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W020091207339368331031.Pdf Gondwana Research 16 (2009) 227–242 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Gondwana Research journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/gr Geochemical signature of porphyries in the Baogutu porphyry copper belt, western Junggar, NW China Ping Shen ⁎, Yuanchao Shen, Tiebing Liu, Lei Meng, Huawu Dai, Yueheng Yang Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources, Institute of Geology & Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 9825, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China article info abstract Article history: The Baogutu porphyry copper belt lies in the Darbut transitional island arc of the western Junggar, in the Received 9 December 2008 western section of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt in NW China. Our new petrographic results for the ore- Received in revised form 21 March 2009 bearing porphyry stocks in the Baogutu porphyry copper belt recognize them as diorite porphyry stocks Accepted 8 April 2009 rather than the granodiorite porphyry stocks as previously identified. The copper mineralization is hosted in Available online 17 April 2009 the diorite, diorite porphyries and related breccias of the diorite porphyry stocks. Geochemical data indicate that the ore-bearing porphyries have a predominantly intermediate composition Keywords: Ore-bearing porphyry with a transitional character from tholeiite to calc-alkaline, and are enriched in large ion lithophile elements fi Geochemistry (LILE)anddepletedinhigh eld strength elements (HFSE) with a clear negative Nb anomaly. REE patterns Sr–Nd isotopes show distinctenrichments in LREE relative to HREE. The rocks also exhibit high initial εNd(t)(+2.7to+6.3) Baogutu porphyry copper belt ratios and low initial 87Sr/86Sr values (0.70359–0.70397). Many samples are chemically similar to adakites Darbut arc (e. g. Ybb1.9 ppm, Y b18 ppm, Sr/YbN20, 87Sr/86Srb0.7045). These data are consistent with a transitional Western Junggar island arc from immature arc to mature arc and suggest that the ore-bearing porphyry system was derived from the partial melting of multiple sources including oceanic crust and a subduction-modified mantle wedge, with melts undergoing significant crystal fractionation during convergence between the paleo- Junggar ocean and the Darbut arc. © 2009 International Association for Gondwana Research. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction intrusions of the two volcanic belts, forming the Hatu gold metallo- genic belt and the Baogutu copper metallogenic belt, respectively, The Junggar terrane is an important section of the Central Asian separated by the Darbut fault/suture (Figs. 1, 2). Paleozoic accretionary and collisional orogenic belt between the To the north of the Darbut fault, gold mineralization accompanying Siberian and Tarim plates (Xiao et al., 2001; Qin et al., 2002; Safonova an early Carboniferous tholeiite (328±31 Ma, Shen and Jin, 1993)isof et al., 2002; Buslov et al., 2004; Xiao et al., 2008; see also Chai et al., great economic interest. About 200 gold deposits and occurrences of 2009–this issue; Zhang et al., 2009–this issue, Zhao et al., 2009–this different sizes are clustered in a 100-km-long by 40-km wide corridor, issue). Two early Carboniferous volcanic belts in the western Junggar, forming the Hatu gold metallogenic belt (Shen et al., 1993, 1996). the Anqi volcanic belt and the Darbut volcanic belt, were first identified To the south of the Darbut fault, many intermediate-acidic stocks by Shen and Jin (1993). The two belts, separated by the Anqi fault, have intruded into the Darbut volcanic belt. More than 20 ore-bearing extend north-eastward from Liushugou in south-west, to Sertuohai in stocks (named as stock I, II, III, IV, V, and so on), located mainly in the north-east, a distance of approximately 150 km (Figs. 1, 2). The Anqi Baogutu area in the south of the Darbut fault, were discovered by volcanic belt is limited by the Anqi fault and the Hatu fault, and the Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences in Darbut volcanic belt is widespread over both sides of the Darbut fault/ 1985–1990. Gold mineralization has been identified around these stocks suture (Figs. 1, 2, Shen and Jin, 1993). Late Carboniferous to Permian which have been named as small-intrusion-related gold deposits by Shen granitic intrusions are widespread throughout the western Junggar Yuanchao (Shen et al., 1993, 1996). The disseminated copper miner- (Jahn et al., 2000; Chen and Jahn, 2004; Chen and Arakawa, 2005). alization in these stocks, especially in the stock II and V, has also been Gold and copper mineralization is well developed in volcanic rocks and discovered at surface (Shen et al.,1993). Subsequently, four diamond drill holes completed in stock V by Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, one of them (ZK2801) totalling 354 m did encounter copper mineralization (N0.1% Cu about 30 m in thick). In 2002–2008, 52 diamond drill holes totalling 24,000 m have been ⁎ Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 10 82998189; fax: +86 10 62010846. completed by Institute of Geology, Xinjiang Geoexploration Bureau for E-mail address: [email protected] (P. Shen). Non-ferrous Metal in stock V. Disseminated and network copper- 1342-937X/$ – see front matter © 2009 International Association for Gondwana Research. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2009.04.004 228 P. Shen et al. / Gondwana Research 16 (2009) 227–242 Fig. 1. Generalized geological map of the western Junggar, NW China, showing the distribution of the volcanic rocks, intrusions, and ophiolite belts (after Shen and Jin, 1993; Xiao et al., 2001; Qin et al., 2002; Xiao et al., 2008). molybdenum-gold mineralization have been discovered which has been 2. Geological outline named as a porphyry copper deposit (Zhang et al., 2005, 2006c). A preliminary evaluation in 2006 showed that stock V contained an in situ The western Junggar, located between the Altay Shan and Tianshan, resource of 111 tons averaging 0.28% Cu, N0.01% Mo, 0.25 ppm Au, and extends westward to the Junggar–Balkhash in adjacent Kazakhstan 2.8 ppm Ag. Based on these figures, stock V is Xinjiang's second largest and eastward to the Junggar Basin in China (Fig. 1, Shen et al., 1996; porphyry copper deposit (the largest is the Tuwu–Yandong located in Xiao et al., 2004). The western Junggar is characterized by Devonian to the eastern Tianshan, NW China). This and other porphyry occurrences, Lower Carboniferous metasedimentary rocks, andesites, basalts, and such as the stock I, II, III, IV, and VIII, form the Baogutu copper some melanges (Shen and Jin, 1993). Devonian volcanic rocks are metallogenic belt (Figs. 2, 3). Due to a lack of water and infrastructure in distributed principally in the northwestern part of Junggar. Lower the area, open pit mining has not yet been initiated, but is planned for Carboniferous volcanic rocks are widespread throughout the south- the near future. eastern part of Junggar, near the Darbut fault which formed the two This paper addresses some unresolved questions on the petrology important early Carboniferous volcanic belts of the western Junggar and petrogenesis of these ore-bearing porphyry stocks in the Baogutu mentioned-above (Figs. 1, 2). copper belt. It has important implications for metallogenic prognosis Although the two volcanic belts have similar rock assemblages and exploration programs in the Baogutu copper belt itself and, by which consist of volcanic, volcaniclastic and sedimentary sequences, inference, throughout the western Junggar. In addition, this informa- the volcanic rocks in the Anqi volcanic belt contain tholeiites (quartz tion is also important for understanding the tectonic evolution and tholeiite and olivine tholeiite), an oceanic basalt assemblage, which copper mineralization in western Junggar and even the Central Asian suggests that they were erupted in an extensional back-arc basin Orogenic Belt. Petrographic studies were carried out on 1024 thin setting based on an island arc background (Shen and Jin, 1993), while sections of the rocks; thirty-two of them were selected for major and the volcanic rocks in the Darbut volcanic belt consist of a tholeiitic trace element analyses; fifteen whole-rock samples were analyzed assemblage (quartz tholeiite and olivine tholeiite) and a calc-alkaline for Sr and Nd isotopes. assemblage (andesitic basalt, trachybasalt, basaltic trachyandesite), P. Shen et al. / Gondwana Research 16 (2009) 227–242 229 Fig. 2. Regional geological map of the Baogutu porphyry copper belt and the Hatu gold belt in the western Junggar showing the distribution of the Anqi volcanic belt and the Darbut volcanic belt and the location of the most important gold deposits and porphyry copper deposits. The northeast-trending Anqi fault separates the Anqi volcanic belt and the Darbut volcanic belt and the Darbut fault separates the Hatu gold belt and the Baogutu copper belt. Generalized after Shen et al. (1993), Shen and Jin (1993). Symbols are the same as in Fig. 1. Number and name of selected deposits: 1 – Hatu gold deposit (also called Qiqiu-1); 2 – Qiqiu-2 gold deposit; 3 – Baobei gold deposit; 4 – Sartuohai gold deposit; 5 – Baogutu gold deposit; 6 – Baogutu Cu–Mo deposit. indicating a transitional island arc setting from back-arc basin to island especially in the Baogutu area, and are almost orthogonal to those of arc (Shen and Jin, 1993) where the Baogutu copper ore belt is located. the north of the Darbut fault (Figs. 2, 3). Late Carboniferous to Permian magmatism is widespread through- out the western Junggar and is granitic in character (Chen and Jahn, 3. Ore-bearing porphyries and mineralization 2004; Chen and Arakawa, 2005; Wang and Xu, 2006) and can be divided into two groups (Fig. 2, Shen and Jin, 1993; Hu et al., 1997). One is the More than 20 porphyry stocks are distributed in the Darbut volcanic barren granite batholiths which intruded into the Devonian to Lower belt, of these the stock I, II, III, IV, and VIII, located in the Baogutu copper Carboniferous volcanic rocks and were dominated by ~300 Ma (Hu et al., belt, are ore-bearing porphyries (Fig.
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