official organ of the African national congress south africa

FIGHT PRODUCE LEARN

UNITY IN ACTION African National Congress SECHABA MARCH ISSUE, 1983 DDDDDDGDaDaaDDDDDnDDnDDDnaDaDDaDaDDDDnDDnD

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ALL ORDERS OF TEN OR MORE COPIES - a EDITORIAL 50% DISCOUNT a Coloured Labour Party Sells Out 1 KINDLY INCLUDE A DONATION WITH YOUR ORDER IF POSSIBLE SAMPLE COPIES OF SECHABA AVAILABLE ON O. R. TAMBO REQUEST IF ACCOMPANIED BY A POSTAL ORDER A conquering force (OR IN THE UNITED KINGDOM WITH STAMPS) TO DEFRAY POSTAL COSTS • • RECOLLECTIONS OF MANDELA ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTIONS • An ANC Veteran Remembers 1 USA and CANADA (airmail only) $12.00 ELSEWHERE £ 6,00 TORTURE AND THE HEALTH WORKER SINGLE COPIES by Dr Menryn Bennun 5 USA and CANADA (airmail only) % 3.00 ELSEWHERE t 0,50 a APARTHEID TERROR a LISTEN TO a by Azii Pahad 1 RADIO FREEDOM a VOICE OF THE AFRICAN NATIONAL CRICKETING MERCENARIES CONGRESS AND UMKHONTO WE • by Sam Ramsamy SIZWE( THE PEOPLE'S ARMY D RADIO LUANDA shortwave, 40 h 30 m bands; medium wave 27,6 m band-7,30 pm daily RADIO LUSAKA a shortwave 31 m band, 9580 KHz. 7.15-8 pm. Monday - Friday • 10,05-10,35 pm Wednesday. 10,30-11 pm Friday 7-8 pm Saturday + Sunday, 8-8,45 pm. 19 mb, 17895 KHz £j RADIO MADAGASCAR D shortwave 49 m band, 6135 KHz-8-9 pm daily RADIO ETHOPIA • shortwave 31 m band. 9545 KHz • 9.30-10.00 pm dairy a RADIO TANZANIA a shortwave 19 m band, 15.435 KHz a 8.15 pm - Sunday, Mondoy, Wednesdoy, Friday 31 m band-6,15 am Tuesday. Thursday and a Saturday c

DDDDDGaaDDDDaaDDDDaDnnnDaDnaDDaaDDnnnDDnDnnDDDDa Coloured Labour Partu Sells Out A 'iiear-riot - that was how a February the constitutional arrangements proposed by meeting of the Coloured Labour Party was the so-called President's Council and approv­ described in the papers. Chairs were thrown, ed by the ruling National Party. bottles were flying, windows smashed, and Despite the assurances that this partici­ bricks and stones came crashing on to the pation merely pursues tactical objectives, we platform, during a free-for-all. There were are convinced that such involvement would about 600 people. The stampede that result­ be wrong and ill-advised. ed can only be left to the imagination. The Eshowe declaration of the Labour What actually happened? David Curry, Party means that a certain group within this chairman of the Labour Party, said the deci­ party has elected to join hands with the sion of his party was not a sell-out. Different Botha regime. No sweet-sounding words like battlefield situations need different strategies, 'the politics of consultation* can hide this he said. He is of the opinion that, as some ugly reality. must fight outside, some must do battle In this case, to elect to join hands with inside. the Botha regime means to choose to become Dr Allan Boesak, President of the World part of the schemes of this regime to entice Alliance of Reformed Churches, disagrees. It the so-called Coloured and Indian people is debatable, in fact doubtable, whether the out of the camp of democracy and libera­ Coloured Labour Party can do any fighting tion. It signifies a decision to become a junior within the President's Council. The very fact partner, but a partner nonetheless, among that the unions have clashed over this issue, the forces that are committing murder and and scuffles have been reported, proves that genocide to perpetuate the system of white the matter has become a national issue. minority domination in South Africa. It was with this in mind that the ANC We are happy to note that even as this issued the following statement: shameful act of betrayal of the very interests of the so-called Coloured people were being It was with deep regret that we heard the hatched there were patriots such as Norman news that the South African Labour Party Middleton, Sam Solomon, Louise Boesak Congress, meeting at Eshowe in Natal, had and others who stood against the tide of mandated the Labour Party to participate in compromise with oppression. \ It is these patriots who represent the authentic voice of the people to emerge vic­ bulk of 'Coloured* opinion, and not those torious. who pretend that the cause of the Black We cannot advance through Botha's people is best served by their occupying soft President's Council schemes. The only way cushioned seats in Botha's three-tier, separate forward, painful as it is, is through united development parliament. struggle to a genuinely democratic and non- racial South Africa, governed by all the The challenge facing all genuine patriots people. of our country, both black and white, is to Whatever illusions were created at ensure that those who preach collaboration Eshowe, we are convinced that the 'Coloured' with racist tyranny do not succeed in their people belong among the forces that are intentions. Together we must work for the committed to tight for such a South Africa.

A wflife «WE mUST ORGANIC OUIMCIVES IftTOA conoucninG PORCC > Below we publish the speech given by Comrade President O.R. Tambo on behaij oj the National Executive Committee of the African National Congress, on the occasion of January 8. 1983. the 71st anniversary of the African National Congress. Today. January 8th. we mark the 71st shift. We are on the offensive to put an end anniversary of our organisation, the African to the cruel system of national oppression National Congress. We are beginning a new and economic exploitation. It is a process political year. We must therefore set our­ that the Pretoria rulers can neither defuse selves new tasks which we should strive to nor halt. Within the confines of the achieve in the coming year. apartheid system there is no way out of this We are marking this important occasion crisis situation. The real solution lies in the in the history of our protracted struggle victory of the revolutionary forces, the dis­ at a time when the revolutionary ferment mantling of the apartheid machinery and the amongst all sections of the black oppressed transfer of political and economic power to majority has reached unprecedented heights the democratic majority. Each year, as our and has plunged the ruling racist clique forces advance on the enemy this, our into deeper and deeper levels of political cherished goal, becomes clearer and nearer. and economic crisis. A distinctive feature This time, last year, we proclaimed the of this all-round crisis facing the oppressor year of the 70th anniversary of the ANC class is that the initiative is shifting into the as the "Year of Unity in Action." Drawing hands of the people and continues so to on the historic lessons contained in seven decades of struggle under the leadership of actions, has been the succession of stunning the ANC, we have sought to ensure, during blows by the people's army, Umkhonto this past year, that all those at home and we Sizwe (the Spear of the Nation) against abroad, who are opposed to the apartheid the enemy throughout the country, in such system and stand for a democratic South far-flung places as Cape Town, East London, Africa, should unite in action and act in Paulpietersburg, Mkhuze, Komatipoort, unity, thereby to expedite the process of Pretoria, Johannesburg and Koeberg, to cite our liberation. but a few. We take this opportunity once In the coming period, we shall need more to salute the commanders and to defend and consolidate all the gains combatants of Umkhonto we Sizwe and that we have made in the struggle, to ensure to express our confidence that they, the the widest possible united action of the army of the people of South Africa, will forces of progressive change in our country. discharge their mission with the same We have to struggle continuously to over­ dedication and discipline that they have come all obstacles and differences amongst so far displayed. As our struggle unfolds ourselves that are blocking the realisation and reaches higher levels of intensity, our of unity and united action. We shall futher- armed offensive will occupy a correspond­ more need to build on these gains, ingly more important role in our overall continuously to strive for the situation in strategy to seize power from the racist which the millions of our people can move tyrants. as one, behind a united leadership and in Last year, we stated that our Movement pursuit of commonly-agreed goals. is not only an opponent of the apartheid Last year, operating under difficult regime, but has actually emerged as an conditions of illegality and police alternative power which has won over the surveillance and risking arrest and conscious and active support of the majority persecution by the security forces, the ANC of our people. Tne validity of this assess­ and its allies in struggle, together with other ment has been fully vindicated by events. patriotic and revolutionary forces drawn Bent on entrenching racial domination from all social classes and strata, drawn from and reaping super-profits from sweated black all population groups of our people, labour, the racist rulers continue misreading organised and carried out successful political the lessons of the historical development confrontations and economic strikes of mankind. For that reason they are throughout the country. Important battles determined to plunge our society into the took place around such questions as wages, worst of human catastrophes. rents, removals, sporting and cultural In sharp contrast to the enemy's boycotts, ceding of Ingwavuma and strategy of racial and ethnic segmentation, KaNgwane and the assassination of patriots the ANC and its allies continue to uphold like Dr. Neil Aggett. and fight for the ideal of a unitary, non- Our underground organised forces are racial and democratic society for all our striking deeper roots and multiplying among people, black and white. Our policy the masses who are the bedrock of our document, the Freedom Charter, adopted revolution. Gestapo repression and in 1955, has not only stood the test of time, persecution has failed to break the will of but is winning the hearts and minds of the masses or to deter them from the pursuit growing numbers of our people - including of the revolutionary cause. Instead, they honest patriots and democrats in the white have further provoked the wrath of the community as well. For this reason, the people and increased their determination Botha-Malan regime has launched a counter- and drive to win freedom. offensive to blot out the ANC politically, Combined with these mass political liquidate its leaders, exterminate its activists and supporters, and if possible, repeatedly proclaimed its intention to act destroy the very spirit for freedom, and to against these countries so long as they allow inflict the greatest possible damage on our the ANC to be present within their broad movement for national liberation. territories. Clearly, therefore, the peoples To achieve this goal, the Pretoria rulers, of Southern Africa are having to pay the their army and security forces, collaborators supreme sacrifice, as they have done and from among the black people and mercenary are doing in Angola, Lesotho, Mozambique, agents recruited from all over the globe, Zimbabwe and elsewhere in the region, are working out and actually implementing because they are refusing to bow down to this plan, at home and abroad. the demands of the enemy to have the At the centre of this counter-offensive, ANC and SWAPO of Namibia uprooted and typical of all colonising and oppressor expelled from this region. classes, there lies the dirty political and The offer made a few days back by the ideological propaganda to discredit our racist Prime Minister Botha to the strategy and policies inside and outside independent states of Southern Africa, the country, using the state propaganda for these states to sign non-aggression machinery. pacts with apartheid South Africa, Of course accompanying all this constitutes part of this offensive designed ideological offensive, arrests, detentions, to impose Pretoria's will on these states. physical and mental torture of anti-apartheid Botha is the persistent aggressor. No African activists and democrats, as well as their country has fired a single bullet across its murder, continue unabated. Some of the borders into South Africa. And yet Botha most recent cases of patriots being killed is inviting the targets to sign a non-aggression by the fascist police in detention are those pact with the aggressor. If he believes in of Moabi Dipale, Neil Aggett and others. non-aggression, why does he not stop Also prominent in this enemy strategy aggression? If he believes in aggression, is the use of the weapon of assassination. how will a non-aggression pact stop him? Some of the victims include our dear During the past year, this regime has comrade Joe Gqabi in Harare, Griffiths been encouraged in its counter-offensive Mxenge in Durban, Petrus and Jabu Nyaose by the criminal activities of Zionist Israel in Swaziland, and Ruth First in against the people of Lebanon and Mozambique. Palestinian refugees in that country and the Palestinian liberation Organisation, the Undeclared war in Southern Africa PLO. After repeated raids, aggression into The countries of Southern Africa are Lebanon during the course of which the embroiled, at the present time, in an Zionist Israeli troops mercilessly butchered undeclared war launched by the Pretoria both the Lebanese and Palestinians and regime. Whether it be in Mozambique sought to destroy whole cities, the Zionists and Angola, Lesotho or Zimbabwe, ultimately occupied virtually the whole Botswana or Zambia, Seychelles, Mauritius of Beirut and other parts of Lebanon. or Madagscar, the apartheid monster is Apart from anything else, the Pretoria involved in a deliberate campiagn of aggres­ regime used this experience to prepare the sion and destabilisation. white South African population for similar During these campaigns of murder and campaigns of terror against the peoples of pillage, our people have been slaughtered in Southern Africa, as happened and is happen­ cold blood and have even had their bodies ing in Southern Angola, as happened in desecrated. South-Western Zamibia and in Maseru. The enemy has stated the purposes Significantly, both Zionist Israel and fascist 4 of this aggression quite clearly, when it has South Africa enjoy the full, active, political * and material support of the Reagan our strength, ensuring that the millions of Administration. It is this support that has our people are engaged in struggle. To strengthened the striking capability of these increase our offensive power: two regimes. We need to say here that tragically the * we must organise the people into strong white population and certainly all its mass democratic organisation; political parties openly acclaimed this * we must organise all revolutionaries campaign of terror and allowed themselves into underground units of the ANC; to be used to legitimise the commission * we must organise all combatants into of these crimes. units of Umkhonto we Sizwe; The racists have proudly proclaimed * we must organise all democratic forces that up to 86 per cent of the white popula­ into one front for national liberation. tion of our country supports the policy of aggression against independent Africa and it Large sections of our people remain has specifically approved the brutal Maseru unorganised. We should not allow this situat­ Massacre. We would like to urge our white ion to continue any longer. For us to achieve compatriots seriously to weigh the disas­ victory, it is essential that the masses of our trous implications and the dire consequences people engage in struggle as a conscious of their being accomplices in the commission and united force. That requires that these of these heinous crimes against the people masses must have their own democratic of Africa. organisations to mobilise and guide them The Reagan Administration has placed and through which they can themselves itself firmly and unequivocally among the make their own point of view heard. bandit forces that are conducting a reign of terror throughout Southern Africa. So far, only a small minority of the Its support for the apartheid regime consists black workers is organised into trade unions. precisely in encouraging these It is the task of the existing democratic fascists to intensify their counter-offensive trade union movement to ensure that and in guaranteeing them immunity from the unorganised workers are in fact punitive international action. Every crime organised. This organisational drive must that the Pretoria regime commits, be it in encompass also the workers in the mines South Africa, Namibia or elsewhere, bears and in agriculture. We do have to bend all Washington's stamp of approval. This efforts to ensure that every worker belongs regime goes into action backed by the to a democratic trade union. logistic, financial and political support of Therefore, with all the power at our the United States. The apartheid regime, command, we make a special appeal to the acting in its own right and in furtherance democratic trade union movement to come of the global stategy of the United States, together again and actually succeed to draw constitutes a strike force for the accomplish­ up and adopt a plan for the united action ment of the counter-revolutionary objectives of the democratic, non-racial trade union of defeating the progressive forces of movement. There is no obstacle too Southern Africa, including SWAPO and the formidable to stop us from achieving this ANC, and transforming our region into an goal. exclusive economic, political and military The situation in the countryside also preserve of the imperialist world. calls for bold and urgent measures to establish or strengthen the popular organisa­ Strengthening our offensive power tions among the rural masses who are In the face of this determined enemy suffering in a manner and on a scale that counter-offensive, we must hit back with all is indescribable* S Whether as landless peasants, sary of our organisation, seek to answer unemployed or agricultural workers, or as those question frankly and honestly in order deportees who have been dumped in the so- to correct all previous mistakes and to learn called resettlement areas or as victims of from our experience with a view to building the criminal Bantustan system, our people the ANC itself inside the country into a in the countryside axe living in a veritable more formidably organised force than it is hell. To them, as to the rest of us, the issue today. of liberation has become a matter of life The African National Congress is a and death. movement of patriots. It leads the masses These masses need also to be organised in struggle for the destruction of the fascist and mobilised into action where they axe regime, the transfer of power to the people and wherever they are. They must be and the realisation of the objectives mobilised to confront the oppressor and the contained in the Freedom Charter. It exploiter now. Hence the need for mass upholds a strategy which combines democratic organisations that will lead revolutionary mass political action with them. revolutionary armed struggle. Similarly, all patriots and revolutiona­ As members of the ANC we must, ries must work tirelessly to strengthen and together with the people, in fact, help expand the mass democratic organisations to solve all problems that serve to slow down among the youth and students, among the progress of the struggle, provide a clear the women, among the cultural and sports perspective of where we go from here and workers, the religious community and at translate that perspective into a practical the civic level. programme of action. While the task of building the mass This year, we shall be observing the democratic movement must fall on the 20th anniversary of the Rivonia arrests. shoulders of the patriotic forces of our By decision of the United Nations Assembly, country and in their entirety, a special the international community will observe responsibility for the accomplishement of this anniversary by further intensifying the this task rests with the membership of the campaign for the immediate and African National Congress. unconditional release of all South African On this day, we salute you, dear political prisoners. We, the people of South comrades, and express our profound admira­ Africa, must be in the forefront of this tion for the manner in which you have campaign - in our millions. contributed to raise the struggle to the level But we must also observe this anniver­ at which it is today. Yet that very sary by seeking to emulate the example set achievement imposes on the ANC new, more for us by these outstanding revolutionary complex and urgent tasks. patriots who have remained in captivity The people expect us to lead them to for two long decades. To emulate them victory. They expect us to answer the means that for every Mandela, Sisulu, question, together with them, in struggle Mbeki, Kathrada, Goldberg; for every and in action the question: What is to Motsoaledi, Gwala, Nyembe or Hogan that be done? the enemy has captured, we must produce a thousand others to take their places. Our obligations to the people We have a duty to make our own We must, therefore, pose the question to sacrifices in the struggle to which they ourselves. Are we organised enough, strong dedicated their lives. We must follow in their enough, disciplined and dedicated enough footsteps, learning from their experiences, to meet our obligations to the people? inspired by their courage and fired with 6 Let all of us, on this day, the 71st anniver­ the same love for the people and the same WRtfJ&VIViflHV

dedication to the cause of freedom which purpose of escalating our offensive. The have made them to be household names not masses of our people must become and be only in South Africa but throughout the part of this great revolutionary army, world. Umkhonto we Sizwe. The enemy relies decisively on the use We would like to take this opportunity of force to entrench himself in power. to pay special tribute to those combatants, We have to meet his murderous onslaught those members of our people's army who by intensifying the armed struggle. Our have fallen heroically in battle. Our revolu­ task, therefore, is to further strengthen the tionary masses, least of all the ANC, will combat capacity of Umkhonto we Sizwe never let it be said of them that they fell within South Africa for the immediate in vain. Even as we speak here, there are six Orderly Movement and Settlement of Black (6) young militants, members of Umkhonto Persons Bill. This Bill is intended to legalise we Sizwe, who are sitting under the shadow genocide on a new and unprecendented of the gallows in Pretoria's death cells. scale. It aims to enslave the African workers These prisoners of war are the responsibilty as never before and will result in the of the international community and, deportation of millions of our people into especially, of our own people. The lives of the Bantustans in pursuit of the obnoxious comrades Shabangu, Moise, Tsotsobe, plan of turning South Africa white. We Motaung, Mosolodi and Mogoerane must must launch the most concerted campaign be saved. to defeat this Nazi Bill with its intentions. It must be resisted with every possible means Need for united resistance on a national scale. Among the key elements in the enemy's Despite its restoration of the control of strategy of survival and the entrenchment the KaNgwane and Ingwavuma areas to the of the apartheid system are the proposals respective Bantustan administrations, the put forward by the so-called President's Botha regime has clearly not abandoned Council. Central to this plan is the cooption its plans of depriving more than a million of the so-called Coloured and Indian of our people of their birthright as South communities of our population as tools African citizens. It has not abandoned its to be used for the perpetuation of white plan in regard to Kosi Bay which would minority domination. It has dawned on serve its military strategic objectives. The the white minority that alone, unaided, it appointment of the Rumpff Commission is unable to prolong the lifespan of confirms this fact. The regime is looking apartheid. for new ways and means of realising these The recent decision of the South African intentions. We call on all the people to Labour Party to support and participate oppose any attempt to barter away even a in the implementation of the President's single square inch of South African soil, Council's schemes must, therefore, be to oppose any attempt to deprive a single condemned without reservation. The African South African of his citizenship. National Congress calls upon all our people The apartheid system is in a deep crisis in the so-called Coloured community to not only politically, but also economically. reject this decision and rebuff all attempts At the same time, the Pretoria regime is to draw them into the camp of the spending astronomical sums of money on oppressor; to set them against the majority its military machine and on the rest of its of the people of South Africa, to set them repressive apparatus. The burden of this against the peoples of Southern Africa economic crisis and military build-up is and the entire continent, to set them against shouldered by the ordinary working people the international, progressive community. in the form of higher prices, rents, fares, The campaign for the rejection and defeat taxes, reduced wages and salaries, and of the enemy's counter-revolutionary higher unemployment. constitutional plans is the task of all We must fight for a system in our patriotic South Africans: Africans, Indians country, a system whose wealth shall be and democratic whites - in addition to our used for the benefit of all our people. people in the Coloured community. There can be no solution to the South African problem without the transfer of power International Imperatives into the hands of the majority. When we observed the 70th anniversary of the ANC, we were joined literally by During this year, the Botha regime will millions of people on all the continents. g seek to enact and implement its so-called This event proved to be a universal and moving demonstration of the commitment its member states. In this connection, it is of the world's peoples to the destruction of important to emphasise that the people, esp­ the apartheid system and a reaffirmation ecially of South Africa and Namibia, are, as by the international community of its never before, in need of the effective pledge of solidarity with the ANC and the support of the O.A.U. people of South Africa in their struggle for It is of course common knowledge that national and social emancipation. during the past year the O.A.U. has From Southern Africa to North Africa, experienced serious internal problems. from South America to North America, As part of the African Continent, as from Eastern Europe to its Western part, part of Africa's progressive forces, we must from the Middle East to the Far East, the work for a solution to the problems that same message of solidarity came back. The have plagued the O.A.U. We cannot stand message was repeated by Christians and aloof from this effort either, for, as the communists alike, by Buddhists and Moslems, founding fathers of the O.A.U. declared, workers and intellectuals, anti- no African country can be truly free until apartheid groups, political parties, artists, all of Africa is liberated. That truism is women's and youth organisations. being demonstrated on our continent An issue that is of grave importance for today. African countries need solidarity one us in South Africa is the fact that the with another. And no single one of them, Pretoria racist regime is committing daily all of them collectively, can claim full acts of aggression against the people and independence unless and until the whole against independent African states in continent has been liberated. And at the Southern Africa. In the course of this, present time, until Namibia and South through its agents and directly, it kills Africa have been freed. That is why. the people, including children, and it carries current concern of the peoples of Africa, out political and economic destabilisation in regard to the state of this great African of these states on a wide scale. Organisation are particularly acute when We cannot remain aloof in the face of they relate to the aggressions to which this criminal activity. We must denounce the people of South Africa are being and actively oppose this campaign of terror subjected by the fascist regime, assisted that the Pretoria regime has unleashed by its imperialist allies. against independent Africa. The most We are confident, however, that the effective deterrent to the campaign of O.A.U. will observe its 20th Anniversary terror across our borders is a massive assault as a united force, capable of leading the upon the regime on all fronts within our people of our continent, capable of playing borders, and by the people as a whole. its proper role as a member of the non- In doing so, we shall be reinforcing the aligned movement, capable of contributing decisions of the summit of the heads of state in the struggle for world peace. and government of the Frontline countries In your name, dear compatriots, we which was held in March of last year in salute our comrades in arms, the heroic Maputo; when they resolved to strengthen people of Namibia, their valiant vanguard their co-ordinated defence actions in order SWAPO, and the mighty People's Liberation to 'defeat Pretoria's acts of aggression and Army of Namibia (PLAN), all under the economic sabotage against free and indepen­ dynamic leadership of President Sam dent Africa, and to force the regime to with­ Nujoma. We pledge our solidarity with draw its occupying forces from the People's them. We condemn the Reagan administra­ Republic of Angola.* The decisions of the tion and the Pretoria fascists for their crimes Maputo Summit are by their very nature a against Namibia and the People's Republic reflection of the positions of the O.A.U. and of Angola. In spite of them, in spite of the 9 Reagan administration and the Pretoria racists, even because of them, Namibia will be liberated by SWAPO and the people of Namibia. We extend our greetings to all the peoples of Southern Africa, as well as to those of Western Sahara, Palestine, El Sal­ vador, East Timor and their vanguard organ­ isations: Polisario Front, PLO, Farabundo National Liberation Front and Fretilin. We greet the Non-Aligned Movement, esp­ ecially the participants in the forthcoming Delhi Summit. We salute the fighters for peace throughout the world, and pledge that we will do all in our power to remove the violator of international peace and security in our midst — the apartheid regime. We greet our friends and allies through­ out the world and call on them to persist together with us, on the side of the forces of national and social liberation, peace and stability in Southern Africa. We are most deeply appreciative of the political support and substantial material But we shall never be crushed. No people assistance they have given us during the past determined to free themselves have ever year and which we know they will continue been crushed. And we are not about to be­ to give in greater measure. come an exception. But we must organise ourselves for the capacity to attack effect­ The Year of United Action. ively^ well as defend ourselves effectively. Fellow South Africans, the apartheid regime We must organise ourselves into a conquer­ is preparing for the crisis ahead. That is why ing force. The level of our political and it is bringing its armed forces into decisive armed offensive must reach new heights positions of authority within the apartheid during the year 1983. This will be our Year power structure. That is why it is carrying of United Action! out constitutional changes designed to centralise power in the hands of the racist Amandla Ngawethu! president. The captains of the apartheid system are re-organising themselves in the Maatla Kea Rona! vain hope that they can deal us a crushing blow. Power to the People! RECOLLECTIONS OF

•MM • NELSON MANDELA Part One: The First Explosions In view of the international campaign Jor Action Mandela a release, SLCHAUA i'/m //A readers wme insfe/if info fte character of Mandela the man. Here, an ANC veteran and one of the first members of Umkhonto we Sizwe, relates some of his personal experiences. Last year was the year of Unity in as a clarion call to redouble our efforts to Action, the slogan symbolising the 70th release him, and all others serving in the anniversary of the existence of the African dark dungeons of apartheid. National Congress of South Africa, and it was also the 20th year of Comrade Nelson The First Known Explosion Mandela's incarceration by the racist, fascist The year was 1961. The call for a national regime of South Africa. Perhaps we should convention had been ignored by the govern­ relate some historic but human incidents, ment. During the three-day strike called for which would take away some of the mystic­ by Mandela in his speech in Pietcrmaritz- ism surrounding the character of our first burg, many comrades had been beaten, shot Commander-in-Chief, and bring out the and gaoled. But the forces of the regime felt qualities which will reveal more clearly the frustrated. They were unable to arrest the man himself. leaders, or determine where they were hiding When talking about Nelson Mandela, out. Their enemy No 1, Nelson Mandela, had you are talking about a real man, a man of been named the 'Black Pimpernel' by the the people and a great leader, not some hazy media. They certainly were seeking him here somebody who does not exist except as a there and everywhere, but there was not a myth. He has served the last twenty years sign, not a clue, of his whereabouts. Every in the front trenches against the enemy. He policeman in South Africa had been alerted is a man like us - flesh and blood, suffering to keep a look-out for him, and to hold him, for our freedom. to capture him at all costs. But not a finger Let me tell you some of the many stories had been laid on him. He was like a fish swimming in the sea of his own people. I could relate about him. I hope they will act 11 There were important matters to be att­ isation for action throughout the country, in ended to. The decision had already been all the main areas, was being finalised. taken by the movement to move into the Action stations were chosen, and very care­ area of armed conflict. A High Command ful briefing undertaken. But in the couple of had been established, with Mandela as the remaining months, the weapons were to be Commander-in-Chief. Various area carefully and thoroughly tested. commands had also been established, and Jack indicated that we were ready to test recruiting was very selective. It was made about a dozen Molotov cocktails and an crystal clear to every MK cadre that politics improvised bomb. He warned that we would took precedence over military affairs, but need extraordinary care to ensure secrecy that armed struggle would now become part and safety, for, if the bomb blast was and parcel of the fight for freedom until detected or the blaze created by the Molotov implementation of all the clauses of the cocktails spotted, the whole operation Freedom Charter had begun, in a free and would be endangered, and our plans revealed. democratic South Africa. Reading this, comrades in MK must What needed to be done at that time was remember that we had no access to the to get a factory established for the making sophisticated weapons available to them of the bombs, and the opportunity to test today. Everything was a hazard. Almost all them, before going into action on December of us were being closely watched by the 16th. This day had been deliberately chosen. Special Branch • we had been known for It was the day on which the racists celebrate years. And under these circumstances, right their so-called victory over the 'Bantu1 at under the noses of the SB, we had to under­ Blood River. At the same time, the great take all these very sensitive and exceedingly majority of the people of South Africa, dangerous experiments and operations. namely the Africans, regard the day as one Just the slightest mistake could be fatal. of pride for that great warrior, Dingane, who A place had to be found. This place was killed leading his people into battle would have to satisfy the High Command. against a foe which, with superior arms, was We found it; it was a disused brickworks ruthlessly plundering the land. known to one of the comrades involved in The late Jack Hodgson, a veteran of the the operation. We reconnoitred the area. war against Hitler, together with others, had It satisfied everybody. Derelict buildings been summoned to help in organising the still remained, and several pits from which forces and weapons necessary. Jack was a the clay had been extracted, surrounded by master at improvisation. He set to work with all sorts of parephenalia. All brickworks a will, to produce the bombs and Molotov are allowed to use dynamite to blast, so as cocktails, which were the initial weapons to to loosen the soil for making bricks. This be used. We had already tested the possibility was ideal, as any blast coming from any of cutting telephone wires, electrical wires, brickworks (and there were several in the and various other means of dislocating area) would not attract any attention. communications. The operations took place The team of inspection had been chosen. months before MK as such started operations. It. of course, included the Commander-in- We would hit at all the symbols of Chief ' who insisted on being present, in spite apartheid, but under no circumstances were of the fact that the police were out looking we to kill or maim members of the pop­ for him. We had arrived at the scene of oper­ ulation. Ours was not a terrorist organisation; ations and hidden the car, when a man the real terrorists were the all-white govern­ emerged out of a galvanised .iron building ment and its supporters. Reconnaissance and strode menacingly towards our group. work had been carefully undertaken. The He was the watchman of the place. This targets had been chosen. The synchron­ spelt danger for us, and it seems that this NELSON MANDELA

4 unforeseen circumstance would prevent us of them were in deep conversation, with one from continuing with our plan. arm of Comrade Nelson around the shoulder But we had calculated without the per­ of his newly acquired friend. We noticed suasive qualities of our Commander-in- that the watchman was nodding his head Chief. He immediately sized up the vigorously, and then he walked away from situation. We could not abandon the exercise the scene. We waited for him to disappear. at this stage. He signalled to us to bring the Comrade Nelson explained that he'd equipment forward, while he took aside this persuaded the man to accept our man, who was Zulu-speaking. Soon the two presence there. 13 One of the buildings was soon being rise up into the air, and tons of earth to go bombarded with Molotov cocktails. Every tumbling down to drown anything left of time a bottle exploded and burst into the bomb. flames. Comrade Nelson shook his head glee­ This was not the normal bang of dyn­ fully, and smiled the smile of victory. We amite. It sounded more like that of a giant all joined in his glee and enthusiasm, of thousand-pounder. course. Further curiosity about the effects These were the first known explosions were abandoned, all of us made a very of the new era. hurried bee-line for the automobile, piled in, But there was more to come. and made as hurried and bumpy an exit After dowsing any flames still licking from that territory as any automobile has at the walls and other pieces of wood and ever made. rubbish lying around, we moved to the open But we felt triumphant and cheered at spaces, and chose our pit for testing the the effect created. bomb. Comrade Mandela was buoyant with Today, those who have been trained to pleasure and excitement. He advised very use more sophisticated equipment would be soberly that certain adjustments and alter­ aghast at the contraption which was con­ ations be attended to, and congratulated and trived for use in the initial stages of sabot­ thanked the comrades all round as we sped age. But one can only have admiration for away from the scene. He proposed that as those who constructed the device. Comrade soon as we were certain that the timing was Jack was a genius at this specialised work. properly mastered, we should report to the You will understand what I mean when I tell High Command so that every other unit you that part of the timing of the explosion throughout the area be put on alert and included the thin tubing contained in plastic properly briefed as to the correct use and ball pens. You can also imagine the surprise working of the anti-apartheid bomb. of some shopkeepers when we bought up all Several days after, a reconnaissance of their stocks of this particular kind of biro. the scene was made. The watchman According to our calculations, that con­ smilingly assured us that, although it had tainer placed at the bottom of the pit would been an unusually loud explosion, nobody explode within fifteen minutes. We all stood had made any enquiries, and all was well. waiting expectantly, as near to the edge of I have often wondered over the yean the hole as we dared. Five minutes went by. exactly what Comrade Mandela said to this Ten minutes. Fifteen minutes. No explosion. man, and also whether the subsequent events Twenty minutes. Still no explosion. made any impact on him. But I am sure of What to do? We certainly could not one thing: Comrade Nelson Mandela was an leave it there, for obvious reasons. Nor excellent judge of our people - the ordinary would we know its effectiveness or not. people of our country. And this judgment of A decision had to be made. One of the more his inspired many of us to have faith in the experienced comrades clambered down, ordinary working man of our country. For if gingerly lifted the contraption and slowly his judgment had been wrong, that watchman brought it up; an impulsive act, it is true, but could have led the police to catch up with it worked. Soon Jack adjusted the charge, us. everything was again placed in position, and I shudder to think, also, what the many hands were proffered to pull the com­ owner of that brickworks would think if he rade out of the pit. Hardly had he been were told today how Umkhonto We Sizwe lifted clear, and positions of relative safety tested its first bomb on his property. taken by all, when an almighty explosion 14 took place, causing a huge cloud of dust to TOHWHE AND THE HEALTH WORKER- The Nature of Culpability (2)

The Medical Association of South Africa The report also reproduces a warrant (MASA), is a voluntary body with jurisdic­ for the detention of a person under the tion over its own members and is limited Terrorism Act; this appears to permit no in its powers of censuring their ethical more than immediate routine treatment and conduct. It appears that it can do no more the administration of ordinary medical than expel. prescriptions, and does not cover removal Subsequent to the Biko inquest it to a hospital. appointed a two-man Commission to It is significant that the proposals in consider the ethical issues raised by it. In the report go no further than objecting to the confidential report they made in June the final decision resting with the police 1981 (15) they examined standing orders on whether or not a patient may be taken and instructions to the police (not published to hospital for treatment. officially or available to the public at large). It also proposes that medical examina­ They reveal that if a person is seriously tion of a detainee should not be conducted injured or appears to be ill the police are in the presence of the police, and says that required to call a doctor, and his orders with proper safeguards there are no are to be carried out without delay. The insuperable security risks. It states that these report, however, makes it clear that it is proposals are not merely in the interests uncertain whether these provisions - not of the detainee but of the State also. Herein legally binding - extend to detainees held is the significant factor, for the purpose of under the Terrorism Act. Subsequent to the report is to suggest ways in which the the death of Biko a further standing order operation of the security laws can be has been issued to the effect that a detainee improved; it does not consider whether can be moved to a hospital other than a they are compatible with medical ethics. prison hospital only after 'Head Office* The report expressly rejects the has been consulted if it is thought that proposition that where the doctor's advice there is a security risk. is overruled by the police he should wash 15 his hands of the case. Its solution is to component of the rule is a legal codification propose that the doctors should call in, at of the prinicples fundamental to the the State's expense, another doctor; if the Hippocratic Oath. In terms of accepted two are in agreement the police should not medical ethics, the interest of the patient - be permitted to override their opinion, and and nothing else - is paramount to the it suggests that the standing instruction doctor." should be amended accordingly. Failing Dr. Gluckman's view of his ethical this, it concludes that it would be the ethical duties has been rejected by the SAMDC — duty of the practitioner to report directly this is the only possible explanation for the to the Minister that his instructions had been decision of the SAMDC not even to consider overruled and he should immediately seek whether Doctors Lang and Tucker acted support from his local medical association. improperly. The report does not consider what form that support might take. The association Torture of Thozamik Gqwett could only support the doctor by agreeing That difficulties would follow" for the with him that the interests of the patient administration of the security legislation should prevail over security considerations; should any other view prevail, is shown by this would be the inevitable effect of the case of Thozamile Gqweta, the National agreeing that the patient should be in President of the South African Allied hospital and taken from or not returned to Workers Union. He was detained under the police custody, and this is obviously un­ Terrorism Act on 8 December 1981, acceptable. The entire thrust of the legisla­ admitted to a psychiatric ward in tion is to ensure that security considerations Johannesburg in February 1982, and as perceived by the police are paramount released on 3 March 1982. at all times. The Attorney-General for the Ciskei As the MASA Report makes clear, said he was being released so that he would the proper operation of the security legisla­ be in a fit state to give evidence for the State tion depends on the cooperation of doctors in a Terrorism Act trial; Mr. Gqweta who may be involved; and if they withhold however denied this, saying that the police their cooperation they would be deemed to had said nothing about it. He said that he be acting unethically. Clearly, if their had been released for health reasons: "I conduct has the effect of hampering the was released because the doctors who were police in their operation of the legislation treating me refused to continue if I was to the doctors involved would become victims go back into detention. The treatment was themselves. One would therefore expect for me to go back into society." (16) It that the medical associations would not appears that the police have attempted to support a doctor in the manner suggested. avoid the problems posed by uncooperative One can only say that the evidence of doctors in the case of another trade unionist, what has happened up to now has not been Sam Kikine, by taking him back into encouraging. Told by Counsel for the Biko custody on condition that he was not held family during the inquest that Dr. Tucker in isolation. (17) They resolved the matter had said that the Hippocratic Oath bore on in the case of Gqweta by rearresting him his ethical conduct but that he was actually barely twelve hours after he had been governed by the rules of the South African taken back to his home, and releasing him Medical and Dental Council (SAMDC), on condition that he reported three times Dr. Gluckman expressed surprise, and said daily until the trial at which he was required. that there was no conflict between the The case of Gqweta, as far as can be Hippocratic Oath and the rules of the determined, is almost unique. The duties SAMDC, adding that "the ethical of the medical profession, as perceived by The face of a torturer • Lieutenant Steven HVtitehead, chief interrogator ofDr Neil Aggett the generality of the practitioners and The Minister of Police appears to have reflected by the SAM DC. may be gathered decided that where medical and specialist from other cases. For example, a detainee treatment and care are considered to be (Dean T. Farisani) held under the Terrorism adequate then no access will be given to the Act on 19 October 1981 was taken to detainee's own private doctor. (19) The hospital three times under police guard, new Internal Security Act accordingly twice for psychiatric treatment, being provides only for fortnightly visits by a returned to detention on 14 January 1982 district surgeon; apparently he is legarded and again in February; and finally in as a sufficiently independent monitor of February again, with critical head injuries. a detainee's condition despite the Biko (18) As far as can be determined, the scandal. medical staff involved have not considered The Minister has rejected for "security that the matter is of further interest or reasons** a request that detainees should be significance. seen by an independent panel of doctors or The doctors in cases such as Farisani's doctors of their own choice. (20) may well claim not to have known of torture The Federal Chairman of MASA. and he may not have been tortured. What is Professor Guy de Klerk (21) announced disturbing is that there is no evidence that that MASA was prepared to set up an they were at all concerned or that the matter independent panel of doctors to see was investigated by their professional detainees. This was in response to the association. demand by the Detainees' Parents* Support Committee that detainees should be seen with the view taken by the SAMDC and by a panel appointed by themselves. He said MASA as explained above. This appears to that such a panel would be as suspect as have affected also the decision in the inquest one appointed by the State; in his view, held into the death of another detainee, only MASA could be trusted as it "stands Moufhe, who died in December 1980 above suspicion'*. (22) Two comments seem after 112 days in detention. The magistrate to be called for. First, MASA seems to be held that he could not find anyone to blame; trying to run with the hare and hunt with he apparently agreed with the allegation the hounds simultaneously; and secondly, that the dead man had killed himself by it seems clear that a deep mistrust now exists joining his pair of socks, tying them round within the medical profession in South his neck, and tying the other end to the Africa over the security laws. window and then, lying down on the floor Nothing illustrates the point more while so tied, he had covered himself with clearly than the case of Motaung, recently a blanket and by using the left- arm to sentenced to death for treason. While being exert pressure he had caused his own death arrested, he told the court, he was shot in by strangulation. (24) the hip by a policeman who then pulled him Where the defence alleged that a up and shot him again in the genitals. He detainee called as a witness for the State had said that he was then told that he would be been so severely assaulted that he lost an taken to hospital only when he produced eye, the court docs not appear to have seen the guns the police were seeking, although any need to investigate the matter further. he was bleeding and in pain. He was In this case, another detainee called to examined the same day by a district surgeon. give evidence for the prosecution said he Dr. M.S. Snyman. She testified that she had had cooperated with the police because been told that Motaung was a "terrorist who he was 'petrified* of them, and described had to do important things". Accordingly an assault on another detainee. (25) she certified that he was fit to help the police and gave him "painkilling tablets** Understanding the Doctors but no other treatment. She told the court MASA and the SAMDC simply reflect that she considered that it was more accepted perspectives, and it would be important for him to assist the police than extraordinary if the medical implications to undergo immediate medical treatment. of the legislation discussed above would Motaung was taken to hospital two days prompt its rejection. This would require later. the bodies concerned to react to the political He was operated on and kept for eight days. implications of what the medical profession (23) is required to do. Moreover, many There is evidence that the police have practitioners - and not only those dealing confidence in the doctors whom they call with detainees - are regime supporters who on to examine detainees, and that where would in any event argue strenuously that injuries are noted the doctors will accept the laws are necessary. police explanations. This confidence extends to general practitioners. The enure basis on which the security Magistrates have also acknowledged the legislation functions creates an assumption need for full cooperation from doctors. on the part of the public that a person The decision in the Biko case, that the detained, questioned, tried or otherwise available evidence did not prove that death adversely affected is involved in subversive was brought about by an act or omission violence. involving an offence by any person, reflects The fact that a person has been jg this. Any other verdict would have clashed detained itself points to a criminal involve- ment. The legislation makes it clear that put pressure on detainees to answer only those considered by the police to be questions. involved in security offences may be In addition to simple assaults, much of detained and it is "natural' for such persons the evidence of torture refers to methods to be treated as guilty for all purposes. that leave no visible marks — e.g. continuous There is little prospect of their being interrogation for days and nights, with believed when they make allegations of sleep deprivation; "statue" torture; humilia­ torture, because from the very outset they tion and intimidation; hooding; appear to have an interest in lying. Other psychological assault (false reports of problems of credibility are shown by the death or illness of relatives or friends, or case of Bentley, mentioned earlier, where threats of indefinite and solitary confine­ the defendant told the court that he had ment); partial suffocation; subjection to not told the doctor or magistrate who extreme noise; and alternate immersions of visited him earlier how he had been injured the feet in hot and icy water. Where injuries because he feared that this information are sustained, protracted periods in isolation would be given to the police, who would are said to follow until visible signs have continue to assault him. As we have seen, healed. In addition, statements made to the doctor confirmed the defendant's magistrates visiting detainees, which may be fears only too clearly. evidence of torture, are transmitted to the Moreover, it must be remembered that police, while detainees are not permitted the police have sole responsibility for to have copies of the reports on visits made investigating allegations against themselves. by magistrates. They may however have The system is one which is geared to a copy of a doctor's report. manufacture guilt, and the medical It should be remembered that by law profession is an integral part of this detainees are not permitted to have access structure. There is a remarkable paradox to to lawyers. Attempts have been made to be taken into account: the rhetoric used is silence witnesses to torture by detaining that of a fair trial, the right to present a them or - as in the case of the inquest into defence, and the freedom from improper the death of Dr. Neil Aggett earlier last pressure from the State to confess; yet year - by a banning order. In this case, the massive volume of evidence pointing a person detained with Dr. Aggett swore an to the violation of these rights and raising affidavit which he gave to lawyers for questions of involvement by the medical Dr. Aggett's family describing how Dr. profession is not even investigated by it, Aggett had been tortured in his presence not and in practice the system is designed to long before his death. In addition, steps have reject such allegations. been taken to prevent the inquest from For there to be any point to detention hearing a statement made by Dr. Aggett for interrogation, questions must be himself describing electric shock treatment, answered. It is ludicrous to propose that no by seeking a ruling that the statement is pressure may be exerted on detainees to inadmissible. induce them to cooperate, especially when The ethical duties of a doctor require the State emphasises how important a him to note, record, and treat injuries. confession in a criminal trial is by providing No matter how suspicious he may be as to that, unless the contrary is proved, it is to their origin there is, on the evidence, no be presumed to have been freely and chance that the court will believe that they voluntarily made and is sufficient evidence were caused by torture of the detainee who by itself for a conviction. This is one of the now challenges the confession allegedly essential reasons for interrogation. The made by him. In any event, as the Biko and police must, and invariably do, deny having other cases considered illustrate, no action 19 by the doctor must interfere with the opera­ a vicious circle in which impotence and tion of the security legislation. It it unwillingness support each other. absolutely essential for the administration Ultimately, the causes of this terrible of justice in South Africa that this should be medical tragedy are fear of the monster so, and the SAMDC and MASA are the medical profession is required to serve, inexorably compelled to play their part. and sympathy for it. Comforting the profes­ sion from abroad will not help it to over­ Conclusions come these problems but merely reassure In the context within which it functions, it and enable it to live with them. The only the South African medical profession has solution lies with the processes of change shown itself to be incapable of coping with within South Africa itself; so far as the the ethical implications arising from the medical profession itself is concerned, security legislation. While doubtless in isolation will encourage it to develop the individual cases practitioners may justifiably tensions and splits necessary for the healing be suspected of having acted with evil process to commence. motives, the greatest part of the problem arises from the very structure of the institu­ tions involved. The statutes and definitions, Footnotes both explicity and in the manner in which the courts have interpreted them, equate 15. "Report to the Medical Association of with treason all opposition to the Slate's South Africa by the Ad Hoc Committee established policies. The medical profession appointed to consider certain ethical issues". consists of individuals who in many cases, 16. Sowetan. 5th March 1982. as white voters, accept the fundamental 17. 77ie Star, 11 March 1982. political implications of this legislation. 18. Sunday Express (Johannesburg) 17 Accordingly, one must not expect them January 1982, Sunday Times (Johannes­ willingly to confront it. This, however, is burg) 21 February 1982. an inadequate explanation for what is 19. The Star, 6 March 1982. happening in South Africa today for it 20. Rand Daily Mail, 11 February 1982; does not take into account the manner in Sowetan, 3 February 1982. which the medical associations , are 21. Rand Daily Mail, 5 March 1982; Finan­ structured into the system: not only are the cial Mail, 16 March 1982. individuals reluctant to come into conflict 22. Rand Daily Matt, 7 May 1982. with the system, but should they be willing 23. Rand Daily Mail, 28 August 1982; to do so their professional associations are Sowetan 28-29 August 1982 rendered incapable of giving support. 24. Rand Daily Mail. 26 September, 9 October 1981. 25. Post, 15 April 1980; Rand Daily Mail, In South Africa, the ethical stand­ 16 April 1980, 25 July 1980. points of the professional associations require them to ensure that they play their full part in ensuring that the security laws do what they are meant to do — i.e. convict those who oppose the regime. The medical profession is required to play its part in the formal manufacture of guilt. It does not have the means to test the conduct of its members against accepted ethical standards used elsewhere in the world, and it does not want them; these two factors combine in maam mam

How Pretoria wages war on Africa by Aziz Pahad

The apartheid regime has embarked on a the 1982 Defence White Paper Magnus concerted and co-ordinated campaign of Malan (Minister of Defence) stated that: economic, political and military destutili­ "It is alarming that more and more sophis­ sation in Southern Africa. The gravity of ticated weapons are pouring into the situation is reflected by the communique neighbouring countries" and that "serious of the heads of Governments of the Front consideration should now be given to the Line States (meeting in Maputo, March possibility of conventional warfare." 1982) which noted that "The invasion and Prime Minister Botha gave some military aggression, the utilisation of armed indication of South Africa's intentions bandits and agents, the acts of sabotage and when he stated that "We are moving more economic blackmail, the massive and and more in the direction in which the state subversive propaganda campaigns conducted of Israel has already been since 1948," by South Africa are proof that there is and went on to warn that "South Africa's currently an undeclared war situation sphere of influence" extends to all its engendered and supported by South Africa." neighbours in Southern Africa. It is becoming increasingly clear that Pik Botha (Foreign Minister) spelt this the regime is developing a massive capacity out more blatantly when he arrogantly not only to hold back the revolutionary declared that "Hie existence of a ring of advances in South Africa and Namibia but marxist states ... around South Africa was also to subvert and undermine the gains inimical to South Africa's interests. '* This already achieved in Southern Africa. The situation he said, could not be tolerated. use of conventional war is becoming a After announcing that South Africa central component of this regional strategy. would have to open up a "second front", Using the 'big lie' techniques of Goebbels Magnus Malan issued a warning that the they justify their aggression by claiming "slogan in Africa should be: Obtain that the neighbouring countries pose a communist assistance and terrorist organisa­ military threat to them. In the preface to tions to launch so called liberation 21 i#W

has production of minerals we all must It is in South Africa that the west's have." most important regional interests are at The Reagan nominee to become head stake - both our tangible economic and of the US Aims Control and Disarmament strategic interests and also our political Agency, Kenneth Adelman (presently and moral interests in non-violent change". deputy to Jean Kirkpa trick that other great On taking office, Reagan said, "Can we 'human rights campaigner* and 'freedom abandon a country which has stood with us fighter*, and friend of the US and South in every war we have fought, a country that African intelligence services) is reported to strategically is essential to the free world? It have said that if South Africa acquired movements and the end result is perish in nuclear anti-submarine weapons, these could misery." be helpful to the west in protecting the Cape South Africa is imposing its own version shipping route. He went on to say that such of the Monroe doctrine. This aggressive weapons could be turned into nuclear militarist strategy has been intensified since bombs to deter a land attack. the defeat of Portuguese colonialism and Given such open and brazen support the attempts to establish genuine people's by the Reagan administration it is hardly democracies, leading to the socialist trans­ surprising that the South African 1982 formation of Angola and Mozambique; since the winning of independence in Defence White Paper concluded that "there Zimbabwe; since the attempts by the Front are encouraging signs that the USA is once line States to break out of the economic again prepared to play an active role as stranglehold of South Africa through the leader of the West." For South Africa, SADCC, and as a result of the intensified this has meant extensive cooperation in the resistance in South Africa and Namibia. exchange of intelligence and military personnel and information. There has been Imperialist Collaboration a gradual relaxation of the ban on military South Africa's reactionary role by and and military-related equipment from the large coincides with imperialist strategy US - for example, the Cyber 75 variety of for world domination and exploitation. computers, which can be used to model The Reagan administration, under the nuclear explosions, has been supplied smokescreen of anti-communism, anti- to Armscor or its subsidiaries, and US sovietism and "anti-terrorism", has launched broken played a key role in helping South a world wide counter-revolutionary Africa buy almost 100 tons of enriched offensive, and sees the apartheid regime as uranium. Export credit guarantees have the instrument for achieving its global been resumed by the US government, and strategy on the African continent. In 1980 the Americans were largely responsible for Crocker (U.S. Assistant Secretary of State the granting of a 1.2 billion dollar loan to for African Affairs) concluded that, South Africa from the IMF in 1982. In "Washington could no longer simply enjoy Namibia the USA is spearheading attempts its varied interests in Southern Africa. It to halt the process of liberation. American would have to work actively to pre-empt subterfuges were revealed when, in a secret Soviet-backed revolutionary change.** He memorandum to Haig in 1981, Crocker later went on to say that the "American stated that racist South Africans must be stance towards the Republic of South told of the US willingness to open up a Africa is inevitably the centrepiece of our new chapter in their relationship, based regional policy... South Africa is by any upon strategic reality and South Africa's definition an important regional power, position in that reality. He went on to say and it is by far the most important country that the Namibian problem was a primary 22 in the Southern African region. obstacle to this new relationship, and that 'SOUTH AFRICA HAS PROVED TO BE ONE OF THE NV3ST SIGNIFICANT STABILIZING FACTORS IN TMe RGfrtOfV'- fAAR*s sreyrv- SAAMMSSAPOK

"we are willing to work with them to find for imperialist global strategy, and an internationally acceptable settlement specifically for subversion, exploitation which will not harm their interests." and destabilisation of the African This active and open collaboration of continent; the Reagan-Thatcher administrations has * limit support given to the ANC and undoubtedly encouraged the terrorist use of SWAPO. their muscle, and is turning Southern Africa * physically eliminate the ANC and into one of the most critical flashpoints SWAPO; in international politics. In the last few yean there has been a steady escalation in the regime's use of South African aggression affects virtually economic sabotage and terrorism, the whole of Southern Africa, and even commando raids and large scale military farther afield, as the attempted coup in the invasions, the strategic objectives being to: Seychelles and the bombing of the ANC office in London showed. A brief look will * maintain dominance of the region and give some indication of the nature and prevent any socio-economic changes; extent of this, and the serious challenge confronting not only the peoples of * maintain racist South Africa as a base 23 Southern Africa but the entire international Angola had once again obliged us to divert community. a great part of our manpower, material and financial resources to strengthening our Economic pressure defence capability, thereby jeopardising a The colonial legacy has resulted in the fact number of projected development targets." that the economies of almost all countries Conservative estimates show that since in the region are interlinked with that of 1975 the losses Angola suffered because of South Africa. South Africa's dominant South African aggression amounted to a position in this relationship has been used staggering sum of 10 billion dollars. extensively to put pressure on these states. Other consequences, in terms of human In 1981 at a very crucial moment, suffering , ill health, loss of schooling, mal­ racist South Africa unilaterally terminated nutrition, unemployment, displacement of a preferential trade agreement (dating back millions, cannot be calculated fully. to 1964) with Zimbabwe. It simultaneously recalled about 80 railway trucks and diesel Military aggression engines on long term loan to Zimbabwe Since the mid 60's the apartheid regime has Railways (this had a disastrous effect on the adopted a highly aggressive and transport of the maize harvest). interventionist policy towards its Recently the racists warned Lesotho neighbours. that unless she toed the line the job oppor­ Between 1967 and 197S it was tunities for Lesotho citizens in South estimated that over 4000 South African Africa would be jeopardized (it is estimated troops supported by armoured cars, heli­ that at present 40% of Lesotho's GNP copters and planes were actively involved comes from wages earned by Lesotho in Zimbabwe. There were over 1000 South citizens working in South Africa). African troops involved with the Portuguese However, the most dangerous disruption in Mozambique and in 1969 under a has been through the systematic destruction Portuguese-South African agreement a joint of the socio-economic structures. Roads, command system was established in Angola railways, bridges, electric and water supplies, to direct South African air reconnaissance oil refineries and depots, factories, dams and troop transport activities against and agricultural projects have been attacked Namibia and MPLA guerrillas. and destroyed. To cite but a few examples: However a new dimension was added The road, rail and oil pipeline in 1975 when over 6000 South African connection between Zambia and Mozam­ troops and foreign mercenaries invaded bique is continuously attacked. In October Angola in a last deperate attempt to prevent 1981 traffic between the the two countries MPLA from coming to power and to instal was halted when the road and rail bridges UNITA in power. The CIA played a major over the Pungwe River were sabotaged. role in initiating and underwriting this In November 1981 the port of Beira campaign. USA direct and open intervent­ was closed when 10 out of the 12 naviga­ ion was not possible at this stage because tional buoys were sabotaged. of the post-Vietnam mood of the American In January 1983 a major dam in Angola people and the disarray and confusion was sabotaged, causing extensive flooding within the military industrial complex, and damage to a vital agricultural area. arising from the Watergate affair. The dirty The long term effects on the consoli­ work had therefore to be spearheaded by dation of independence and the process of South Africa with the assistance of mercena­ development cannot be overestimated. The ries and UNITA and FNLA bandits. Angolan President said in his 1983 message: This invasion of Angola by 3 South 24 "South Africa's undeclared war against African armoured columns, code named :

'*

10 Eland armoured-cars on the road to the operational area (mid 1982) "Zulu", "Foxbat" and "Orange," swept The scope and intensity of this "scorched northwards capturing town after town. earth" policy has increased yearly. From Within a short time they occupied the whole 1976 to 1979 there were 291 military of the centre of Angola, the northern­ attacks against Angola; during 1980 there most line of occupation stretching from were 1 100 acts of aggression; in the first Lobito to the capital of the Moxico Province 6 months of 1981 there were over 650 in the east. acts of aggression including: TTic invading forces reached within a few miles of Luanda. In response to the 472 reconnaissance flights Angolans1 urgent appeal for assistance, 22 air attacks Cuba and the Soviet Union reacted with 111 helicopter-borne landings unparalleled internationalist manpower and 4 paratroop landings logistical support; further assistance came 2 artillery bombardments from other socialist countries and some 15 ground reconnaissance incursions third world countries. 5 ground attacks Eight months after the invasion started. 30 bombing raids South Africa and its surrogates were forced out of Angola. Since then the South Worse was to come. In August 1981, follow­ Africans have conducted a constant and ing a massive troops build-up of over 45 000 systematic campaign of bombing raids, on the Namibian border, the racists launched violations of Angolan air space, border "Operation Protea". This involved 11 000 provocations, infantry attacks, artillery troops, 36 centurion tanks, 70 armoured shelling and minelaying. cars, 200 troop transporters, heavy artillery It is estimated that from 1976 to and long range missiles, supported by 90 1979 the South Africans were responsible aircraft and helicopters. for: Today the invaders are still occupying an estimated 50 000 sq. kilometres of 193 mine laying operations Angolan territory. This sad and tragic 7 artillery bombardments story is repeated in all other neighbouring 25 ground attacks countries. For example in November 1982, 21 ground infiltrations Mozambique alerted the United Nations 25 to the fact that the racists were massing attack on the Koeberg nuclear plant, one thousands of troops on the border and that of South Africa's most carefully guarded a full scale military invasion was imminent. installations, has sown panic in the ranks of There is Kittle doubt that this timely warning the enemy. and international action temporarily, at The enemy believes that the "next least,, halted the planned invasion. It has five years is going to be decisive," (Gen. also been reliably reported that the racists Magnus Mai an) and has launched a massive had established a "Matabele brigade'* offensive to stem the revolutionary tide. commanded by Col. Breytenbach to carry One aspect of this is to create an image of out attacks against Zimbabwe. Training moderation internally, while in actual fact camps have been set up at Phalaborwa. intensifying repression and control. Another Spacer Camp, Madibo Camp and the Ntabi aspect it the physical destruction of the camp. In April 1980 the Western Province ANC and SWAPO both internally and of Zambia was invaded by 2 battalions of externally. South African troops. They mined roads, Warlord Malan recently reiterated attacked villages and burned crops. The warnings that "We are determined to wipe area had to be declared a "disaster area." out the terrorists even if we have to cross Such violations of Zambian territory take our borders to do it." Specially created place continuously and Lesotho is assassination squads and regular forces of increasingly experiencing such aggression. the South African Defence Force have carried out this policy with a lunatic frenzy. Elimination of ANC and SWAPO Joe Gqabi, Ruth First, Petrus and Jabu South Africa's aggression is intensifying Nyaose represent a growing list of victims at a time when the resistance of the people of racist acts of terror. of South Africa and Namibia has reached South African troops blatantly invade unprecendented heights and the regime is neighbouring countries to carry out their facing mounting economic and political murderous work. For example in 1978 crises. South African troops attacked a SWAPO Today the legal, semi-legal and illegal camp at Kassmga ruthlessly slaughtering activity of the oppressed masses is shaking about 1 000 unarmed Namibian refugees. the citadels of power as never before. Eye witnesses were shocked by the "spirit The black working class, the leading of extermination and destruction" of the force of our revolution, continues to grow South African troops. in strength, maturity and consciousness. In January 1981 South African troops Waves of militant strike actions affect invaded Mozambique and attacked ANC almost all sections of major industries. residences murdering 12 unarmed people The youth and students, women's and kidnapping two. organisations, the churches, professional In December 1982 over 100 South organisations, the masses in the rural areas African troops invaded and occupied Maseru and Bantustans are confronting the regime the capital of Lesotho. In an orgy of indis­ at every level. criminate and ruthless violence they Under the banner of "Unity in Action" murdered 42 South African and Lesotho the mighty forces of liberation and social citizens. emancipation continue to grow in strength. This sharp escalation in the actions The actions of Umkhonto we Sizwe of the regime and its murder squads gives have played a very significant role in this. warning that the regime, threatened by Over the last two years units of Umkhonto internal resistance and haunted by the we Sizwe have carried out sabotage actions spectre of socialism in neighbouring throughout the country. The brilliant countries, is committed to unleashing a P. W. Botha with J.C. Heunis shown deep inside Angola at the end of 1975, together with the UNIT A guard of Jonas Savimbi. 'Die Burger' 5.2.77, from which this picture is taken, said it was a "great opportunity for Dr Savimbi's guards to meet these two South African leaders. " Also in the picture is Jannie de Wet, then Commissioner General for Namibia. reign of terror across its borders in a vain working with the apartheid regime. The attempt to roll back the tide of history MNR is nothing but an extension of the SADF. When Mozambican troops captured Features of apartheid terrorism an MNR base at Garngua (Dec. 1981) Some features of racist aggression have they found large quantities of South African been: arms and equipment, signs of SADF instuc- tors, and documentation which showed Growing bmtalisation and almost total that all actions carried out by the MNR breaches of international conventions. These were determined and controlled by the include terror attacks against civilians, SADF. The LLA has bases in South Africa indiscriminate bombings, assassinations, the and receives financial and logistical support use of poison gas etc. from the SADF. Increasing use of surrogate forces. These include UNITA in Angola, MNR in Increasing use of mercenaries. These Mozambique and the LLA in Lesotho. are recruited from the USA, Britain, West Documents captured after the Portuguese Germany, Latin American countries (those revolution, as well as accounts by CIA with close links with the USA), Israel and defectors like Stockwell, confirm reports other western countries. In many cases that Savimbi worked for PIDE and the western governments have given tacit CIA. Since 1975 he has been actively approval to such recruiting. They have not only failed to take effective action Such arrogant display of big power against it but, on the contrary, have facili­ chauvinism; such total disregard of all tated the work of these "whores of war." conventions of international law and Are cetain major western countries cons­ morality; such blatant distortion of facts ciously using mercenaries and bandit organi­ which turns victim into aggressor; such sations to achieve objectives in situations contempt and disregard for international where it is not politically possible to use opinion; such callous disregard of human their own armed forces? suffering has few parallels in modem history.

Need for Urgent Action Can the world allow the apartheid South Africa has given notice of its aims regime to unleash another holocaust? The and objectives in Southern Africa and also military industrial complexes using the the extent to which it will go to achieve smokescreen of the "red bogey" helped these. The war psychosis being developed Hitler rise to power. This generation cannot in South Africa and the constant warnings and must not allow history to repeat itself. that it will take further military actions if A massive international campaign must it considers its security to be threatened, be launched to stop the apartheid regime's are ominous. A senior spokesman of the terroristic aggression against neighbouring regime recently stated that "the acceptance states. Mass militant pressure by the peoples of Soviet military aid by those states is must compel the US, British and French destabilising the region because it provides Governments to stop abusing their powers a military umbrella for subversive elements. of veto in the Security Council of the It is the government's duty to protect United Nations. Effective and total sanctions South African interests ...We will not must be imposed against South Africa. hesitate to take action against Russian All-round political, material and missiles and radar bases on our neighbours* diplomatic support must be given to SWAPO territory ... It does not matter if the commu­ and the ANC. nist military forces are there legitimately as allies of these states." CRICKETING

by Sam Ramsamy

".r- •I r . «MK

"Collaboration with, rather than isolation of, the enemy, in order to give apartheid a face-lift, cannot be in the best interests of West Indian players or West Indian cricket, if for no other reason than that the very forces responsible for the impoverishment and oppression of the South African peoples are the very same forces responsible for the underdevelopment of the Caribbean, namely American and British imperialism." Workers' Part y of Jamaica

Apartheid sport, isolated from nearly all standards was being acclaimed as the greatest international participation, is now fighting side ever to visit South Africa. Employen for its survival. were asked to do their utmost to enable International sport is very important to their staff to watch the matches. The racist South Africa. More important than in apartheid regime's minister in charge of any other country in the world. Besides sport congratulated the organisers on "their using sport as an avenue to create respecta­ tremendous success" and appealed "to all bility for apartheid. South Africa also uses South Africans to do what is practical to sport to unite the whites into a fervour of support the successful initative of the racist patriotism. (white) South African Cricket Union.*' Recently several West Indian cricketers Although sportsmen from developing were lured to South Africa to be used as countries are easy prey for western entre­ court jesters to boost the flagging morale preneurs not many suspected that West of apartheid's white electorate. The all- Indian cricketers would ever play in black West Indian opposition playing all- apartheid South Africa. white South African national sides was an As soon as the cricketers landed in ideal environment to stir the white rulers to South Africa compassionate stories were ecstatic chauvinism. circulating the world over, that their choice The West Indian team which was was between playing in South Africa and relatively mediocre by international starving. One of the West Indian cricketers 29 even a*ked, "When you see your wife and seas supporters defined the West Indian children don't have enough to eat what do cricket tour as a victory for sport and a you do?" Another stated, "if someone defeat for those who wished to bring politics is prepared to give me money to feed my into sport. The sports lesson which emerged children, buy them clothing and myself a from this tour was that lies are elevated motor car I will not go." "Hut these to moral acceptability and deceit is legiti­ cricketers were attracted by highly inflated mised. And as for bringing politics into appearance fees is certainly true. That they sport it seems that it is perfectly in order accepted the offers because their families for the apartheid regime, whose sole aim is were starving is an utter and blatant lie. to maintain white domination, to underwrite Anyone who might consider pardoning the tour. them because of inspiration they might have It seems obvious that English county received from the ancient saying "forgive cricket grounds were important venues for them, for they know not what they do," recruitment and finalising contracts. White will only be absolving these collaborators South African cricketers attached to English from treachery. "It is an act of treachery county cricket, no doubt, played a crucial to the black people of South Africa who part in the negotiations. Their role is being cry out for help for relief from the indig­ conveniently suppressed because of the nities and suffering of apartheid and the possibility of reprisals. It is also strongly repression of the regime which upholds suspected that an international hotel chain it," said Sir Sridath Ramphal, Common­ acted as conduits to channel money to wealth Secretary-General. Any mediocre certain West Indian islands and facilitated cricketer who is given 150 000 dollars for communication with South Africa. One a five week tour knows what he is being paid English cricketer is reported to have for. No country will spend 4 million dollars approached Malcolm Marshall of Barbados, to attract a bunch of mediocre cricketers the West Indian fast bowler, to tour South if it is not of national importance. The seven Africa with a promise of an extremely huge month secret negotiations which preceded appearance fee. Marshall declined to go. the tour is sufficient evidence in itself that So did Barbadians Desmond Haynes and every player was fully aware of the implica­ Hartley Alleyne. Foaud Bacchus of Guyana tions of participating in South Africa. Only and Winston Davis of St Vincent and a week before their arrival in South Africa Windward Island withdrew earlier. several of the cricketers denied any know­ ledge of the tour. One of them, Lawrence A few years ago top West Indian Rowe, even deceived and misled Mr. Alan cricketers, Viv Richards of Antigua and Rae, President of the West Indies Cricket Give Lloyd of Guyana were virtually given Board of Control, about his stand, causing an open cheque to appear in South Africa Mr. Rae to make an embarrassing and but these offers were rejected with the premature declaration of gratitude. This contempt they deserved. Lloyd said, "there deception was termed "vicious and heinous" was no way I would go there under the by Jamaica's Minister of Youth and present system and that was my final word." Community Development, Mr. Errol There was world-wide condemnation Anderson. of the tour. Clive Lloyd, the West Indian captain said that it was a major setback Even one of South Africa's white news­ for the people who are trying to get rid of papers stated that the tour had become a the apartheid system. He accepted that "the major media event. The newspaper went on money was very tempting, but that was not to say, "this is an important sporting event, all in life." and an even more important political event." The West Indies Cricket Board of The usual band of South Africa's over­ Control immediately banned the cricketers M it wonderful taw (kg Wwdkt fove broken ike barrieisd kptotteW for life and several West Indian Governments auothcj matter. II ie apartheid regime ha* stated that the cricketers would not be nominated a liason officer to facilitate all allowed to enter their countries. The their travel and accomodation arrangements. Grenada Government said that the money Besides, as one white South African news­ earned by these cricketers should be confis­ paper put it. "Unfortunately they haven't cated and handed to the ANC and SWAPO. been able to see much, if anything except Mr. Michael Manley, former Prime Minister airports, hotels and cricket crowds." The of Jamaica, called the cricketers "traitors regime's liason officer also ensured that to the liberation struggle of the South these collaborators were fully occupied African people." Mr. Malcom Fraser, Prime with electronic games during any spare Minister of Australia, a strong supporter time they had. of the sports boycott campaign .announced that Australia would refuse entry to any The West Indian Team consisted of: player who plays representative cricket in South Africa. Barbados Inside South Africa black trade unions, Collis King, Emmerson Trotman, Franklyn student groups and sports bodies affiliated Stephenson, Alvin Greenidge, Sylvester to the anti-apartheid South African Council Clarke, Ezra Moseley, David Murray, on Sport (SACOS) called for a mass boycott Gregory Armstrong, Albert Padmore. of the matches. SACOS condemned the Jamaica cricketers for accepting the degrading Richard Austin, Lawrence Rowe, Everton status of "Honorary White". An AZAPO Mattis, Ray Wynter spokesman said "We will try and meet these Guyana fellows and impress upon them that their Colin Croft, Alvin Kalicharan. mercenary tour is retrogressive to our Trinidad and Tobago liberation struggle." Bernard Julien. Whether these mercenaries will evei Leeward Island be exposed to the daily humiliations that Derrick Parry. black South Africans are subjected to is I

•

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