Elshokhepy, 2018 CGAP Photo Contest. © CGAP/World Bank, 2020. RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONS This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Under the Creative Commons Attribution license, you are free to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt this work, including for commercial purposes, under the terms of this license. Attribution—Cite the work as follows: Kumaraswamy, Sai Krishna, Max Mattern, and Emilio Hernandez. 2020. “Assets Matter to Poor People: But What Do We Know about Financing Assets?” Working Paper. Washington, D.C.: CGAP. All queries on rights and licenses should be addressed to CGAP Publications, 1818 H Street, NW, MSN F3K-306, Washington, DC 20433 USA; e-mail: [email protected]. CONTENTS Executive Summary 1 Section 1: Introduction 3 Section 2: A Theory of Change for Asset Ownership 6 Section 3: Access vs. Ownership 10 Section 4: Mapping the Impact Evidence for Asset Ownership onto the Theory of Change 11 Section 5: Evidence Gaps and Direction for Future Research 23 References 27 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY N THE WAKE OF ADVANCES IN TECHNOLOGY AND BUSINESS MODELS, an increasing number of poor households are gaining access to financing for physical I assets ranging from smartphones to solar panels.
    [Show full text]
  • Inequality Matters LIS Newsletter, Issue No
    Inequality Matters LIS Newsletter, Issue No. 8 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Inequality Matters LIS Newsletter, Issue No. 8 (December 2018) Dear readers, For 2019, LIS has several exciting new advancements in preparation. This time we announce that we will further raise the quality and ease-of-use of our LIS and LWS Databases. By applying a simplified variable structure, LIS will increase the pace at which we add more countries and more years. A specific highlight in this issue summarises the main changes. This issue is also equipped with two strong inequality matters articles. Paul Hufe (ifo Munich and LMU Munich) and Andreas Peichl (ifo Munich, LMU Munich, IZA, and CESifo) utilise the normative concept of fairness for comparing income distributions across European countries. Their measure of unfair inequality illustrates well that debates about fairness can be very well informed by empirical data analysis. In the second article, Miles Corak (Stone Center, GC, CUNY) is elaborating, what it takes to build a ‘more inclusive society’. Social inclusion does not only mean eradicating child poverty, it also means creating a society where family background matters less, and where public policy guarantees a good linkage between the family, the market and the state in order to keep inequality balanced. Besides the note on the restructuring of the LIS and LWS Databases, our highlights section includes an overview about the main challenges faced by LIS, when harmonising income data from middle- income countries (Teresa Munzi and Andrej Cupak, LIS). Heba Omar (LIS) and Jörg Neugschwender (LIS) are showing income and poverty trends for the new Russian data (the years 2011-2016 are now based on PIS carried out by Rosstat) in LIS.
    [Show full text]
  • IRP Discussion Paper
    HH IRP Discussion Paper No. 1419-14 Post-1970 Trends in Within-Country Inequality and Poverty: Rich and Middle Income Countries Salvatore Morelli CSEF, University of Naples and INET Oxford, University of Oxford Timothy Smeeding University of Wisconsin Jeffrey Thompson Federal Reserve Board of Governors March 18, 2014 The authors wish to thank their organizations for support of this work. In particular we thank especially David Chancellor and also Dawn Duren of IRP for their assistance with graphs and manuscript preparation, and Peter Frase for research assistance. We would also like to thank Tony Atkinson, Francois Bourguignon, Michael Forster, Andrew Leigh, Max Roser, Stephen Jenkins, and the editors for helpful comments on an earlier draft, and Andrea Brandolini for providing helpful inequality trend data. The authors and not their organizations are responsible for all opinions in this chapter, as well as all errors of omission and commission. IRP Publications (discussion papers, special reports, Fast Focus, and the newsletter Focus) are available on the Internet. The IRP Web site can be accessed at the following address: http://www.irp.wisc.edu. Abstract This paper is prepared as a chapter for the Handbook of Income Distribution, Volume 2 (edited by A. B. Atkinson and F. Bourguignon, Elsevier-North Holland, forthcoming). Like the other chapters in the volume (and its predecessor), the aim is to provide a comprehensive review of a particular area of research. We examine the literature on post-1970 trends in poverty and income inequality, up to 2010 or 2011 in most countries. We provide measures of the levels and trends in each of these areas, as well as an integrated discussion of empirical choices made in the measurement of poverty, overall income inequality, and inequality amongst those with top incomes.
    [Show full text]
  • Assets and Chronic Poverty: Background Paper
    Working Paper October 2009 No. 100 Assets and chronic poverty: background paper Andrew McKay What is Chronic Poverty? University of Sussex Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9RH United Kingdom The distinguishing feature of chronic poverty is extended duration in absolute poverty. Therefore, chronically poor people always, or usually, live below a poverty line, which is normally defined in terms of a money indicator (e.g. consumption, income, etc.), but could also be defined in terms of wider or subjective aspects of deprivation. This is different from the transitorily poor, who move in and out of poverty, or only occasionally fall below the poverty line. Chronic Poverty Research Centre www.chronicpoverty.org ISBN: 1-904049-99-0 Assets and chronic poverty: background paper Abstract The role of assets is key to the study of changes in welfare outcomes. Assets can play an important role in reducing vulnerability, which is a key dimension of both chronic and transient poverty. Assets are also important in influencing what households are able to achieve, in terms of income and many other outcomes. Those with more assets are often better able to improve their income levels and so to participate in economic growth. Accumulation of assets is a means by which people can move out of poverty and improve their livelihoods. On the other hand, those losing assets may be pushed into poverty. And those lacking assets to begin with risk being caught in a poverty trap. This paper begins by discussing the relationship between assets (or their absence) and vulnerability, given the central role of vulnerability in understanding both chronic and transient poverty.
    [Show full text]
  • Using an Asset Index to Assess Trends in Poverty in Seven Sub-Saharan African Countries1
    Using an asset index to assess trends in poverty in seven Sub-Saharan African countries1 Frikkie Booysen*, Servaas van der Berg#, Ronelle Burger#, Michael von Maltitz* & Gideon du Rand# *University of the Free State, #University of Stellenbosch Paper presented at conference on Multidimensional Poverty hosted by the International Poverty Centre of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) 29-31 August, Brasilia, Brazil ABSTRACT This paper aims to analyse trends in poverty in seven African countries using an asset index constructed from data from comparable, nationally representative surveys using multiple correspondence analysis. Improvements in the asset index are largely driven by progress in the accumulation of private assets, while access to public services has deteriorated. Continued efforts at the expansion of access to public services, particularly in rural areas, are thus required. Overall poverty has declined in five of the seven countries. The trends in urban and rural poverty for the most part mirror these trends in overall poverty. These results, however, should be interpreted with caution, given the various conceptual and methodological limitations of the asset index approach to poverty analysis. Keywords: poverty, asset index, multiple correspondence analysis, Africa JEL codes: I32, I38, O55 1 This work is funded by the Poverty and Economic Policy Network of the Canadian International Development Research Centre (IDRC) under grant number 03-RG-10176. This paper represents an abridged version of the draft final research report presented at the annual PEP meeting that took place in Colombo, Sri Lanka in June 2005. As this is a draft, readers should not cite this paper without prior authorisation of the authors.
    [Show full text]
  • Determinants of Asset Building
    DETERMINANTS OF ASSET BUILDING SONDRA BEVERLY MICHAEL SHERRADEN MIN ZHAN TRINA R. WILLIAMS SHANKS YUNJU NAM REID CRAMER MARCH 2008 The Urban Center for Social The New Institute Development America Foundation Determinants of Asset Building A Report in the Series Poor Finances: Assets and Low-Income Households Sondra Beverly Michael Sherraden Min Zhan Trina R. Williams Shanks Yunju Nam Center for Social Development Washington University in St. Louis and Reid Cramer New America Foundation March 2008 This report was prepared for and funded by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation (DHHS/ASPE) under Order Number GS23F8198H / HHSP233200400131U to the Urban Institute and its collaborators at the Center for Social Development (CSD) at Washington University in St. Louis, and the New America Foundation. This report was prepared between September 2004 and March 2006. John Tambornino, Jeremías Alvarez, and Linda Mellgren at DHHS were project officers, Signe-Mary McKernan of the Urban Institute was overall project director, and Michael Sherraden directed the work at CSD. The views expressed are those of the authors and should not be attributed to the Urban Institute, its trustees, or its funders. Acknowledgments The report has benefited from comments of the entire project teams at the Urban Institute and the Center for Social Development, as well as helpful comments from Jeremías Alvarez, Alana Landey, Gretchen Lehman, and Linda Mellgren of ASPE, from Elizabeth Lower-Basch and Michael Wiseman formerly of ASPE, and from John Tambornino and Leonard Sternbach of the Administration for Children and Families/DHHS.
    [Show full text]
  • Assets, Poverty, and Public Policy: Challenges in Definition and Measurement
    Assets, Poverty, and Public Policy: Challenges in Definition and Measurement A Report in the Series Poor Finances: Assets and Low-Income Households December 2008 Yunju Nam Jin Huang Michael Sherraden Center for Social Development Washington University in Saint Louis This report was prepared for and funded by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation (DHHS/ASPE) under Order Number GS23F8198H / HHSP233200400131U to the Urban Institute and its collaborators at the Center for Social Development (CSD) at Washington University in St. Louis, and the New America Foundation. This report was prepared between September 2004 and November 2006. John Tambornino, Jeremías Alvarez, and Linda Mellgren at DHHS were project officers, Signe- Mary McKernan of the Urban Institute was overall project director, and Michael Sherraden directed the work at CSD. The views expressed are those of the authors and should not be attributed to the Urban Institute, its trustees, or its funders. Acknowledgments This report has benefited from comments of the project teams at the Urban Institute, the New American Foundation, and the Center for Social Development, as well as helpful comments and suggestions from project officers John Tambornino, Jeremías Alvarez, and Linda Mellgren at the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation (ASPE) at the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). We also thank Gordon Fisher, Gretchen Lehman, and Joan Turek at DHHS. Jung Hee Han at the Center for Social Development provided invaluable research assistance. The authors of this report are affiliated with the Center for Social Development (CSD) at Washington University in St.
    [Show full text]
  • The Balance Sheets of Low-Income Households: What We Know About Their Assets and Liabilities
    THE BALANCE SHEETS OF LOW- INCOME HOUSEHOLDS: WHAT WE KNOW ABOUT THEIR ASSETS AND LIABILITIES ADAM CARASSO SIGNE-MARY MCKERNAN NOVEMBER 2007 The Urban Center for Social The New Institute Development America Foundation The Balance Sheets of Low-Income Households: What We Know about Their Assets and Liabilities Final Report A Report in the Series Poor Finances: Assets and Low-Income Households Series Adam Carasso Signe-Mary McKernan The Urban Institute November 2007 This report was prepared for and funded by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation (DHHS/ASPE) under Order Number GS23F8198H / HHSP233200400131U to the Urban Institute and its collaborators at the Center for Social Development (CSD) at Washington University in St. Louis, and the New America Foundation. This report was prepared between September 2004 and August 2006. John Tambornino, Jeremías Alvarez, and Linda Mellgren at DHHS were project officers, Signe-Mary McKernan of the Urban Institute was overall project director, and Michael Sherraden directed the work at CSD. Views expressed are those of the authors and do not represent official positions of the Department of Health and Human Services, the Urban Institute, its trustees, or its sponsors. Acknowledgments The report has benefited from helpful comments and suggestions from Jeremias Alvarez, Laura Chadwick, Gretchen Lehman, Linda Mellgren, and Kendall Swenson of ASPE, and John Tambornino and Lenard Sternbach of the Administration for Children and Families/DHHS. Elizabeth Bell at the Urban Institute provided excellent and timely research assistance. This report is part of a series entitled Poor Finances: Assets and Low-Income Households, produced in a partnership between the Urban Institute, Center for Social Development, and New American Foundation.
    [Show full text]
  • Asset Poverty and Debt Among Families with Children
    BRIEF Asset Poverty and Debt Among Families with Children Yumiko Aratani Michelle Chau February 2010 The National Center for Children in Poverty (NCCP) is the nation’s leading public policy center dedicated to promoting the economic security, health, and well-being of America’s low-income families and children. Using research to inform policy and practice, NCCP seeks to advance family-oriented solutions and the strategic use of public resources at the state and national levels to ensure positive outcomes for the next generation. Founded in 1989 as a division of the Mailman School of Public Health at Columbia University, NCCP is a nonpartisan, public interest research organization. ASSeT PoverTy AND DebT AMoNg FAMilieS wiTH CHilDreN Yumiko Aratani, Michelle Chau AuthorS ACkNowlEDgMENtS Yumiko Aratani, PhD, is senior research associate and acting this research was supported by funding from Annie E. Casey director of Family Economic Security at the National Center for Foundation. we would like to thank Janice Cooper, robert Children in Poverty. her research has focused on the role of wagmiller, Vanessa wight, David Seith, and Jessica Purmort housing in stratification processes, parental assets and children’s for their helpful comments on the earlier manuscript. Special well-being. thanks to Morris Ardoin, telly Valdellon and Amy Palmisano for their support on the production of this report. Michelle Chau is a research analyst on the Family Economic Security team at the National Center for Children in Poverty. Copyright © 2010 by the National Center for Children in Poverty 2 Asset Poverty and Debt Among Families with Children Yumiko Aratani | Michelle Chau February 2010 introduction Increasingly the significance of asset ownership Family assets are particularly important for low- among low-income families is being recognized.1 income families; however, the prospects are not Assets such as savings and homeownership are particularly bright for building their assets.
    [Show full text]
  • Poverty, Headship, and Gender Inequality in Asset Ownership in Latin America
    Abstract Drawing on the recent Living Standard Measurement Studies for Latin America and the Caribbean, this paper presents baseline indicators of the degree of gender inequality in asset ownership for the eleven countries in the region that have collected individual-level data on asset ownership. Disaggregated data on housing ownership suggests that the distribution of Poverty, asset ownership by gender within households is much more equitable than Headship, and a headship analysis would suggest. The gender wealth gap is calculated for the only country for which data on a sufficient number of assets and their Gender valuation is available. The authors estimate that in Nicaragua women own Inequality in from 36 to 41 percent of household physical wealth. In contrast, if the Asset Ownership analysis of household wealth were conducted by sex of the head, female- in Latin America headed households would own only between 20 and 23 percent of household wealth, significantly less than the share of female-headed households in that country. This different vision of relative female poverty by is largely due to the fact that women in male-headed households often own property, either in their own right or as joint property with their spouses. Carmen Diana The authors conclude with recommendations on how individual-level data Deere on asset ownership might be improved in support of gender analysis. Center for Latin American Studies, University of Florida Biographies Carmen Diana Deere is Professor of Food and Resource Economics and Latin American Studies at the University of Florida. She is the co-author of Gina E. Alvarado Empowering Women: Land and Property Rights in Latin America (2001) Center for Latin and co-guest editor of the special issue on Women and Wealth of the American Studies, journal Feminist Economics (2006).
    [Show full text]