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GNSS Applications for Agricultural Practices by Guy Blanchard Ikokou, University of Cape Town

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GNSS Applications for Agricultural Practices by Guy Blanchard Ikokou, University of Cape Town Application technical GNSS applications for agricultural practices by Guy Blanchard Ikokou, University of Cape Town Global positioning systems are relatively new technologies when it comes to applications in agriculture. Applications in tractor guidance, variable rate supply of chemical inputs and field monitoring of crop yield were recently tested using GPS. This article studies the basic concepts of GPS as they apply to agricultural production and provides a detailed analysis of the recent developments in this area with a focus on functionality and efficiency. ver the past 30 years satellites are maintained within 24 information worldwide and provides agricultural machinery has circular orbital planes inclined 55° with support to military, civil and commercial Oreached high technical respect to the equator plane [1]. The applications. standards in order to improve system currently provides two user A total of 24 GLONASS satellites are agriculture production. Precision services: (i) the Standard Positioning actually operational with the latest agriculture or satellite agriculture is a Service (SPS), open to civil users is satellite placed into space on 26 April highly effective farming management available for civil applications such as 2013 with an inclination of 64,8° method that focuses on intra-field agricultural practice and farming, and and an altitude of 19 100 km [3]. variation in order to optimise (ii) the Precision Positioning Service, The system broadcasts two types of agriculture returns while conserving restricted to authorised users such navigation signals: (i) the standard environmental resources. It relies on as the United States military and accuracy signal mainly available to civil new technologies such as the Global their allies. The first GPS accuracy for users worldwide which is generated Positioning System, global navigation civil users was 13 m for horizontal using a 0,511 MHz chipping rate and satellite systems, augmentation positioning and 22 m for vertical (ii) the high accuracy signal restricted systems, and geospatial tools such as positioning [1]. This precision did not to the Russian Ministry of Defence and GNSS receivers. Satellite technology include errors due to atmosphere, multi authorised entities which has a signal and augmentation systems, such as path or user equipment. The ground of 5,11 MHz chipping rate. On 18 May the European Geostationary Navigation network that controls, monitors and 2007, Russian president, Vladimir Putin Overlay Service (EGNOS), have made commands GPS satellites is called the signed a decree reiterating the offer to a major contribution in improving control segment (CS) and comprises provide GLONASS civil signals free of agriculture productivity. Satellite a master control station (MCS), a direct users fees, to the world [2]. The tracking, ploughing monitoring, global set of monitoring stations and GLONASS system comprises a ground harvesting, distribution of fertiliser, ground antennas.This control segment control segment with ten monitoring herbicide and water irrigation are recently went through two important stations distributed through Russia and some of the applications of positioning improvements with the addition of a additional facilities to command and technologies in agriculture to improve number of new monitoring stations, control the satellites. productivity. Tested in several taking the total number of 6 to 14 countries, this practice revealed [2] and the upgrading of the master The European Galileo system important economic and environmental control station completed in 2007 benefits. The Galileo system is the European that transformed the system from navigation system designed for civil and Evolution from GPS system to the IBM mainframe computer system commercial applications. The Galileo global navigation satellite system to a more modern system based system is interoperable with the other upon a distributed Sun Workstation navigation systems. This interoperability The US GPS system. Configuration. attribute offers to all users the benefits The global navigation satellite of more satellite availability for system (GNSS) is the worldwide The Russian GLONASS system redundancy and high accuracy. The satellite constellation, supported Completed about twelve years after constellation of the Galileo system is by several augmentation systems the American GPS system, in October currently four satellites placed in three and user equipment [1]. The GPS 1982, the Russian GLONASS satellite Medium Earth Orbital (MEO) planes satellite system is the first global system was only used by the Russian inclined at 56° to the equator at about navigation satellite system, developed military for years and was only opened 23 000 km altitude. Each plane has one by the United States of America in to civilians in 2007 [3]. Comparable active spare of satellite to cover in case early 1970 [2]. From the 57 GPS to the American Global Positioning of any failed satellite in that plane. The satellites placed in orbit (including System, the Russian navigation system European system offers horizontal and spare satellites in case of failure), is a radio-based satellite navigation vertical measurements within 1 m 31 are currently operational. These system providing location and time precision. The system is supported PositionIT – Nov/Dec 2013 59 Application technical Fig. 2: An illustration of a satellite-based augmentation system. The GNSS signal is received from the satellite by worldwide reference stations that transmit the signal to the master station. The master station corrects the signal before sending it to connection stations. consists of two separate satellite for entities authorised by the Chinese constellations. The first constellation government such as the Chinese Fig. 1: The ground anatenna receives GNSS signals and transmits the corrections called Beidou1 is a limited test military. The Compass Navigation to GNSS receivers directly or via a system of four satellites that has been Satellite System is a CDMA-based geostationary satellite. operating since 2000.The first satellite, system with DSS signals on four BeiDou-1A, was launched on 30 carrier frequencies: the 1207,14 MHz October 2000, followed by BeiDou-1B frequency shared with Galileo E5b, by two Galileo Control centres, five on 20 December 2000. The third the 1268,52 MHz frequency shared monitoring and control stations and five satellite, BeiDou-1C was put into orbit with Galileo E6, the 1561,098 MHz uplink stations (ULSs) to enable global on 25 May 2003. In February 2007, frequency (E2) and the 1589,742 MHz coverage without interruptions. The the fourth and also the last satellite frequency (E1). The receiver power Galileo Control centres comprise two of BeiDou-1 system, the BeiDou-1D level of Compass navigation satellite separate types of facilities: a ground was launched into space. From 2008 system was reported stronger than the control segment (GCS) and a ground the Chinese government decided to typical received GPS power level [1]. mission segment (GMS). The ground offer the BeiDou1 service to civil users The international cooperation between control segment uses a global network with an accuracy of 10 m. The second China and the European Union with of nominally five tracking, telemetry and constellation called Beidou2 or Compass regards to global navigation satellite control stations to communicate with navigation system is a constellation technologies materialised in October each satellite [1]. The Galileo navigation of seven satellites operating since 2004 with the signing of an agreement system transmits signals in four 2007. In April 2007, the first BeiDou-2 for the Galileo project. China invested frequency bands namely E5a, E5b, E6 satellite called the Compass-M1 was €230-million in the European Galileo and E1. These frequencies interoperate placed into orbit. The second satellite project. By April 2006, eleven with other navigation systems by either Compass-G2 was launched on cooperation projects within the Galileo overlapping or continuous to frequencies 15 April 2009. On 17 January 2010, framework were signed between China used by GPS and GLONASS systems. In the constellation’s third satellite and the European Union. addition, Galileo provides an exceptional Compass-G1 was placed into orbit. On global search and rescue (SAR) function. 2 June 2010, the fourth satellite was GNSS augmentation systems In fact Galileo satellites are equipped successfully put into space. The fifth Augmentation systems are used with a transponder which relays distress satellite was launched into space from to increase the accuracy of the signals from the user's transmitter to Xichang Satellite Launch Centre by basic GNSS signals by transmitting the Rescue Co-ordination Centre, which an LM-3I carrier rocket on 1 August corrections to the GNSS receivers then initiate the rescue operation. At 2010. On 1 November 2010, the sixth either via satellite or terrestrial radio. the same time, the system provides a satellite was sent into orbit by the For instance, instead of a normal GPS signal to the users, informing them that LM-3C carrier rocket. Another satellite, accuracy of 4,5 m, an augmented their situation has been detected and the Compass IGSO-5 satellite, was system can pinpoint this location that help is on the way. This function launched from the Xichang Satellite measure to an accuracy of 0,6 m. is considered a major upgrade in the Launch Centre by a Long March-3A GNSS constellation compared to the carrier rocket
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