THE HARLOW-SHAPLEY SYMPOSIUM ON GLOBULAR CLUSTER SYSTEMS IN GALAXIES The cover photo is Schmidt camera view of Halley's comet, the galaxy Centaurus-A (with its globular cluster system) and the galactic globular Omega Centauri. It was taken by William Liller, Instituto Isaac Newton, Ministerio de Education de Chile, on April 14.513, 1986, as part of NASA's International Halley Watch, Large Scale Phenomena Section. The telescope was a 20-centimeter fll.5 Schmidt operated by Liller on Easter Island. The combined view of the most massive globular in the Galaxy with one of the most studied external galaxies and globular cluster systems is a fitting reminder of the themes of the IAU 126 Symposium. The simultaneous view of Halley's comet records the year of the meeting and the centennial year of Harlow Shapley's birth. INTERNATIONAL ASTRONOMICAL UNION
UNION ASTRONOMIQUE INTERNATIONALE
THE HARLOW-SHAPLEY SYMPOSIUM ON GLOBULAR CLUSTER SYSTEMS IN GALAXIES
PROCEEDINGS OF THE 126TH SYMPOSIUM OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASTRONOMICAL UNION, HELD IN CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS, U.S.A., AUGUST 25-29, 1986
Edited by
JONATHAN E. GRINDLAY Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
and A. G. DAVIS PHILIP Van Vleck Observatory and Union College, Schenectady, New York, U.S.A.
KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS
DORDRECHT I BOSTON I LONDON Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Harlow Shapley Symposium on Globular Cluster Systems in Galaxies (1986: Cambridge, Mass.) The Harlow Shapley Symposium on Globular Cluster Systems in Galaxies: proceedings of the 126th symposium of the International Astronomical Union, held in Cambridge, Massachusetts, August 25-29, 1986/ edited by Jonathan E. Grindlay and A. G. Davis Philip. p. cm. At head of title: International Astronomical Union. Includes bibliographies and index. ISBN 978-90-277-2665-0 ISBN 978-94-015-1104-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-015-1104-9
1. Stars--Globular clusters----Congresses. 2. Shapley, Harlow, 1885-1972- Congresses. I. Grindlay, Jonathan E. II. Philip, A. G. Davis. III. Shapley, Harlow, 1885-1972. IV. International Astronomical Union. V. Title. QB853.H37 1986 523.8'55--- Published on behalf of the International Astronomical Union by Kluwer Academic Publishers, P. O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, Holland. Kluwer Academic Publishers incorporates the publishing programmes of D. Reidel, Martinus Nijhoff, Dr W. Junk and MTP Press. Sold and distributed in the U.S.A. and Canada by Kluwer Academic Publishers, 101 Philip Drive, Norwell, MA 02061, U.S.A. In all other countries, sold and distributed by Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, P. O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, Holland. All Rights Reserved © 1988 by the International Astronomical Union No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photo• copying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the publisher. TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface xvii List of Participants xxiii Conference Photo xxviii List of Photos of Participants and Special Figures xxx CHAPTER 1 REVIEW PAPERS ON HARLOW SHAPLEY Session Chair: M. McCarthy 1 SHAPLEY'S DEBATE Michael Hoskin 3 SHAPLEY'S ERA Helen Sawyer Hogg 11 SHAPLEY'S IMPACT Owen Gingerich 23 CHAPTER II REVIEW PAPERS ON GLOBULAR CLUSTERS IN THE MILKY WAY Session Chairs: R. McClure, J. Cohen, and J. Norris 35 AN OVERVIEW OF THE GLOBULAR CLUSTER SYSTEM OF THE GALAXY Robert Zinn 37 KINEMATICS OF THE GALACTIC GLOBULAR CLUSTER SYSTEM R. F. Webbink 49 GLOBULAR CLUSTER COLOR-MAGNITUDE DIAGRAMS James E. Hesser 61 THE OVERALL ABUNDANCES OF GLOBULAR CLUSTERS R. A. Bell 79 THE CHEMICAL INHOMOGENEITY WITHIN GLOBULAR CLUSTERS John Norris 93 AGES OF THE GALACTIC GLOBULAR CLUSTERS Don A. Vandenberg 107 GLOBULAR CLUSTER LUMINOSITY FUNCTIONS Pierre Demarque 121 vi GLOBULAR CLUSTERS AND FIELD HALO STARS Bruce W. Carney 133 CHAPTER III: REVIEW PAPERS ON GLOBULAR CLUSTERS IN NEARBY GALAXIES Session Chairs: G. Wallerstein, J. Watanabe and V. Straizys 149 OLD GLOBULAR CLUSTERS IN THE MAGELLANIC CLOUDS J. A. Graham 151 INTERMEDIATE-AGE MAGELLANIC CLOUD GLOBULAR CLUSTERS Edward W. Olszewski 159 M 31 CLUSTER SYSTEM F. Fusi Pecci 173 THE CLUSTERS OF M 33 C. A. Christian 187 THE NGC 5128 CLUSTER SYSTEM Hugh C. Harris, Gretchen L. H. Harris and James E. Hesser 205 DWARF SPHEROIDAL GALAXIES AND GLOBULAR CLUSTERS G. S. Da Costa 217 AN OVERVIEW OF GLOBULAR SYSTEMS IN DISTANT GALAXIES William E. Harris 237 THE M 87 GLOBULAR CLUSTER SYSTEM John Huchra 255 CHAPTER IV REVIEW PAPERS ON EVOLUTION OF GLOBULAR CLUSTERS Session £hairs: V. Trimble, H. Zinnecker, M. Auriere and J. Goodman 269 THE EVOLUTION OF THE SYSTEM OF GLOBULAR CLUSTERS Jeremiah P. Ostriker 271 TIDAL HEATING OF GLOBULAR CLUSTERS David Chernoff and Stuart L. Shapiro 283 CLUSTER SWAPPING Juan C. Muzzio 297 GALAXY FORMATION AND CLUSTER FORMATION Richard B. Larson 311 vii THE ORIGIN OF GLOBULAR CLUSTERS S. Michael Fall and Martin J. Rees 323 SURFACE PHOTOMETRY OF GLOBULAR CLUSTERS S. Djorgovski 333 X-RAY BINARIES AND CLUSTER EVOLUTION Jonathan E. Grindlay 347 PRECOLLAPSE EVOLUTION OF GLOBULAR CLUSTERS Shogo Inagaki 367 AFTER CORE COLLAPSE, WHAT? Haldan Cohn 379 DISOLUTION OF STAR CLUSTERS IN GALAXIES Roland Wielen 393 CHAPTER ~ REVIEW PAPERS ON GLOBULAR CLUSTERS AS TRACERS AND HST Session Chairs: M. Rees and Y. Gnedin 409 INTERSTELLAR MATTER IN GLOBULAR CLUSTERS Morton S. Roberts 4U GLOBULAR CLUSTERS AS TRACERS OF THE GALAXY MASS DISTRIBUTION K. A. Innanen 423 GLOBULAR CLUSTERS AND PRIMORDIAL COMPOSITION Roger Cayrel 431 STELLAR EVOLUTION IN GLOBULAR CLUSTERS AND HST Alvio Renzini 443 SIMULATIONS OF HST OBSERVATIONS OF GLOBULAR CLUSTERS John N. Bahcall and Donald P. Schneider 455 CHAPTER VI REVIEW PAPERS SUMMARY Session Chair: J. Grindlay 465 GLOBULAR CLUSTER SYSTEMS IN GALAXIES: MAIN TRENDS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS Sidney van den Bergh 467 CHAPTER VII POSTER PAPERS ON HARLOW SHAPLEY AND GLOBULAR CLUSTERS IN THE H!LKI WAY Discussion Leaders: M. McCarthy and C. Pilachowski 475 viii HARLOW SHAPLEY: A VIEW FROM THE HARVARD ARCHIVES Barbara L. Welther 477 HARLOW SHAPLEY AND THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI Charles J. Peterson 479 HARLOW SHAPLEY AND RED GIANT STARS Martin F. McCarthy S. J. 481 THE DEVELOPMENT OF A RED-GIANT BRANCH IN LOW TO INTERMEDIATE MASS STARS A. V. Sweigart, L. Greggio and A. Renzini 483 NEW MAIN-SEQUENCE LUMINOSITY FUNCTIONS FOR GLOBULAR CLUSTERS Robert D. McClure, Peter B. Stetson, James E. Hesser, Graham H. Smith, William E. Harris and Don A. VandenBerg 485 GLOBAL VERSUS LOCAL MASS FUNCTIONS Ivan R. King 487 A NEW SURVEY OF GLOBULAR CLUSTER STRUCTURAL AND LUMINOSITY PARAMETERS B. Cameron Reed and Charles J. Peterson 489 AXIAL RATIOS AND ORIENTATIONS FOR 100 GALACTIC GLOBULAR STAR CLUSTERS Raymond E. White and Stephen J. Sh~wl 491 ABUNDANCES IN STARS IN GLOBULAR CLUSTERS FROM PALOMAR CCD SPECTRA E. Myckki Leep, George Wallerstein and J. B. Oke 493 THE METAL ABUNDANCE OF METAL-RICH GLOBULAR CLUSTERS Raffaele Gratton, Maria Lucia Quarta and Sergio Ortolani 495 THE COMPOSITION OF WARM GIANTS IN M 71 AND M 5 Catherine A. Pilachowski and Christopher Sneden 497 THE INTEGRATED SPECTRA OF METAL-RICH GALACTIC GLOBULAR CLUSTERS: A TWO-PARAMETER FAMILY James A. Rose and Michael J. Tripicco 499 IUE INVESTIGATIONS AT THE CORE OF M 79 Bruce Altner 501 ONE-MICRON PHOTOMETRY OF OMEGA CENTAURI GIANTS Graeme H. Smith 503 ON THE BIMODAL DISTRUBUTIONS OF HORIZONTAL BRANCHES Young-Wook Lee, Pierre Demarque and Robert Zinn 505 BIMODAL DISTRIBUTIONS ON THE HORIZONTAL BRANCH Robert T. Rood and Deborah A. Crocker 507 HORIZONTAL-BRANCH STARS WITH STRONG HE LINES Deborah A. Crocker and Robert T. Rood 509 SPECTRA OF BHB STARS IN M 3, M 13 AND M 92 A. G. Davis Philip and N. N. Samus 511 FOUR-COLOR MEASURES OF BHB STARS IN M 4, M 13 AND M 55 A. G. Davis Philip 513 GLOBULAR CLUSTERS IN THE VILNIUS PHOTOMETRIC SYSTEM K. Zdanavi~ius 515 THE METALLICITY DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION OF HALO DWARFS AND GLOBULAR CLUSTERS J. B. Laird, M. P. Rupin, B. W. Carney, D. W. Latham and R. L. Kurucz 517 THE SIMILARITY OF THE HALO FIELD K GIANT POPULATION WITH THE GLOBULAR CLUSTER SYSTEM OF OUR GALAXY Kavan U. Ratnatunga 519 APPARENT ROTATION OF THE GALACTIC GLOBULAR CLUSTER SYSTEM J. Colin 521 ASTROMETRIC DISTANCES OF GLOBULAR CLUSTERS Kyle Cudworth and Ruth C. Peterson 523 ABSOLUTE PROPER MOTIONS AND SPACE MOTIONS OF GLOBULAR CLUSTERS H.-J. Tuchcolke, P. Brosche and M. Geffert 525 A SEARCH FOR OBSCURED GLOBULAR CLUSTERS S. Djorgovski 527 ON THE COLOR EXCESSES OF GLOBULAR CLUSTERS V. Straizys and R. Janulis 529 FIRST POSTER PAPER DISCUSSION 531 CHAPTER VIII POSTER PAPERS ON CLUSTER SYSTEMS IN NEARBY GALAXIES Discussion Leader: G. Lynga 539 A SEARCH FOR GLOBULAR CLUSTER CANDIDATES IN NGC 2403 M. L. Malagnini, P. Santin, F. Bonoli, L. Frederici, F. Fusi Pecci and R. G. Kron 541 x SEARCH FOR GLOBULAR CLUSTERS IN THE NEARBY GALAXIES II. NGC 3109 A. Blecha 543 A COMPLETE SAMPLE OF GLOBULAR CLUSTERS IN NGC 5128 Ray Sharples 545 ASTRONOMICAL CATALOGUES IN THE M 31 REGION P. Battistini 547 THE BLUE STAR CLUSTERS OF M 31 Paul Hodge 549 SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF GLOBULAR CLUSTERS IN M 31 Jun-ichi Watanabe and Tomohiko Yamagata 551 FORMATION OF POPULOUS CLUSTERS FROM METAL-POOR GAS IN THE MAGELLANIC CLOUDS T. Richtler and W. Seggewiss 553 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE RED GIANT BRANCH IN MAGELLANIC CLOUD CLUSTERS: PROGRESS REPORT R. Buonanno, C. E. Corsi, F. Fusi Pecci, L. Greggio, A. Renzini and A. V. Sweigart 555 THE AGE DISTRIBUTION AND AGE-METALLICITY RELATION OF STAR CLUSTERS IN A NORTHERN REGION OF THE LMC Mario Mateo 557 PHOTOMETRIC MODELS FOR GLOBULAR CLUSTERS FROM POPULATION SYNTHESIS R. Capuzzo Dolcetta 559 BVRI PHOTOMETRY OF STAR CLUSTERS IN THE BOK REGION OF THE LARGE MAGELLANIC CLOUD William Liller and Gonzalo Alcaino 561 AGES AND METAL ABUNDANCES OF STAR CLUSTERS IN THE MAGELLANIC CLOUDS Horace A. Smith, Leonard Searle and Armando Manduca 563 INTERNAL DYNAMICS OF MAGELLANIC CLOUD CLUSTERS Paul Papenhausen and R. A. Schommer 565 DO BINARY CLUSTERS EXIST IN THE LARGE MAGELLANIC CLOUD? D. Hatzidimitriou and R. K. Bhatia 567 ELLIPTICITIES OF GLOBULAR CLUSTERS IN THE ANDROMEDA GALAXY Nedka M. Spassova, Anelia V. Staneva and Valery K. Golev 569 OBSERVED VARIATIONS IN THE DENSITY PROFILES OF STAR CLUSTERS IN THE LMC M. Kontizas, D. Hatzidimitriou and M. Metaxa 571 RATIO OF EARLY TO LATE TYPE STARS IN SMC CLUSTERS E. Kontizas, M. Kontizas, A. Dapergolas and D. Hatzidimitriou 573 THE SMC CLUSTER LINDSAY 11 J. Buttress, R. D. Cannon and W. K. Griffiths 575 ABUNDANCES OF YOUNG LMC CLUSTERS R. A. Schommer and Doug Geisler 577 THE ABUNDANCE OF THE LMC GLOBULAR CLUSTER NGC 2213 Doug Geisler 579 DEEP PHOTOMETRY OF THE DRACO DWARF SPHEROIDAL GALAXY Bruce W. Carney and P. Seitzer 581 CCD PHOTOMETRY IN THE CORE OF THE FORNAX DWARF GALAXY Robert M. Light and P. Seitzer 583 A CANDIDATE FOR THE RECOVERED NOVA OF 1938 IN THE GLOBULAR CLUSTER M 14 Michael M. Shara, Michael Potter, Anthony F. J. Moffat, Helen Sawyer Hogg and Amelia Wehlau 585 THE ABSOLUTE LUMINOSITY OF RR LYRAE VARIABLES C. Cacciari, G. Clementini and L. Prevot 587 THE DISTANCES TO RR LYRAE VARIABLES Rodney V. Jones, Bruce W. Carney, David W. Latham and Robert L. Kurucz 589 DOUBLE-MODE RR LYRAE STARS IN IC 4499 Christine M. Clement, James M. Nemec, Robert J. Dickens, Elizabeth A. Bingham 591 SHORT-PERIOD VARIABLES IN GLOBULAR CLUSTERS OF MODERATE METALLICITY Martha L. Hazen 593 SECOND POSTER PAPER DISCUSSION 595 CHAPTER IX: POSTER PAPERS ON CLUSTER SYSTEMS IN DISTANT GALAXIES. DEEP PHOTOMETRY AND CM DIAGRAMS Discussion Leader: D. Hanes 601 THE NUCLEI OF NUCLEATED DWARF ELLIPTICAL GALAXIES - ARE THEY GLOBULAR CLUSTERS? xii H. Zinnecker, C. J. Keable, J. S. Dunlop, R. D. Cannon and W. K. Griffiths 603 THE GLOBULAR CLUSTER SYSTEM OF M 87 Judith G. Cohen 605 THE CORE OF THE M 87 GLOBULAR CLUSTER SYSTEM Tod R. Lauer and John Kormendy 607 U PHOTOMETRY OF GLOBULAR CLUSTERS IN THE CENTRAL REGION OF M 87 E. V. Held and J.-L. Nieto 609 GLOBULAR CLUSTERS DETECTED IN THE COMA CLUSTER'S CENTRAL GIANT GALAXY NGC 4874 Laird A. Thompson and F. Valdes 611 GLOBULAR CLUSTERS IN DIFFERENT TYPES OF SPIRAL GALAXIES Hugh C. Harris, Gregory D. Bothun and James E. Hesser 613 GLOBULAR CLUSTERS IN LENTICULAR GALAXIES: NCG 3115 E. V. Held and M. Capaccioli 615 GLOBULAR CLUSTERS AS EXTRAGALACTIC DISTANCE INDICATORS: MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD METHODS David A. Hanes and Donna G. Whittaker 617 PHOTOMETRY OF FAINT STARS IN GLOBULAR CLUSTERS USING THE SIX METER TELESCOPE N. N. Samus 619 HIGH PRECISION PHOTOMETRY OF 10,000 STARS IN M 3 R. Buonanno, A. Buzzoni, C. E. Corsi, F. Fusi Pecci and A. R. Sandage 621 DEEP CCD PHOTOMETRY IN M 5 Harvey B. Richer and Gregory G. Fah1man 623 PHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOMETRY OF 4500 STARS IN M 30 G. Piotto, M. Capaccio1i, S. Orto1ani, L. Rosino, G. A1caino and W. Liller 625 AN AUTOMATED HR DIAGRAM FOR NGC 6809 (M 55) Michael J. Irwin and Virginia Trimble 627 DEEP CCD PHOTOMETRY IN OMEGA CENTAURI AND NGC 3201 S. Orto1ani 629 DEEP CCD PHOTOMETRY OF OMEGA CENTAURI R. G. Noble, J. Buttress, W. K. Griffiths, A. J. Penny, R. J. Dickens and R. D. Cannon 631 xiii THE AGES OF GLOBULAR CLUSTERS DERIVED FROM BVRI CCD PHOTOMETRY Gonzalo Alcaino and William Liller 633 TURNOFFS AND AGES OF GLOBULAR CLUSTERS R. Buonanno, C. E. Corsi and F. Fusi Pecci 635 THE DYNAMICS OF GLOBULAR CLUSTERS IN HIGH ECCENTRICITY ORBITS R. K. Bhatia 637 MASS DISTRIBUTIONS OF GALAXIES WITH GLOBULAR CLUSTER SYSTEMS Kazutomo Takayanagi 639 THE DYNAMICS OF GLOBULAR CLUSTER SYSTEMS Natarajan Ramamani 641 THIRD POSTER PAPER DISCUSSION 643 CHAPTER ~ POSTER PAPERS ON FORMATION AND EVOLUTION OF GLOBULAR CLUSTERS Discussion Leader: I. King 653 A MULTI COLOR CCD SURVEY OF SOUTHERN GLOBULAR CLUSTERS Juan Forte and Mariano Mendez 655 THE STRUCTURE OF COLLAPSED CLUSTER CORES Phyllis M. Lugger, Haldan Cohn, Jonathan E. Grind1ay, Charles D. Bai1yn and Paul Hertz 657 RADIAL VELOCITY STUDY OF NGC 6712 J. Grind1ay, C. Bai1yn, R. Mathieu and D. Latham 659 A SURVEY OF GLOBULAR CLUSTER VELOCITY DISPERSIONS Carlton Pryor, Robert D. McClure, J. M. Fletcher and James E. Hesser 661 ANISTROPY IN OMEGA CENTAURI AND 47 TUCANAE G. Mey1an 663 EVOLUTION OF GLOBULAR CLUSTERS INCLUDING A DEGENERATE COMPONENT Hyung Mok Lee 665 EVOLUTION OF GLOBULAR CLUSTERS WITH TIDALLY-CAPTURED BINARIES THROUGH CORE COLLAPSE Thomas S. Statler, Jeremiah P. Ostriker and Haldan N. Cohn 667 xiv BINARY INTERACTIONS IN STAR CLUSTERS Stephen L. W. McMillan 669 TIDAL EFFECTS ON STELLAR EVOLUTION IN CLOSE BINARIES FORMED IN GLOBULAR CLUSTERS H. M. Antia, A. K. Kembhavi and A. Ray 671 THE EFFECTS OF STELLAR EVOLUTION AND GALACTIC TIDES ON GLOBULAR CLUSTER EVOLUTION D. F. Chernoff, M. D. Weinberg and S. L. Shapiro 673 THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF SPECTROSCOPIC BINARIES AND BLUE STRAGGLERS IN M 67 Robert D. Mathieu and David W. Latham 675 EVIDENCE FOR MASS SEGREGATION IN NGC 5466 James M. Nemec and Hugh C. Harris 677 ORIGIN AND RADIAL DISTRIBUTION OF FAINT BLUE HORIZONTAL• BRANCH STARS Charles D. Bailyn, Jonathan E. Grindlay, Haldan Cohn and Phyllis M. Lugger 679 VARIABILITY OF OMEGA CENTAURI BLUE STRAGGLERS: CLUES TO THEIR ORIGIN G. S. Da Costa and John Norris 681 A SEARCH FOR OPTICAL COUNTERPARTS OF GLOBULAR CLUSTER X-RAY SOURCES Michel Auriere, Lydie Koch-Miramond, Claude Chevalier, Jean-Pierre Cordoni and Sergio Ilovaisky 683 LOW LUMINOSITY GLOBULAR CLUSTER X-RAY SOURCES Paul Hertz 685 EXOSAT OBSERVATIONS OF OMEGA CENTAURI Lydie Koch-Miramond and Michel Auriere 687 NEW METHODS FOR THE SEARCH FOR HOT GAS IN GLOBULAR CLUSTERS Yu N. Gnedin and T. M. Natsvlishvili 689 RADIAL VELOCITY PROFILES FOR ANISOTROPIC SPHERICALLY SYMMETRIC CLUSTERS: AN EXAMPLE Herwig Dejonghe 691 LINEAR DENSITY WAVES IN GLOBULAR CLUSTERS Yousef Sobouti 693 xv ON GRAVOTHERMAL OSCILLATIONS Jeremy Goodman 695 COOLING AND FRAGMENTATION OF PROTO-GLOBULAR CLUSTER CLOUDS Francesco Palla and Hans Zinnecker 697 FORMATION OF GLOBULAR CLUSTERS AND THE FIRST STELLAR GENERATION A. Di Fazio 699 FORMATION OF POPULATION III OBJECTS DUE TO COSMIC STRINGS Tetsuya Hara and Shigeru Miyoshi 701 FOURTH POSTER PAPER DISCUSSION 703 RANDOM QUOTES 711 NAME INDEX 715 OBJECT INDEX 723 SUBJECT INDEX 728 ADDRESSES OF PARTICIPANTS 741 Heretofore unpublished portrait of Harlow Shapley, probably from the late 1930's, found by Owen Gingerich in the Harvard University archives . PREFACE In the centennial year, 1985-86, of Harlow Shapley's birth, the study of globular clusters was no less important to the development of astronomy than in 1915, when Shapley first noted their concentration on the sky. By 1917 Shapley had used the properties of the system of globular clusters to complete the Copernican revolution and locate the solar system, and its Earth-bound observers, far from the center of the Galaxy and the globular cluster distribution. Seven decades later, in the year of these proceedings, globular cluster research and the study of the system of globular clusters in our own and distant galaxies is undergoing a renaissance of activity. The introduction of new observational tools, particularly CCD imagers and digital spectrographs, as well as powerful theoretical methods have transformed the study of globular clusters into one of the main line areas of modern astrophysics. Thus it seemed particularly appropriate to one of us, when considering how the Harvard College Observatory might mark the Shapley centennial, to propose and plan for an IAU Symposium on Globular Cluster Systems in Galaxies. Planning for the Shapley Symposium, as it came to be called, was even more drawn out than the preparation of this volume. The Symposium was originally proposed to the IAU Secretariat in time for it to be held in August, 1985, so that it might occur in the centennial (calendar) year. The IAU turned this down, however, having banned all Symposia within a few months of the upcoming General Assembly meeting in New Delhi out of concern for finite travel budgets for the participants. Approval was promptly given for the Symposium to be held at the next available date proposed, August 1986, which still would allow the meeting to occur (so the Organizing Committee noted) within the lOath year of Shapley's birth in November 1885. Although Cambridge in August can be either stifling or cold and wet, the weather the week of the meeting (August 25-29, 1986) was as clear and crisp as the many excellent talks and discussions which took place in the meeting hall of the Harvard Science Center. The intent of IAU Symposium 126 was to review the recent progress and future prospects in the studies of globular clusters in our own and external galaxies. Although there had been several recent meetings on globular clusters, including the 1984 IAU Symposium 113 on Dynamics of Star Clusters and the 1981 IAU Colloquium 68 on Astrophysical Parameters for Globular Clusters, no meeting had yet focused on the properties of the system of globular clusters as a whole. Given the remarkable progress in cluster observations with CCD detector systems on 4 m class telescopes, as well as the explosive growth of desk-top VAX class (e.g. microVAX) computers for both data analysis and theoretical modeling, the study of the nature and evolution of the cluster system in the Galaxy and beyond was now possible. Thus the Shapley Symposium was intended to highlight the large-scale properties of globular clusters and the formation and evolution of globular cluster systems in galaxies. Another motive in our original planning XVII xviii was to have a Symposium on globular clusters to highlight the prospects and problems for the new studies of globular clusters that would be carried out by the Hubble Space Telescope, originally scheduled for launch only a few months after the meeting. The Challenger tragedy delayed this, of course, but has not diminished the prospects that some of the most exciting science with HST will result from its observations of globular clusters. Perhaps the best tribute to the success of the meeting is contained in the opening words of Sidney van den Bergh's summary paper at the end of this volume: "This was a really exciting conference !" Indeed, the meeting followed closely on and provided a forum for the discovery of the apparent correlation between cluster metallicity and the slope of the luminosity (and thus mass) function of its stars. Comprehensive studies of the globular clusters in the Magellanic Clouds, as well as M 31 and Local Group galaxies, were presented which would have done Shapley (who was called "Mr. Magellanic Clouds" by Bart Bok, as Helen Sawyer Hogg reminded us in her delightful historical reminiscences) proud. The meeting was intended to pick up on several hot topics which were just (barely) introduced at the IAU Symposium 113 on stellar dynamics: the evolution of globular clusters past their core collapse stage and the possible re-expansion, and eventual tidal disruption, of clusters, as well as the disruption of globular clusters (not necessarily post-core collapse) by tidal shocks in the disk of the galaxy and by encounters with giant molecular clouds. These processes have been "confirmed" by numerous contributions at this meeting, although it remains for the next IAU Symposium to include the hard observational evidence that cluster re-expansion and cluster disruption are indeed observed. Finally, the quantity and quality of new results on distant globular cluster systems was reassuring for the original objectives of the conference. It is likely that a comparable surge in new results will only be available well after the first images with HST or, perhaps, in the era of either new dedicated 4 m class or very large ground-based telescopes. This meeting achieved its goals thanks to the hard work of a large number of people. Perhaps foremost among the many who planned for and worked hard during the meeting was the chairman of the Local Organizing Committee, Robert Davis, who handled the CfA VAX's, mailings, registration and billing jobs with aplomb. MarthaHazen arranged the housing and feeding of conference participants as well as provided numerous invaluable suggestions for the overall organization of the meeting; David Latham carried out the Herculean task of editing the poster-paper abstracts submitted and arranged for them to be reproduced in a most useful book and for the poster papers themselves to be displayed on the poster boards; John Huchra organized the coffee and doughnut breaks, the registration procedures, and other matters; Jacqueline Kloss arranged for the bus transport to the evening reception at the Gardner Museum; and Owen Gingerich arranged for our use of the Science Center facilities as well as, with Barbara Welther, the delightful reception and music at the Isabella Stuart Gardner xix Museum in Boston. The following generous donors helped to make the Gardner reception possible: Owen and Miriam Gingerich, Martha Hazen, Jacqueline and Henry Kloss, Edward Lilley, George Mumford, Alan Shapley, Lloyd Shapley, Willis Shapley, Charles Whitney, and John Wolbach. The presence of Willis Shapley at the meeting and the reception forged a welcome link between the participants and Harlow Shapley. The actual operations of the meeting went off smoothly thanks to a number of people. Marilyn Bibeau and David Plancon of the HCO business office are thanked for their long hours keeping the books and arranging for bills to be paid. Corbin Covault and John Flanagan helped with numerous tasks in running the Symposium, and Christie Karlin did much of the secretarial work in putting together the Proceedings. Mary Bongiovanni took care of the job of passing out the discussion sheets, typing them up and then passing them back to speakers for proofing. She and Kristina Philip typed many of the final manuscript pages. We note that at this meeting the submission of some of the papers was done in a new way, namely by electronic means. Approximately l/Sili of the papers were transferred to Schenectady or Cambridge either by BITNET or on a floppy disk. For these papers the editing process was made much more simple. Since all these papers could be printed on the same, laserj et, printer, the resulting book becomes more uniform in appearance. We expect that at future meetings the percentage of papers submitted in this manner will be much larger and at some point it will be possible to present the proceedings of a meeting with a completely uniform appearance. BITNET was also used for communications between the two editors and mitigated the effect of our being in two different cities. Paul Hodge provided a most interesting, and entertaining, after-dinner talk at the conference banquet. Finally, Irwin Shapiro thoughtfully made available to the LOC resources of the CfA to help with the meeting and opened the conference with Derek Bok, who kindly took time out from his busy schedule to welcome the participants to Harvard in the year of its 350th anniversary. The members of the Scientific Organizing Committee are listed below and are thanked for their assistance and patience in planning the Symposium: P. Demarque (USA) C. Pilachowski (USA) M. Hoskin (UK) A. Renzini (Italy) K. Freeman (Australia) V. Straizys (USSR) J. Grindlay (USA), Chair T. Van Albada (Netherlands) G. Lynga (Sweden) S. Van den Bergh (Canada) R. Wielen (W. Germany) The members of the Local Organizing Committee are thanked once xx again for their many efforts: R. Davis (Chair) J. Huchra O. Gingerich J. Kloss M. Hazen D. Latham The following conference participants chaired the scientific sessions, which are listed in the Table of Contents, and are thanked for leading the discussion in the sessions: J. McClure V. Trimble J. Cohen H. Zinnecker J. Norris M. Auriere M. McCarthy J. Goodman C. Pilachowski D. Hanes G. Wallerstein M. Rees J. Watanabe Y. Gnedin V. StraiZys J. Grind1ay G. Lynga 1. King The Symposium was co-sponsored by the following lAU Commissions: lAU Commission 33 - Structure and Dynamics of the Galactic System lAU Commission 37 - Star Clusters and Associations The Symposium was supported financially by the lAU and by the Harvard College Observatory and Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatories, to whom we are grateful. September, 1987 Cambridge, Mass. Schenectady, N.Y. Jonathan E. Grind1ay A. G. Davis Philip Editors ASSORTED FIGURES FROM THE SYMPOSIUM 12 MI5 M92 NGC 5466 12 /4 14 .. V I~ .f '1 .... '_ ~ t . 16 16 ... :". 16 (' J 18 ...~ I 1 / a ,J I:, Cre s:o 18 I C , •• , 20 20 0 ·0 0 ·6 1·2 0 -0 0 ·6 /·2 0 ·0 0 '6 ' -2 8- V " . ~', ' . .;:.~ " '.," ~-' ,. _-:.~;, " :'ir . .:. " ...... ' '. .. ..:;.:.,.. ": ------..: .. :',' , ' ~ . ' .' .: .. " . .,: It ...~.'~ ... t .. · ... u I~ " 00 04 O. 1> 2 1-. Zoo a-v .110 .20 110 .01 . 4 • 0 411. .._. " _4 .0 log r 'a,.c.I,,) II, o lOON W.,71 VIRGO GC Lf -. • .. _.4==::.-...I---'---'----'---.J 8 10 • '.. ' , &- . . ,r V + ,~ 10" : '19 ,.. + .10 . . + + 0 t::' ''Q] ~ ,r~I O' 0 ,r ,." 00 0 , 0" 10" 0 0 .5 1.0 ,0- O. • • ' 0 . ,., 20. " _ 1411. '? I " " , 20. 8-V 'I'.. ' 1" .. LIST OF PARTICIPANTS Argentina Mendez, M. Astronomical Observatory of La Plata Muzzio, J. C. Astronomical Observatory of La Plata Australia Norris, J. Australian National University Sharples, R. Anglo-Australian Observatory Bulgaria Spassova, N.M. Bulgarian Acad. Sci. Canada Hanes, D. A. Queen's University (Ontario) Harris, G. University of Waterloo Harris, W. McMaster Univ. Hesser, J. Dominion Astrophys. Obs. Innanen, K. York University McClure, R. D. Dominion Astrophysical Observatory Mitalas, R. University of Western Ontario Pryor, C. Univ. of Victoria Racine, R. Universite de Montreal Reed, B. C. Saint Mary's University Richer, H. University of British Columbia Sawyer-Hogg, H. David Dunlap Observatory Smith, G. Dominion Astrophysical Observatory VandenBergh, D. University of Victoria van den Bergh, S. Dominion Astrophysical Observatory Wehlau, A. University of Western Ontario Alcaino, G. Instituto Isaac Newton Geisler, D. P. CIIO Liller, W. Vina del Mar France Cayrel, R. Observatoire de Paris Colin, J. Observatoire de Besancon Koch-Miramond, L. CEN-Saclay Auriere, M. ESO and Obs. du Pic du Midi Adur, B. Nehru Center xxiii xxiv Kilambi, G. C. Osmania University Ray, A. Tata Inst. of Fundamental Research Iran Sobouti, Y. Shiraz University Gratton, R. Astronomical Observatory of Rome Battistini, P. University of Bologna Buonanno, R. Astronomical Observatory of Monte Mario Capuzzo Dolcetta, R. Astronomical Observatory of Rome Di Fazio, A. Astronomical Observatory of Rome Fusi Pecci, F. University of Bologna Greggio, L. University of Bologna Held, E. V. Instituteo of Astronomy (Padua) Lo Cascio, L. University of Palermo Malagnini, M. L. University of Trieste Ortolani, S. Astronomical Observatory of Asiago Renzini, A. University of Bologna Rossi, L. Institute of Space Astrohysics Hara, T. Kyoto Sangyo University Inagaki, S. University of Kyoto Takayanagi, K. Ryukoku University Watanabe, J. University of Tokyo Lynga, G. Lund Observatory Switzerland Blecha, A. Observatoire de Geneve Buttress, J. University of Leeds Griffi ths, W. University of Leeds Noble, R. G. University of Leeds Rees, M. Institute of Astronomy Bhatia, R. Royal Observatory (Edinburgh) Hatzidimitriou, D. Royal Observatory (Edinburgh) Ramamani, N. R. University of Edinburgh Zinnecker, H. Royal Observatory (Edinburgh) xxv Ables, H.D. U. S. Naval Obs. Altner, ' .. Applied Research Corp. Andersen, J. Copenhagen Univ. Obs. Armandroff, T. Yale University Bahcall, J. N. Inst. for Advanced Study (Princeton) Bailyn, C. Harvard University Baum, W. A. Lowell Observatory Bell, R. A. Univ. of Maryland Bond, H. E. Space Telescope Science Institute Brodie, J. University of California Cacciari, C. Space Telescope Science Institute Carney, B. Univ. of North Carolina Chernoff, D. Cornell University Christian, C. A. Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope Corp. Clementini, G. Space Tel. Sci. Inst. Cohen, J. California Institute of Technology Cohn, H. N. Indiana University Crocker, D. A. Univ. of Virginia Croswell, K. Center for Astrophysics Cudworth, K. Yerkes Observatory Da Costa, G. Yale University Davis, J. Center for Astrophysics Dejonghe, H. Inst. for Advanced Study (Princeton) Demarque, P. Yale University Observatory Djorgovski, S. Center for Astrophysics Dupree, A. Center for Astrophysics Field, C. A. Univ. of Massachusetts Friel, E. Lick Observatory Gingerich, O. Center for Astrophysics Goodman, J. Inst. for Advanced Study (Princeton) Graham, J. Carnegie Inst. of Washington Grindlay, J. E. Center for Astrophysics Harris, H. U.S. Naval Observatory Hartmann, L. Center for Astrophysics Hazen, M. L. Center for Astrophysics Hertz, P. Naval Research Laboratory Hodge, P. W. University of Washington Huchra, J. Center for Astrophysics Janes, K. Boston University Jones, K. West Tisbury, Mass. Jones, R. V. Univ. of North Carolina King, 1. Univ. of California Kloss, J. Cambridge, Mass. Kron, G. E. Pinecrest Observatory Kurucz, R. L. Center for Astrophysics Laird, J. B. Univ. of North Carolina Larson, R. Yale University Latham, D. W. Center for Astrophysics xxvi Lauer, T. R. Princeton University Observatory Lee, H. M. Princeton University Observatory Lee, Y. -W. Yale University Light, R. M. Yale University Lilley, A. E. Center for Astrophysics Liu, P. Boston University Lugger, P. Indiana University Marschall, L. A. Center for Astrophysics Mateo, M. University of Washington Mathieu, R. Center for Astrophysics McMillan, S. Northwestern University Menzel, M. F. Cambridge, Mass. Meylan, G. Univ. Calif. (Berkeley) Mumford, G. S. Tufts University Murray, S. Lick Observatory Nemec, J. M. Calif. Inst. of Technology Olszewski, E. Steward Observatory Ostriker, J. P. Princeton Univ. Obs. Papaliolios, C. Harvard University Papenhausen, P. Rutgers University Penny, A. Space Telescope Science Institute Peterson, C. J. University of Missouri Peterson, R. Visiting Scientist, Whipple Obs. Philip, A. G. D. Van Vleck Observatory Pilachowski, C. KPNO Pound, M. Boston University Ratnatunga, K. U. Inst. for Advanced Study (Princeton) Roberts, M. S. NRAO Rood, R. T. University of Virginia Rose, J. A. Univ. of North Carolina Schild, R. E. Center for Astrophysics Schommer, R. Rutgers University Seitzer, P. KPNO Shapley, W. H. Washington, DC Smith, H. A. Michigan State University Statler, T. S. Princeton University Observatory Stecher, T. P. NASA-Goddard Space Flight Ctr. Sweigart, A. V. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Thompson, L. A. University of Hawaii Trimble, V. University of Maryland Walker, M. University of California Wallerstein, G. Univ. of Washington Webbink, R. Univ. of Illinois Welther, B. L. Center for Astrophysics White, R. E. University of Arizona Whitney, C. A. Center for Astrophysics Wolbach, J. G. Center for Astrophysics Zinn, R. J. Yale University xxvii Gnedin, Y. N. Pulkovo Observatory Samus, N. N. Academy of Sciences of U. S. S. R. StraiZys, V. L. Institute of Physics, Vilnius ZdanavH!ius, K. Institute of Physics, Vilnius Ii.. Germany Seggewiss, D. W. Observatorium Hoher List Tucholke, H. University of Munster Wielen, R. Astronomisches Rechen-Institut Vatican City State McCarthy, M. F. Vatican Observatory l. A. Di Fazio 3l. K.U. Ratnatunga 6l. P. Demarque 9l. R. Buonanno 12l. J. Brodie 2. M. Mateo 32. J. Norris 62. A.G. Davis Philip 92. R.T. Rood 122. J. Huehra 3. C. Pilachowski 33. W. Griffiths 63. B.L. Welther 93. R.A. Bell 123. N.N. Saffius 4. E. Friel 34. D.W. Latham 64. A. Blecha 94. F. Fusi Pecci 124. G. Meylan 5. J. Goodman 35. J. Anderson 65. G. Wallerstein 95. Y.N. Gnedin 125. M.L. Hazen 6. C.A. Field 36. B. Anderson 66. 96. B. Carney 126. R.J. Zinn 7. N. Ramamani 37. R.D. McClure 67. J. Wdt21nabe 97. K. Croswell 127. T. Statler 8. H. Sawyer-Hogg 38. S. Inagaki 68. A.V. Sweigart 98. R.M. Light 128. H.D. Ables 9. A. Wehlau 39. 69. T. Armandrof£ 99. J.A. Rose 129. H.E. Bond 10. K.C. Kron 40. J.E. Hesser 70. T. Hara 100. R.J. Davis 130. H.M. Lee 11. J.P. Ostriker 4l. J.M. Nemec 71. H.A. Smith 101. J.B. Laird 131. H.C. Harris 12. J.E. Grindlay 42. K. Janes 72. A.J. Penny 102. D.P. Geisler 132. J.A. Graham 13. O. Gingerich 43. M.F. McCarthy 73. H. Richer 103. G. DaCosta 133. P.W. Hodge 14. R.E. Schild 44. B. Altner 74. P. Seitzer 104. R. Webbink 134. T.P. Stecker 15. L. Koch-Miramond 45. 75. 105. J. Kloss 135. J.C. Muzzio 16. B. Adur 46. R.M. Sharples 76. J. Cohen 106. R. Cayrel 136. D.A. Crocker 17. M.L. Malagnini 47. C. Cacciari 77. S. Ortolani 107. G. Smith 137. K. Innanen 18. V.L. Straizys 48. H. Dejonghe 78. D. Hatzidimitrou 108. K. Takayanagi 138. C.J. Peterson 19. C.A. Christian 49. R. Mitalas 79. K. Cudworth 109. R.C. Capuzzo Dolcetta 139. W. Liller 20. E. Olszewski 50. B.C. Reed 80. R.E. White 110. A. Ray 140. W. Harris 2l. R. Larson 51. M.S. Roberts 81. R. Peterson 111. R. Gratton 141. E.V. Held 22. G.C. Kilambi 52. C. Pryor 82. 1. King 112. D. Chernoff 142. R.V. Jones 23. Y.W. Lee 53. W.A. Saum 83. 113. M. Mendez 143. D.W. Seggewiss 24. R. Bhatia 54. M. Walker 84. R. Wielen 114. D.A. Hanes 144. P.L. Battistini 25. W. Shapley 55. S.G. Djorgovski 85. T.R. Lauer 115. R. Mathieu 26. G.E. Kron 56. S. McMillan 86. G. Lynga 116. L. Greggio 21. H. Zinneker 57. V. Trimble 87. R. Racine 117. S. van den Bergh 28. 58. P. Hertz 88. 118. R. Schonuner 29. K.V. Zdanavicius 59. P. Papaliolios 89. G. Alcaino 119. D. VandenBerg 30. 60. M. Auriere 90. A. Renzini 120. G. Clementini LIST OF PHOTOS OF PARTICIPANTS AND SPECIAL FIGURES Cover: Halley's Comet, Cen-A and Omega-Cen (photo by W. Liller) Frontispiece: Harlow Shapley (Harvard University archives) xvi Assorted figures from the Symposium xxi Photograph of Symposium participants (photo by Steven Seron) xxviii Helen Sawyer Hogg and Willis Shapley remembering Willis Shapley fielding questions on his father 2 Bob McClure running his session Ron Webbink answering questions after his talk 36 Bruce Carney studies a particulary detailed poster after registering Gary DaCosta and colleagues studying posters 150 Poster papers were also set up downstairs Paul Hodge checking in 270 Martha Hazen and Morton Roberts in discussion The crowd awaits the opening remarks 410 Josh Grindlay thanks attendees for not being in China Another view of the Symposium participants 466 Drs. McCarthy, Gingerich, Hazen, and Alcaino examine historic plate Bob McClure explains his pivotal poster to Rene Racine, Juan Forte and others 476 Charles Peterson and Martha Hazen pinning up President Derek Bok officially welcomed the participants 540 Jim Hesser and a well-known globular cluster captivate the crowd Roberto Buonanno with a cluster of globular luminaries 602 Judy Cohen fields the discussion after Roger Bell's talk The poster papers received due attention and discussion 654 Irwin Shapiro opened the first IAU Symposium co-sponsored by the CfA Core Collapse after the conference 712 The editors - J. Grindlay (R) and A. G. Davis Philip - after finishing their editing task in Cambridge (photo by Sandra Grindlay) 742 Back cover: Luminosity function vs. metallicity correlation from R. McClure et al (All photos by James Cornell unless otherwise credited) xxxi