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ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SCIENCE ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY MULTITEMPORAL CHANGE DETECTION ON URMIA LAKE AND ITS CATCHMENT AREA USING REMOTE SENSING AND GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS M.Sc. THESIS YUSUF ALIZADE GOVARCHIN GHALE Department of Civil Engineering Geomatics Engineering Program Anabilim Dalı : Herhangi Mühendislik, Bilim Programı : Herhangi Program JUNE 2014 ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SCIENCE ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY MULTITEMPORAL CHANGE DETECTION ON URMIA LAKE AND ITS CATCHMENT AREA USING REMOTE SENSING AND GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS M.Sc. THESIS YUSUF ALIZADE GOVARCHIN GHALE (501101616) Department of Civil Engineering Geomatics Engineering Program Thesis Advisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Elif SERTEL Anabilim Dalı : Herhangi Mühendislik, Bilim Programı : Herhangi Program JUNE 2014 İSTANBUL TEKNİK ÜNİVERSİTESİ FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ URMİYE GÖLÜNDEKİ ZAMANSAL DEĞİŞİMLERİN UZAKTAN ALGILAMA VE CBS KULLANILARAK BELİRLENMESİ YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ YUSUF ALIZADE GOVARCHIN GHALE (501101616) İnşaat Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı Geomatik Mühendisliği Programı Tez Danışmanı: Doç. Dr. Elif SERTEL Anabilim Dalı : Herhangi Mühendislik, Bilim Programı : Herhangi Program HAZİRAN 2014 Yusuf Alizade Govarchin Ghale, a M.Sc. student of ITU Institute of / Graduate School of Engineering and Technology student ID 501101616, successfully defended the thesis entitled “MULTITEMPORAL CHANGE DETECTION ON URMIA LAKE AND ITS CATCHMENT AREA USING REMOTE SENSING AND GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS’’, which he prepared after fulfilling the requirements specified in the associated legislations, before the jury whose signatures are below. Thesis Advisor : Assoc. Prof. Dr. Elif SERTEL .......................... İstanbul Technical University Co-advisor : Assist. Prof. Dr. Barat MOJARADI ........................ Iran University of Science and Technology Jury Members : Assoc. Prof. Dr. Şinasi KAYA ........................... İstanbul Technical University Assist. Prof. Dr. Ahmet ÖZGÜR DOĞRU .......................... İstanbul Technical University Assist. Prof. Dr. Beyza USTAOĞLU ............................ Sakarya University Date of Submission : 05 May 2014 Date of Defense : 30 June 2014 v vi To my family and Urmian people vii viii FOREWORD I want to record my sincere thanks to all contributors whose cooperation and assistance helped me through my M.Sc. study reported herein. First of all, thanks to my supervisors Assoc. Prof. Dr. Elif Sertel, and Assist. Prof. Dr. Barat Mojaradi for inspiring me and for providing such an interesting project for me to work on. Thank you for your direction and your help in the development of my mind. Thank you for teaching me. I am honored to have worked with you and I have learned more from you than you know. I want to record my special thanks to Ahmad Alizade Govarching Ghale, Muhittin Karaman and Emre Ozelkan who always helped and encouraged me. I also wish to thank Istanbul Technical University (BAP), Turkey National Cultural Institution, Mr. Sharafattin Yilmaz and Mr. Ali Polat for their financial and emotional helps. I would also thank to the West Azerbaijan Environmental Protection Office, West Azerbaijan and East Azerbaijan Meteorological Offices and Artemia Research Center of Urmia University for their help. I would also to thank the Department of Geomatics Engineering and Research and Application Center for Satellite Communications and Remote Sensing (ITU-CSCRS) at the Istanbul Technical University for giving me the opportunity to come here and for providing an exciting and dynamic environment for me to mature as a scientist. Finally, I want to convey my thanks to my family for their support and encourage and understanding. June 2014 Yusuf Alizade Govarchin Ghale ix x TABLE OF CONTENTS Page FOREWORD ............................................................................................................. ix TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................... xi ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................. xiii LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................... xv LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................... xvii SUMMARY ............................................................................................................. xxi ÖZET ....................................................................................................................... xxv 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Coastline Change Detection Methods ............................................................... 2 1.2 Objective Of Thesis ............................................................................................ 7 2. PRINCIPLES OF REMOTE SENSING AND GIS ............................................ 9 2.1 Introduction To Remote Sensing ........................................................................ 9 2.2 Energy Interaction With The Earth Surface Features ...................................... 10 2.2.1 Spectral reflectance of vegetation ............................................................ 11 2.2.2 Spectral reflectance of water bodies ......................................................... 13 2.2.3 Spectral reflectance of soils ...................................................................... 15 2.3 Geographical Information Systems (GIS) ........................................................ 15 2.3.1 GIS data sources ....................................................................................... 16 2.3.2 Geodatabase ............................................................................................. 17 3. STUDY AREA AND DATA USED .................................................................... 19 3.1 Study Area ........................................................................................................ 19 3.2 Satellite Images ................................................................................................ 23 3.2.1 Landsat-5 TM ........................................................................................... 23 3.2.2 UK-DMC (United Kingdom-Disaster Monitoring Constellation) ........... 25 3.2.3 Landsat-8 .................................................................................................. 26 3.3 Meteorological Data ......................................................................................... 27 3.4 Landuse Maps .................................................................................................. 30 3.5 Water Surface Elevation ................................................................................... 30 3.6 HYDROWEB Database ................................................................................... 31 3.7 Dams ................................................................................................................. 33 3.8 Underground Water Sources ............................................................................ 36 3.9 Population ......................................................................................................... 38 4. IMAGE PROCESSING TECHNIQUES AND DATA ANALYSIS ................ 39 4.1 Preprocessing ................................................................................................... 39 4.1.1 Radiometric calibration ............................................................................ 40 4.1.2 Atmospheric correction ............................................................................ 41 4.1.3 Topographic correction ............................................................................ 42 4.1.4 Geometric correction ................................................................................ 42 4.1.5 Classification ............................................................................................ 43 xi 4.2 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) ........................................... 43 4.3 Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI).................................................. 44 4.4 Normalized Differential Salinity Index (NDSI) And Salinity Index (SI) ........ 45 4.5 Normalized Difference Drought Index (NDDI) ............................................... 46 4.6 Geostatistics Analysis ...................................................................................... 48 4.6.1 Interpolation and kriging ........................................................................... 48 4.6.2 Kinds of kriging ........................................................................................ 49 4.6.3 Ordinary kriging ........................................................................................ 51 4.7 Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) ............................................................ 52 5. CHANGE DETECTION ON URMIA LAKE AND ITS CATCHMENT AREA USING REMOTE SENSING AND GIS .................................................... 57 5.1 Preprocessing of Satellite Images .................................................................... 57 5.2 Mosaic And Classification ............................................................................... 61 5.2.1 Unsupervised classification ....................................................................... 62 5.2.2 Supervised
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