Case Study Mapping Livability of Lower Income Housing Typologies in the City of Mumbai
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
B IN U COM Building Inclusive Urban Communities CASE STUDY MAPPING LIVABILITY OF LOWER INCOME HOUSING TYPOLOGIES IN THE CITY OF MUMBAI Keluskar Kimaya – 2017 B IN U COM Building Inclusive Urban Communities CASE STUDY MAPPING LIVABILITY OF LOWER INCOME HOUSING TYPOLOGIES IN THE CITY OF MUMBAI Keluskar Kimaya – 2017 Funded by the Erasmus+ Programme of the European Union. The European Commission’s support for the production of this publication does not constitute an endorsement of the contents which reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. The views expressed in this profile and the accuracy of its findings is matters for the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of or confer liability on the KRVIA - Kamla Raheja Vidyanidhi Institute of Architecture and Environ- mental Studies. © KRVIA - Kamla Raheja Vidyanidhi Institute of Architecture and Environ- mental Studies. This work is made available under a Creative Commons Attribu- tion 4.0 International Licence: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Contact: Design Cell KRVIA - Kamla Raheja Vidyanidhi Institute of Architecture and Environmental Studies, Mumbai, India. Email: [email protected] Website: www.krvia.ac.in Suggested Reference: Keluskar Kimaya (2017) City profile Mumbai Metropolitan Region. Report prepared in the BINUCOM (Building Inclusive Urban Communities) project, funded by the Erasmus+ Program of the European Union. http://moodle.donau-uni.ac.at/binuc 2 CASE STUDY MAPPING LIVABILITY OF LOWER INCOME HOUSING TYPOLOGIES IN THE CITY OF MUMBAI ABSTRACT Across various housing policies governed and created under rehabilitation and resettlement practiced by the state to address the issue of housing scheme. The study examines the thermal as well within the informal settlements, anecdotal obser- as visual comfort (daylight) within the housing vations talk about the serious decline in the envi- schemes provided by the state to ensure the well-be- ronmental condition of the housing and its impact ing and resilience of poor communities within a on the health of the occupants. This forges a need megapolis. The paper discusses a comprehensive for methodological investigation about the perfor- assessment method of deriving a livability index for mance of various housing typologies of the lower each housing typology by chosing a range of param- income communities with respect to environmental eters at neighbourhood and unit level. The derivative standards. The paper sets up a framework for assess- index strongly indicates the need for restructuring ment of the existing housing schemes by monitoring the approach, its environmental and livability the three selected case-studies. It evaluates the idea standards of the lower income housing schemes. The of ‘comfort’ within the lower income groups and its conclusion discusses the possibilities of increasing importance in driving the ‘livability index’ which is the adaptive capacities of the poor communities and often limited to ease of access to safe housing and build resilience through guidelines on criterias to good sanitation facility. The findings/observations be followed for acquiring the land for SRA schemes from the field advocates the need for incorporation and building bye-law recommendations for using of sustainable measures within the lower income passive design techniques to build livable homes and housing typologies, especially the housing schemes inclusive neighbourhoods. ◆ “ The paper sets up a framework for assessment of the existing housing schemes by monitoring the three selected case-studies.” 3 CASE STUDY MAPPING LIVABILITY OF LOWER INCOME HOUSING TYPOLOGIES IN THE CITY OF MUMBAI CONTENTS Abstract 3 Abbrevations 5 PART 1 Introduction 6 PART 2 Methodology 8 PART 3 Framing the parameters that govern Livability within Lower Income Housing Typologies: 9 PART 4 Pilot Cases 10 4.1 Natvar Parekh compound-Indian Oil SRA 10 4.2 Assessemnt of Residential Built Environment Performance 13 4.3 Site and Services Scheme, Sector 05, 30 Sqm Cluster (Type III) Charkop 22 4.4 Sainath Nagar Informal Settlements, Dahisar West 32 4.5 Comparative Mapping of Adaptive Capacities within three Case studies undertaken 40 PART 5 Conclusion 44 5.1 Limitation and Way Forward 44 5.2 Recommendations: 44 References 47 Author, Acknowledgements 49 Suggested Reference: Keluskar Kimaya (2017) City profile Mumbai Metropolitan Region. Report prepared in the BINUCOM (Building Inclusive Urban Communities) project, funded by the Erasmus+ Program of the European Union. http://moodle.donau-uni.ac.at/binuc 4 CASE STUDY MAPPING LIVABILITY OF LOWER INCOME HOUSING TYPOLOGIES IN THE CITY OF MUMBAI ABBREVIATIONS SAS Site and Services PAP People affected Projects RNR Resettlement and Rehabilitation Scheme MCGM Municipal corporation of Greater Mumbai MMRDA Mumbai Metropolitan Regional Development Authority SDG Sustainable Development Goals SPARC Society for the Promotion of Area Resource Centre UN United Nations WHO World Health Organisation SRA Slum Rehabilitation Authority MUTP Mumbai Urban Transport Project BUDP Bombay Urban Development Project NGO Non Government Organisation LIG Lower Income Group MIG Middle Income Group HIG Higher Income Group EPS Economically Weaker Section RH Relative Humidity Clo Unit value for clothing DF Daylight Factor UHI Urban Heat Island ppm Part Particulate Matter NBC National Building Code PMV Predicted Mean Vote PPD Percentage People Dissatisfied 5 MAPPING LIVABILITY OF LOWER INCOME HOUSING TYPOLOGIES IN THE CITY OF MUMBAI PART 1 – INTRODUCTION PART 1 INTRODUCTION Need for establishing livability index where the land value shall never increase owing to for lower income housing its proximity to city’s dumping ground or heavy chemical based industries which continuously Informal settlements are an adaptive response to emit toxic gaseous content. These colonies are the constraints and opportunities in the city with concentration camps to perpetuate health risks minimal resources being deployed incrementally with no access to daylight and ventilation. High by their residents. Often such settlements are densification to accommodate more and more located in unoccupied interstices and marginal families within a vertical box and lack of advocacy lands of the city seeking a proximity to places of has eventually converted these colonies into verti- employment and urban infrastructure to support cal slums. Loss of access to livelihood, education their livelihoods. There are different types of set- facilities, medical centers, recreational facilities tlement, along a tidal drainage channel, main city expose them to more mental and physical stress. water supply line or an industrial belt. Their origin Thus, questioning the livability quotient within for example, as an extension of a suburban village or these proliferating housing colonies in the city of the camp for construction labour; their history and Mumbai. age , the older ones are now completely surrounded by intense urban development, for instance near Livability, within lower income housing is practiced the airport. Proximity to sensitive areas within the as a commodity than a necessity or a basic require- city and occupying public/government or private ment of a human being. The vulnerable risks land through encroachment often make there are so high and over powering that it is believed; communities vulnerable to the threat of eviction. tenureship, ease of access to secure housing, clean water and good sanitation facility ensures good The current governmental policy under the Slum livable conditions. However livability is about Rehabilitation Authority (SRA) envisages, a suitable place for inhabitation, ensuring good re-housing of existing residents of informal set- enviornmental conditions which ensures commu- tlements into multistory tenements by private real nity well-being and growth. The environmental estate developers, subsidized through the profits performance of the dwelling units, accountability gained by commercial exploitation of the land. It for good connectivity to the neighbourhood and does not favor incremental in-situ improvement the city directly impact the livability quotient. or community based redevelopment. Several SRA projects have been executed. The assumption is Every individual is entitled to have access to basic that the multistory tenement is an environmentally needs to support her livelihood and deserves a sound alternative to ‘slums’. habitable dwelling unit within the urban fabric of the city. The urban poor, who are the main con- Most of these SRA housing colonies are located stituents of informal settlements, evidently adapt at the periphery of the city and on grey field sites to their stresses and constraints. 6 MAPPING LIVABILITY OF LOWER INCOME HOUSING TYPOLOGIES IN THE CITY OF MUMBAI PART 1 – KAPITEL Th e fi rst research question is: environmental conditions of diff erent housing types What is the disparity between the national/urban by adopting the framework ‘livability index’. Th e standards and norms for environmental suffi - methodology, empirical data through fi eld mon- ciency and the conditions of the informal settle- itoring and analytical tools explored in the paper ments? Does their diff erence suggest an indicator shall off er a way of assessment of various housing of human adaptability? typologies to derive their respective livability index. Th us, reasoning the many concerns and a signifi - Most informal settlements