Relevant News and Research 10.8 Trends in Products and Packaging

Relevant news and research 10.8 Trends in products and packaging

Last updated August 2021

Research: ...... 2 10.8.1 Using the pack to target consumer groups ...... 4 10.8.2 Using the pack to distract from consumer information ...... 5 10.8.2.1 Packaging that conveys varying levels of harm ...... 5 10.8.3 Branding and visual design elements on the cigarette stick ...... 5 10.8.4 Flavoured cigarettes and tobacco ...... 5 10.8.4.1 Menthol and flavour capsule cigarettes ...... 7 10.8.4.2 Flavoured roll-your-own and pipe tobacco ...... 9 10.8.5 Organic, additive-free, and ‘green’ cigarettes and tobacco ...... 9 10.8.6 Slim, extra long , and shorter cigarettes ...... 11 10.8.7 Filter innovations ...... 11 10.8.8 Product and packaging responses to plain packaging legislation: pre- and immediately post- implementation ...... 11 News reports: ...... 12 10.8.1.3 Innovative or novel packaging ...... 14 10.8.4 Flavoured cigarettes and tobacco ...... 14 10.8.4.1 Menthol and flavour capsule cigarettes ...... 14 10.8.4.2 Flavoured roll-your-own and pipe tobacco ...... 15 10.8.5 Organic, additive-free, and ‘green’ cigarettes and tobacco ...... 16 10.8.6 Slim, extra-long, and shorter cigarettes ...... 17

10.8.7 Filter Innovations ...... 17 10.8.8 Product and packaging responses to plain packaging legislation: pre- and immediately post- implementation ...... 17

Research:

Simuzingili, M, Hoetger, C, Garner, W, Everhart, RS, Hood, KB, Nana-Sinkam, P et al. (2021). What influences demand for cigars among African American adult cigar smokers? Results from a hypothetical purchase task. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34110888

Giovenco, DP, Spillane, TE, & Lewis, MJ. (2020). Blowing the lid off: an analysis of interior cigarette pack features and marketing strategies. Tobacco Control. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32675249

Azagba, S, Shan, L, Manzione, LC, Latham, K, Rogers, C, & Qeadan, F. (2020). Single cigarette purchasers among adult U.S. smokers. Prev Med Rep, 17, 101055. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32021764

Jenson, D. (2020). A Cigarette by any other name is still a cigarette. Tob Control. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32102907

Brown, JL, Smith, KC, Zhu, M, Moran, MB, Hoe, C, & Cohen, JE. (2019). Menthol and flavor capsule cigarettes in the Philippines: A comparison of pack design. Tob Induc Dis, 17, 76. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31768168

Carroll, DM, Strayer, L, Nardone, N, Pacek, LR, Kozink, RV, Tessier, K et al (2019). Development and Piloting Testing of An Experimental Tobacco and Nicotine Product Marketplace. Nicotine Tob Res. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31603515

Persoskie, A, O'Brien, EK, Donaldson, EA, Pearson, J, Choi, K, Kaufman, A et al. (2019). Cigar package quantity and smoking behavior. BMC Public Health, 19(1), 868. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31269935

McDaniel, PA. (2019). Does size matter? Rethinking the tobacco pack. Tob Control, 28(4), 363-364. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31221676

Stanton, CA, Halenar, MJ. Patterns and Correlates of Multiple Tobacco Product Use in the United States. Nicotine Tob Res. 2018 Aug 14;20(suppl_1):S1-S4. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30125021

Gammon, DG, Rogers, T, Coats, EM, Nonnemaker, JM, Henriksen, L. Little filtered cigars: US sales, flavours, package sizes and prices. Tob Control, Jul 2018. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30021869

Persoskie, A, Donaldson, EA, Ryant, C. How tobacco companies have used package quantity for consumer targeting. Tob Control, 2018. May 31, 2018. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29853560

Joseph S, Krebs NM, Zhu J, Wert Y, Goel R, et al. Differences in nicotine dependence, smoke exposure and consumer characteristics between smokers of machine-injected roll-your-own cigarettes and factory-made cigarettes. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 2018; 187:109-15. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29655031

Scollo M, Bayly M, White S, Lindorff K, and Wakefield M. Tobacco product developments in the Australian market in the 4 years following plain packaging. Tobacco Control, 2017. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28993520

Schwartz R, Chaiton M, Borland T, and Diemert L. Tobacco industry tactics in preparing for menthol ban. Tobacco Control, 2017. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28887427

4. Moodie C, Ford A, Dobbie F, Thrasher JF, McKell J, et al. The power of product innovation: Smokers' perceptions of capsule cigarettes. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 2017. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29059391

Kuiper NM, Gammon D, Loomis B, Falvey K, Wang TW, et al. Trends in sales of flavored and menthol Tobacco products in the United States during 2011-2015. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 2017. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28575408

Epperson AE, Henriksen L, and Prochaska JJ. Natural American spirit brand marketing casts Health halo around smoking. American Journal of Public Health, 2017; 107(5):668–70. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28398789

Dewhirst T. Package size matters: Tobacco packaging, retail merchandising and its influence on trial and impulse sales. Tobacco Control, 2017. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29026000

Delnevo CD, Giovenco DP, and Miller Lo EJ. Changes in the mass-merchandise cigar market since the Tobacco Control Act. Tob Regul Sci, 2017; 3(2 Suppl 1):S8–S16. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28317004

Viola AS, Giovenco DP, Miller Lo EJ, and Delnevo CD. A cigar by any other name would taste as sweet. Tobacco Control, 2016; 25(5):605–6. Available from: http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/25/5/605.short

Smith KC, Washington C, Welding K, Kroart L, Osho A, et al. Cigarette stick as valuable communicative real estate: A content analysis of cigarettes from 14 low-income and middle-income countries. Tobacco Control, 2016. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27534777

Salloum RG, Maziak W, Hammond D, Nakkash R, Islam F, et al. Eliciting preferences for waterpipe tobacco smoking using a discrete choice experiment: Implications for product regulation. BMJ Open, 2015; 5(9):e009497. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26353876

Jawad M, Nakkash RT, Hawkins B, and Akl EA. Gaining insights into the waterpipe Tobacco Industry: Participant observation and a cross-sectional Survey of products at a trade exhibition. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 2015. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26175460

Caruso RV, O'Connor RJ, Travers MJ, Delnevo CD, and Stephens WE. Design characteristics and Tobacco metal concentrations in filtered cigars. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 2015. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25649053

14. slim design, and blood cadmium levels among U.S. Smokers: Nhanes 1999-2010. Preventive Medicine, 2014; 65:87–91. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24794088

15. Land T, Keithly L, Kane K, Chen L, Paskowsky M, et al. Recent increases in efficiency in cigarette nicotine delivery: Implications for tobacco control. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 2014; 16(6):753–8. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24420328

Koszowski B, Rosenberry ZR, Viray LC, Potts JL, and Pickworth WB. Make your own cigarettes: Toxicant exposure, smoking topography, and subjective effects. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 2014; 23(9):1793–803. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24925675

Koszowski B, Rosenberry ZR, Strasser AA, and Pickworth WB. Experimentally switching from factory made to self-made cigarettes: A preliminary study of perceptions, toxicant exposure and smoking behavior. Journal of Addiction Research & Therapy, 2014; 5(2):179. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25419477

Hall MG, Fleischer NL, Reynales-Shigematsu LM, Arillo-Santillan E, and Thrasher JF. Increasing availability and consumption of single cigarettes: Trends and implications for smoking cessation from the ITC mexico Survey. Tobacco Control, 2014. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25192772

Cohen JE, Yang J, and Donaldson EA. Impact of the removal of light and mild descriptors from cigarette packages in Ontario, Canada: Switching to "light replacement" brand variants. Preventive Medicine, 2014; 69C:120–5. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25224153

Camenga D. "The new cigs on the block": An update on conventional and novel tobacco products. Adolesc Med State Art Rev, 2014; 25(1):33–49. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25022185

10.8.1 Using the pack to target consumer groups

King, JL, Bilic, A, & Merten, JW. (2021). Reasons for Pack Size Purchase among US Adults Who Purchase Cigars. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 18(15). Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34360081

Ganz, O, King, JL, Giovenco, DP, Hrywna, M, Strasser, AA, & Delnevo, CD. (2021). Associations between Black and Mild Cigar Pack Size and Demographics and Tobacco Use Behaviors among US Adults. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 18(12). Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34202992

Lee, I, Blackwell, AKM, Scollo, M, De-Loyde, K, Morris, RW, Pilling, MA et al. (2021). Cigarette pack size and consumption: an adaptive randomised controlled trial. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 1420. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34275444

Felicione, NJ, Norton, KJ, Bansal-Travers, M, Rees, VW, Cummings, KM, & O'Connor, RJ. (2021). Smokers' perceptions of different classes of cigarette brand descriptors. Tob Prev Cessat, 7, 9. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33575516

Smith, KC, Welding, K, Kleb, C, Washington, C, & Cohen, J. English on cigarette packs from six non- Anglophone low- and middle-income countries. Int J Public Health. Available from: https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00038-018-1164-9.pdf

10.8.2 Using the pack to distract from consumer information

Wade, WS, & White, K. (2020). The package as a weapon of influence: Changes to cigarette packaging design as a function of regulatory changes in Canada. Tob Prev Cessat, 6, 17. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32548354

10.8.2.1 Packaging that conveys varying levels of harm

Mercincavage, M, Albelda, B, Mays, D, Souprountchouk, V Giovenco, DP, Audrain-McGovern, J, & Strasser, AA. (2020). Shedding 'light' on cigarette pack design: colour differences in product perceptions, use and exposure following the US descriptor ban. Tob Control. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32994296 van der Eijk, Y, & Tan, GPP. (2020). Tobacco industry targeting of health-conscious youth with 'lighter' cigarettes: the case of Singapore. Tobacco Control. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33067408

McKelvey, K, Baiocchi, M, Lazaro, A, Ramamurthi, D, & Halpern-Felsher, B. (2019). A cigarette pack by any other color: Youth perceptions mostly align with tobacco industry-ascribed meanings. Prev Med Rep, 14, 100830. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30815339

Paek, HJ, Dewhirst, T, & Hove, T. Can Removing Tar Information from Cigarette Packages Reduce Smokers' Misconceptions about Low-tar Cigarettes? An Experiment from One of the World's Lowest Tar Yield Markets, South Korea. Nicotine Tob Res, 2019. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30726984

10.8.3 Branding and visual design elements on the cigarette stick

C Smith K, Washington C, Welding K, Kroart L, Osho A, et al. Cigarette stick as valuable communicative real estate: A content analysis of cigarettes from 14 low-income and middle-income countries. Tobacco Control, 2017; 26(5):604–7. Available from: http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/tobaccocontrol/26/5/604.full.pdf

10.8.4 Flavoured cigarettes and tobacco

Delnevo, CD, Giovenco, DP, & Villanti, AC. (2020). Assessment of Menthol and Nonmenthol Cigarette Consumption in the US, 2000 to 2018. JAMA Netw Open, 3(8), e2013601. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32766798

Branston, JR, Hiscock, R, Silver, K, Arnott, D, & Gilmore, AB. (2020). Cigarette-like cigarillo introduced to bypass taxation, standardised packaging, minimum pack sizes, and menthol ban in the UK. Tob Control. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32848080

Vyas, P, Ling, P, Gordon, B, Callewaert, J, Dang, A, Smith, D et al. (2020). Compliance with San Francisco's flavoured tobacco sales prohibition. Tob Control. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32300030

Agaku, IT, Odani, S, Armour, B, Mahoney, M, Garrett, BE, Loomis, BR et al. (2019). Differences in price of flavoured and non-flavoured tobacco products sold in the USA, 2011-2016. Tob Control. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31537629

Rose, SW, Johnson, AL, Glasser, AM, Villanti, AC, Ambrose, BK, Conway, K et al (2019). Flavour types used by youth and adult tobacco users in wave 2 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study 2014-2015. Tob Control. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31542778

Jordt, SE, & Jabba, S. (2019). Tobacco industry's investment in sweetness comes full circle. BMJ, 365, l2338. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31182501

Kephart, L, Song, G, Henley, P, & Ursprung, WWS. (2019). The association between neighborhood racial composition and menthol cigarette pricing in Boston, MA. Health Place, 58, 102144. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31202096

Odani, S, Armour, B, & Agaku, IT. (2019). Flavored tobacco product use and its association with indicators of tobacco dependence among U.S. adults, 2014-2015. Nicotine Tob Res. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31180498

Gammon, DG, Rogers, T, Coats, EM, Nonnemaker, JM, Marynak, KL, Kuiper, NM, King, BA. National and state patterns of concept-flavoured cigar sales, USA, 2012-2016. Tob Control, Aug 2018. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30068564

Farley SM, Schroth KR, Grimshaw V, Luo W, DeGagne JL, et al. Flavour chemicals in a sample of non- cigarette tobacco products without explicit flavour names sold in New York City in 2015. Tobacco Control, 2018; 27(2):170–6. Available from: http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/tobaccocontrol/27/2/170.full.pdf

Emond JA, Soneji S, Brunette MF, and Sargent JD. Flavour capsule cigarette use among US adult cigarette smokers. Tobacco Control, 2018. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29363609

Nyman AL, Sterling KL, Majeed BA, Jones DM, and Eriksen MP. Flavors and risk: Perceptions of flavors in little cigars and cigarillos among U.S. Adults, 2015. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 2017. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28666353

No authors listed. The flavor trap how tobacco companies are luring kids with candy-flavored e- cigarettes and cigars. Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids (CTFK), 2017. Available from: http://www.tobaccofreekids.org/microsites/flavortrap/full_report.pdf

No authors listed. Booming market of candy-flavored e-cigarettes and cigars threatens to hook a new generation of kids, new report warns. Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids (CTFK), 2017. Available from: http://www.tobaccofreekids.org/press_releases/post/2017_03_15_flavortrap

ChangeLab Solutions. Policy options for restricting sales of menthol cigarettes and other flavored Tobacco products: Fact sheet & model ordinance San Francisco 2017. Last update: Viewed Available from: http://www.changelabsolutions.org/publications/flavored-tobacco.

Thrasher JF, Islam F, Barnoya J, Mejia R, Valenzuela MT, et al. Market share for flavour capsule cigarettes is quickly growing, especially in Latin America. Tobacco Control, 2016. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27329114

Kostygina G and Ling PM. Tobacco industry use of flavourings to promote smokeless tobacco products. Tobacco Control, 2016; 25(Suppl 2):ii40–ii9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27856998

Delnevo CD, Giovenco DP, Ambrose BK, Corey CG, and Conway KP. Preference for flavoured cigar brands among youth, young adults and adults in the USA. Tobacco Control, 2015; 24(4):389–94. Available from: http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/24/4/389.abstract

The NSW Retail Tobacco Traders' Association. Cigarette listings. The Australian Retail Tobacconist. Official publication of the NSW Retail Tobacco Traders' Association, 2008; 68(April/May):3–5.

Ministerial Council on Drug Strategy (MCDS). Ministerial council on drug Strategy joint communique, 23 may 2008. Canberra: MCDS, 2008. Last update: Viewed 18 August 2008. Available from: http://www.nationaldrugstrategy.gov.au/internet/drugstrategy/publishing.nsf/Content/587B37DD6 18C95B8CA257452001CD325/$File/23may08.pdf.

10.8.4.1 Menthol and flavour capsule cigarettes

Gilbert, E, & Ewald, A. (2021). Fresher with flavour: young women smokers' constructions and experiences of menthol capsule cigarettes and regular cigarettes. BMC Women's Health, 21(1), 155. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33863322

Pankow, JF, Luo, W, McWhirter, KJ, Gillette, S, & Cohen, JE. (2021). 'Menthol-Plus': a major category of cigarette found among 'concept' descriptor cigarettes from Mexico. Tobacco Control. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33688085

Gutierrez-Torres, DS, Saenz de Miera Juarez, B, Reynales-Shigematsu, LM, Zavala-Arciniega, L, & Thrasher, J. (2020). Trends in cigarette brand preference among Mexican smokers: the rise of Pall Mall. Tob Control. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32381679

Malayil, L, Chattopadhyay, S, Kulkarni, P, Hittle, L, Clark, PI, Mongodin, EF, & Sapkota, A R. (2020). Mentholation triggers brand-specific shifts in the bacterial microbiota of commercial cigarette products. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32448997

Gunawan, T, & Juliano, LM. (2020). Differences in smoking topography and subjective responses to smoking among African American and White menthol and non-menthol smokers. Nicotine Tob Res. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32391555

Kingsbury, JH, Mehrotra, K, D'Silva, J, Nichols, E, Tripp, R, & Johnson, D. (2020). Perceptions of Menthol Cigarettes and Reasons for Unsuccessful Quits in an African American Community Sample. J Immigr Minor Health. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32451691

Barrington-Trimis, JL. (2020). Reducing the Adverse Public Health Impact of Menthol Cigarettes in Disparate Populations. Nicotine Tob Res. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32067042

Glasser, AM, Barton, A, Rath, J, Simard, B, Rose, SW, Hair, E, & Vallone, D. (2020). Perceptions of Use Patterns and Health Consequences Associated With Mentholated Cigarettes Among U.S. Adults. Health Educ Behav, 1090198119897608. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32003242 van der Eijk, Y, Lee, JK, & Ling, P. How Menthol Is Key to the Tobacco Industry's Strategy of Recruiting and Retaining Young Smokers in Singapore. J Adolesc Health, 2018. Available from: https://www.jahonline.org/article/S1054-139X(18)30415-4/fulltext

Hoek, J, Gendall, P, Eckert, C, Louviere, J, Blank, ML, & Thrasher, JF. Young adult susceptible non- smokers' and smokers' responses to capsule cigarettes. Tob Control, 2018. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30282774

Moodie, C, Thrasher, JF, Cho, Y J, Barnoya, J, & Chaloupka, FJ. Flavour capsule cigarettes continue to experience strong global growth. Tob Control, 2018. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30368482

Moodie, C, MacKintosh, AM, Thrasher, JF, McNeill, A, Hitchman, S. Use of cigarettes with flavour- changing capsules among smokers in the United Kingdom: An online survey. Nicotine Tob Res, Aug 2018. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30165686

Emond JA, Soneji S, Brunette MF, and Sargent JD. Flavour capsule cigarette use among US adult cigarette smokers. Tobacco Control, 2018. Available from: http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/early/2018/01/23/tobaccocontrol-2017-054198.info

Emond JA, Soneji S, Brunette MF, and Sargent JD. Flavour capsule cigarette use among US adult cigarette smokers. Tobacco Control, 2018.

Wackowski OA, Evans KR, Harrell MB, Loukas A, Lewis MJ, et al. In their own words: Young adults’ menthol cigarette initiation, perceptions, experiences and regulation perspectives Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 2017. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/ntr/article- abstract/doi/10.1093/ntr/ntx048/3002783/In-Their-Own-Words-Young-Adults-Menthol- Cigarette?redirectedFrom=fulltext

No authors listed. One major European country looks set to be completely cigarette-free. JOE, 2017. Available from: https://www.joe.ie/news/one-major-european-country-looks-set-completely- cigarette-free-574123

10.8.4.2 Flavoured roll-your-own and pipe tobacco

Leavens EL, Driskill LM, Molina N, Eissenberg T, Shihadeh A, et al. Comparison of a preferred versus non-preferred waterpipe tobacco flavour: Subjective experience, smoking behaviour and toxicant exposure. Tobacco Control, 2018; 27(3):319–24. Available from: http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/tobaccocontrol/27/3/319.full.pdf

10.8.5 Organic, additive-free, and ‘green’ cigarettes and tobacco

Pearson, JL, Watanabe, M, Sanchez, J, Mann, S, Drake, C, & Mercincavage, M. (2021). The "organic" descriptor and its association with commercial cigarette health risk expectancies, subjective effects, and smoking topography: a pilot human laboratory study. Nicotine Tob Res. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34286827

Dewhirst, T. (2021). Natural American Spirit cigarettes are marketed as 'made different': the role of brand positioning and differentiation. Tob Control. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33727254

Gupta, A, Sharda, S, Yogitha, P, Goel, S, Goyal, A, & Gauba, K. (2021). Herbal smoking products: a systematic content analysis and mapping of the e-retail market. Tob Control. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33563703

Smiley, SL, Kim, S, Mourali, A, Allem, JP, Unger, JB , & Boley Cruz, T. (2020). Characterizing #Backwoods on Instagram: "The Number One Selling All Natural Cigar". Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17(12). Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32630567

Ganz, O, Delnevo, CD, & Lewis, MJ. (2020). Following in the footsteps of Natural American Spirit: the emergence of Manitou cigarettes. Tob Control. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32300024

Iles, IA, Pearson, JL, Lindblom, E, & Moran, MB. (2020). "Tobacco and Water": Testing the Health Halo Effect of Natural American Spirit Cigarette Ads and Its Relationship with Perceived Absolute Harm and Use Intentions. Health Communication, 1-12. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31922429

Gratale, SK, Sangalang, A, Maloney, EK, & Cappella, JN. (2019). Attitudinal Spillover from Misleading Natural Cigarette Marketing: An Experiment Examining Current and Former Smokers' Support for Tobacco Industry Regulation. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 16(19). Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31547517

Lewis, MJ, Jeong, M, & Ackerman, C. (2019). Naturally similar: Natural American Spirit and Nat Sherman's new cigarette. Tob Control. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31471452

Epperson, AE, Lambin, EF, Henriksen, L, Baiocchi, M, Flora, JA, & Prochaska, JJ. (2019). Natural American Spirit's pro-environment packaging and perceptions of reduced-harm cigarettes. Prev Med, 105782. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31325524

Epperson, AE, Johnson, TO, Schleicher, NC, & Henriksen, L. The price of Natural American Spirit relative to other cigarette brands. Nicotine Tob Res, 2019. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30759248

Pearson, JL, Moran, M, Delnevo, CD, Villanti, AC, & Lewis, MJ. Widespread belief that organic and additive-free tobacco products are less harmful than regular tobacco products: results from the 2017 US Health Information National Trends Survey. Nicotine Tob Res, 2019. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30722066

Epperson, AE, Averett, PE, Blanchflower, T, Gregory, KR, & Lee, JGL. "The Packaging Is Very Inviting and Makes Smokers Feel Like They're More Safe": The Meanings of Natural American Spirit Cigarette Pack Design to Adult Smokers. Health Educ Behav, 2019. 1090198118820099. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30606071

Baig SA, Byron MJ, Lazard AJ, and Brewer NT. “Organic,” “natural,” and “additive-free” cigarettes: Comparing the effects of advertising claims and disclaimers on perceptions of harm. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 2018:nty036–nty. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/nty036

No authors listed. Are organic or natural cigarettes safer to smoke? Truth Initiative (American Legacy Foundation), 2017. Available from: https://truthinitiative.org/news/are-organic-or-natural- cigarettes-safer-smoke

No authors listed. USA: FDA criticised for failing to protect public from misleading claims on natural American spirit cigarettes. The Truth Initiative and Campaign for Tobacco Free Kids, 2017. Available from: http://www.spoke.com/press_releases/58b88aa7b2c986dc5800d759

No authors listed. Memorandum of agreement between the United States food and drug administration's (FDA} center for Tobacco products {ctp} and rai services company (rais}/santa fe natural Tobacco company, inc. {santa fe}. Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids (CTFK), 2017. Available from: http://www.tobaccofreekids.org/content/press_office/2017/NASagreement.pdf

No authors listed. FDA/santa fe natural Tobacco agreement fails to protect the public from misleading claims and imagery on natural American spirit cigarettes. Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids (CTFK), 2017. Available from: http://www.tobaccofreekids.org/press_releases/post/2017_03_02_fda

Gratale SK, Maloney EK, Sangalang A, and Cappella JN. Influence of natural American spirit advertising on current and former smokers' perceptions and intentions. Tobacco Control, 2017. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29055882

Gratale S, Maloney E, Sangalang A, and Cappella J. Influence of natural American spirit advertising on current and former smokers' perceptions and intentions. Tobacco Control, 2017. Available from: http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/early/2017/10/20/tobaccocontrol-2017-053881

O'Connor RJ, Lewis MJ, Adkison SE, Bansal-Travers M, and Cummings KM. Perceptions of "natural" and "additive-free" cigarettes and intentions to purchase. Health Educ Behav, 2016. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27281493

Byron MJ, Baig SA, Moracco KE, and Brewer NT. Adolescents’ and adults’ perceptions of ‘natural’, ‘organic’ and ‘additive-free’ cigarettes, and the required disclaimers. Tobacco Control, 2016; 25(5):517–20. Available from: http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/25/5/517.abstract

10 listed Na. FDA warns tobacco brands about ‘natural’ labels. Truth in Advertising / TINA.org, 2015. Available from: https://www.truthinadvertising.org/fda-warns-tobacco-brands-about-natural-labels/

Furlow B. US government targets "natural" cigarette marketing claims. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 2015. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26365417

Byron MJ, Baig SA, Moracco KE, and Brewer NT. Adolescents' and adults' perceptions of 'natural', 'organic' and 'additive-free' cigarettes, and the required disclaimers. Tobacco Control, 2015. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26628496

Lempert L and Glantz S. Packaging colour research by tobacco companies: The pack as a product characteristic. Tobacco Control, 2016. Available from: http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/early/2016/06/02/tobaccocontrol-2015-052656.abstract

10.8.6 Slim, extra long , and shorter cigarettes

Wang, J, Wong, S, Zhuang, YL, Jiang, Y & Zhu, SH. (2021). Slim cigarette smoking in Urban China: Who are the early adopters and why? PLoS One, 16(7), e0254682. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34255811

Cornacchione Ross, J, Reboussin, DM, Noar, SM, Wiseman, KD, & Sutfin, EL. (2021). What Do Adolescents and Young Adults Think a Cigarillo Is? Implications for Health Communication. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(6). Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33806872

Dunn, DS, Johnson, AL, Sterling, KL, & Cohn, AM. (2021). Differences in reasons for little cigar/cigarillo use across white and black/African American young adult users. Addict Behav, 118, 106884. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33744620

10.8.7 Filter innovations

Wakefield, MA, Dunstone, K, Brennan, E, Vittiglia, A, Scollo, M, Durkin, SJ et al M. (2020). Australian smokers' experiences and perceptions of recessed and firm filter cigarettes. Tobacco Control. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33115960

Carroll, DM, Stepanov, I, O'Connor, R, Luo, X, Cummings, KMM Rees, V W et al (2020). Impact of cigarette filter ventilation on U.S. smokers' perceptions and biomarkers of exposure and potential harm. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33093163

10.8.8 Product and packaging responses to plain packaging legislation: pre- and immediately post- implementation

Hiscock, R, Augustin, NH, Branston, JR, & Gilmore, AB. (2020). Standardised packaging, minimum excise tax, and RYO focussed tax rise implications for UK tobacco pricing. PLoS One, 15(2), e0228069. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32053603

Moodie, C, & Stead, M. (2020). The importance of loose tobacco when considering capping pack size. Addiction. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31951061

Willemsen, M, & Steenhuis, I. (2019). We do not yet understand the psychological mechanisms explaining how cigarette pack size affects smoking, let alone smoking cessation. Addiction. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31833109

Hwang, JE, & Cho, SI. (2019). Tobacco packaging strategies aimed at undermining graphic health warnings. Tob Induc Dis, 17, 54. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31582943

Critchlow, N, Stead, M, Moodie, C, Angus, K, Eadie, D, & MacKintosh, AM. Pricing of tobacco products during, and after, the introduction of standardized packaging: an observational study of retail price data from independent and convenience (small) retailers in the United Kingdom. Addiction, 2018. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30554446

Egger, S, Burton, S, Ireland, R, & Walsberger, SC. Observed retail price of Australia's market-leading cigarette brand before and up to 3 years after the implementation of plain packaging. Tob Control, 2018. Available from: https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/tobaccocontrol/early/2018/11/28/tobaccocontrol-2018- 054577.full.pdf

Breton, MO, Britton, J, Huang, Y, Bogdanovica, I. Cigarette brand diversity and price changes during the implementation of plain packaging in the United Kingdom. Addiction, 2018. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29808595

Moodie C, Mackintosh AM, Brown A, and al e. Tobacco marketing awareness on youth smoking susceptibility and perceived prevalence before and after an advertising ban. European Journal of Public Health, 2008; 18(484-90).

Chapman S. Australia: British American Tobacco 'addresses' youth smoking. Tobacco Control, 2007; 16(1):2–a–3. Available from: http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/cgi/reprint/16/1/2-a

Wakefield M, Morley C, and Horan J. The cigarette pack as image: New evidence from tobacco industry documents. Tobacco Control, 2002; 11(suppl. 1):i73–80. Available from: http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/cgi/reprint/11/suppl_1/i73.pdf

News reports:

Suri S. Where there's smoke... Kylie Jenner holds onto a lit, roll-your-own cigarette as she poses topless for a friend. The Daily Mail and Mail on Sunday 2017. Available from: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-4272448/Kylie-Jenner-drags-roll-cigarette.html

No authors listed. Rollies are not 'organic': Busting the roll-your-own health myth. Triple J Hack 2017. Available from: http://www.abc.net.au/triplej/programs/hack/busting-the-myth-roll-your- own-cigarettes-are-organic/9256834

No authors listed. How companies control where you see tobacco products and what policy can do about it. Truth Initiative (American Legacy Foundation), 2017. Available from: https://truthinitiative.org/news/how-companies-control-where-you-see-tobacco-products-and- what-policy-can-do-about-it

No authors listed. New york c-store Industry defeats cigar tax shift National Association of Convenience Stores (NACS), 2017. Available from: http://www.nacsonline.com/Media/Daily/Pages/ND0413174.aspx#.WU-MCOlLdhF

Minato C. First cigar brands receive FDA grandfather status. Half Wheel, 2017. Available from: http://halfwheel.com/first-cigar-brands-receive-fda-grandfather-status

Borio G. Cigar association of america, et al. V FDA: Brief of amicus curiae cause of action institute, apr 3, 2017. Tobacco on Trial, 2017. Available from: http://www.tobacco-on- trial.com/2017/04/03/cigar-association-of-america-et-al-v-fda-brief-of-amicus-curiae-cause-of- action-institute-apr-3-2017/

O'Leary C. Fears over home-made cigs The West Australian 2015. Available from: https://au.news.yahoo.com/thewest/a/27880192/fears-over-home-made-cigs/

No authors listed. Philip Morris reveals new look for marlboro. Talking Retail, 2015. Available from: http://www.talkingretail.com/products-news/tobacco/philip-morris-reveals-new-look-marlboro/

Hamill J. Tobacco giant to launch nicotine inhaler designed to help smokers stub out their habit Mirror, 2015. Available from: http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/technology- science/technology/tobacco-giant-launch-nicotine-inhaler-5218279

Daneshkhu S. Prospects burn bright for self-igniting cigarettes. Financial Times, 2015. Available from: http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/836b9d8e-6912-11e5-a57f- 21b88f7d973f,Authorised=false.html?siteedition=uk&_i_location=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fc ms%2Fs%2F0%2F836b9d8e-6912-11e5-a57f- 21b88f7d973f.html%3Fsiteedition%3Duk&_i_referer=&classification=conditional_standard&iab=bar rier-app#axzz3nrrQeHRG

Chaudhuri S. As smoking declines, tobacco makers seek to slim down brands. The Wall Street Journal 2015. Available from: http://www.wsj.com/articles/as-smoking-declines-tobacco-makers-seek-to- slim-down-brands-1440369674

No authors listed. Roll-up cigarettes 'just as bad for you': Medical chief warns rolling tobacco contains just as many deadly chemicals Daily Mail, 2014. Available from: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-2889517/Medical-chief-warns-roll-cigarettes-just-bad- you.html

No authors listed. Smoke this! Reynolds launches a new cigarette that heats the tobacco instead of burning it The Daily Mail, 2014. Available from: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article- 2838016/Reynolds-launching-heat-not-burn-cigarette.html

No authors listed. Third china cigar festival imminent. Tobaccoreporter, 2014. Available from: http://www.tobaccoreporter.com/2014/10/third-china-cigar-festival-imminent/

US Food and Drug Administration. Electronic cigarettes. Silver Spring, Maryland: US Department of Health & Human Services, 2011. Last update: Viewed Available from: http://www.fda.gov/newsevents/publichealthfocus/ucm172906.htm.

Therapeutic Goods Administration. Electronic cigarettes. Canberra: TGA, Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing, 2011. Last update: Viewed Available from: http://www.tga.gov.au/consumers/ecigarettes.htm.

Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing. Tobacco. Australian cigarette ingredient disclosure. Canberra: Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing, 2011. Last update: Viewed Available from: http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/tobacco- ingred.

WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control Conference of the Parties. Partial guidelines for implementation of articles 9 and 10 of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (regulation of the contents of tobacco products and regulation of tobacco product disclosures). Geneva: World Health Organization, 2010. Available from: http://www.who.int/fctc/guidelines/Decisions9and10.pdf.

10.8.1.3 Innovative or novel packaging

Apollonio, Dorie E and Glantz, Stanton A. Marketing with tobacco pack onserts: a qualitative analysis of tobacco industry documents. Tobacco Control, July 2018. Available from: https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/tobaccocontrol/early/2018/06/28/tobaccocontrol-2018- 054279.full.pdf

10.8.4 Flavoured cigarettes and tobacco

Aguilera, E. Goodbye ‘banana smash’ cigarillos: Gov. Newsom quickly signs bill to ban flavored tobacco. ABC 10, 2020. Aug 31, 2020. Retrieved from https://www.abc10.com/article/news/local/flavored-tobacco-ban-california/103-bf2a3110- 564d-42b1-a81c-c69019320b47

Mullin, G. PACK IT IN Tobacco firm’s new Rizla cards to get round 2020 menthol cigarette ban slammed by charity. The Sun, 2020. Jan 3, 2020. Retrieved from https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/10662092/new-rizla-cards-menthol-cigarette-ban-slammed/

Boyles, Salynn. Cigar Makers Skirt Flavor Bans With Ambiguous Labels. Med Page Today, 2018. Aug 2, 2018. Available from: https://www.medpagetoday.com/pulmonology/smoking/74379

Gammon, Doris G, Rogers, Todd, Coats, Ellen M, Nonnemaker, James M and Henriksen, Lisa. Little filtered cigars: US sales, flavours, package sizes and prices. Tobacco Control, July 2018. Available from: https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/tobaccocontrol/early/2018/07/18/tobaccocontrol- 2018-054405.full.pdf

10.8.4.1 Menthol and flavour capsule cigarettes

Sheldrick, G. Menthol cigarette ban 'worthless' as £1bn worth sold in year via loophole. Express, 2021. July 8, 2021. Retrieved from https://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/1460053/menthol- cigarette-ban-New-Superking-Green-Sterling-New-Dual

Cronin, É. Imperial Tobacco supports menthol smokers with New Crush launch, 2021. Feb 26, 2021. Retrieved from https://www.talkingretail.com/products-news/tobacco/imperial-tobacco-supports- menthol-smokers-with-new-crush-launch-26-02-2021/

Adams, B. Shaman Smokes Hemp Cigarettes: The Flavor Minus the Addiction Of Tobacco. Forbes, 2020. October 12, 2020. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/benjaminadams/2020/10/12/shaman-smokes-hemp-cigarettes-the- flavor-minus-the-addiction-of-tobacco/#35c9b5fd4f89

Report Linker. Cigarette Flavor Capsules: Global Market Intelligence (2018-2028). Globe Newswire, 2020. August 22, 2020. Retrieved from https://www.globenewswire.com/news- release/2020/08/22/2082267/0/en/Cigarette-Flavor-Capsules-Global-Market-Intelligence-2018- 2028.html

No authors listed. WA wants to stub out cigarette flavour pods. Kalgoorlie Miner, 2020. June 1, 2020. Retrieved from https://customreport.mediaportal.com/#/articlepresenter/c97ee339-48df-4a45- ae32-34622a8e7ac3/601391513/1451269669?_k=sgjqpp

Cronin, E. JTI unveils alternative tobacco products ahead of menthol ban. Talking Retail, 2020. March 26, 2020. Retrieved from https://www.talkingretail.com/products-news/tobacco/jti-unveils- alternative-tobacco-products-ahead-menthol-ban-26-03-2020/

Quit. Cigarettes with flavour changing capsules make smoking more palatable and attractive to teenagers: health experts. Quit News, 2018. Oct 28, 2018. Available from: https://www.quit.org.au/news/cigarettes-flavour-changing-capsules-make-smoking-more-palatable- and-attractive-teenagers-health-experts/

No authors listed.. #nomentholmondays: The targeted marketing of menthols and african-American history. Truth Initiative (American Legacy Foundation), 2016. Available from: http://truthinitiative.org/news/nomentholmondays-targeted-marketing-menthols-and-african- american-history

No authors listed. BAT launches dunhill superslim capsule cigarette. The Korea Herald, 2014. Available from: http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20141105000745

10.8.4.2 Flavoured roll-your-own and pipe tobacco

Calantzopoulos A. Remarks by Andre Calantzopoulos, chief executive officer Philip Morris International inc. JP Morgan Global Tobacco conference, London, United Kingdom, 2007, Philip Morris International Inc: Lausanne.

Australian Convenience Store News. Rising to the challenge. Australian Convenience Store News Balmain, New South Wales: Berg Bennett, 2007. Last update: Viewed Available from: http://c-store.net.au/magazine/article_view.php?id=121.

10.8.5 Organic, additive-free, and ‘green’ cigarettes and tobacco

No authors listed. Study finds smokers wrongly believe natural American spirit cigarettes are healthier. Medical Xpress, 2017. Available from: https://medicalxpress.com/news/2017-10-smokers- wrongly-natural-american-spirit.html

No authors listed. Rai's santa fe & FDA reach product labeling agreement. Convenience Store News, 2017. Available from: http://www.csnews.com/product-categories/tobacco/rais-santa-fe-fda-reach- product-labeling-agreement

No authors listed. White owl emerald & white owl platinum. Convenience Store News, 2017. Available from: http://www.csnews.com/product-categories/tobacco/white-owl-emerald-white- owl-platinum

No authors listed. Reynolds gets to keep ‘natural’ brand name. CSP, 2017. Available from: http://www.cspdailynews.com/category-news/tobacco/articles/reynolds-gets-keep-natural-brand- name

Craver R. Judge dismisses several lawsuits against natural American spirit. Winston-Salem Journal, 2017. Available from: http://www.journalnow.com/business/judge-dismisses-several-lawsuits- against-natural-american-spirit/article_256b359c-4a27-5d47-b322-b451458f1301.html

Abcede A. Packaging, marketing makeover for natural American spirit cigarettes. CSP Daily News, 2017. Available from: http://www.cspdailynews.com/category-news/tobacco/articles/packaging- marketing-makeover-natural-american-spirit-cigarettes

No authors listed. FDA issues warning letters to "natural" tobacco makers. Yahoo! News/AP 2015. Available from: https://uk.finance.yahoo.com/news/fda-issues-warning-letters-natural- 154358972.html listed Na. FDA warns tobacco brands about ‘natural’ labels. Truth in Advertising / TINA.org, 2015. Available from: https://www.truthinadvertising.org/fda-warns-tobacco-brands-about-natural-labels/

Craver R. Reynolds, subsidiary face another additive-free claim lawsuit. Winston-Salem Journal, 2015. Available from: http://www.journalnow.com/business/business_news/local/reynolds- subsidiary-face-another-additive-free-claim-lawsuit/article_cd9c0a62-299f-5cc0-b9ee- 4419d61e097d.html

10.8.6 Slim, extra-long, and shorter cigarettes

No authors listed. Smoking myth gives slim cigarettes rising popularity in china. Xinhuanet News 2015. Available from: http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2015-11/09/c_134797950.htm

10.8.7 Filter Innovations

InventHelp. InventHelp Inventors Develop Accessory to Enhance Cigarette Smoking (MTN-3135). Cision PR Newswire, 2020. August 6, 2020. Retrieved from https://www.prnewswire.com/news- releases/inventhelp-inventors-develop-accessory-to-enhance-cigarette-smoking-mtn-3135- 301104625.html

10.8.8 Product and packaging responses to plain packaging legislation: pre- and immediately post- implementation

Bokaie J. Tobacco firms in pack design work, in Brand Republic2008. Available from: http://www.brandrepublic.com/News/846210/Tobacco-firms-pack-design-work/