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SUSTAINABLE TRADE AND MANAGEMENT OF FOREST PRODUCTS AND SERVICES IN THE COMESA REGION IN THE COMESA AND SERVICES PRODUCTS FOREST OF AND MANAGEMENT TRADE SUSTAINABLE Sustainable Trade AND Management of Forest Products AND Services IN THE COMESA Region: AN Issue Paper Member states of the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) are home to a rich array of timber and non-timber forest products and forest ecosystem services that play a crucial role in local, national and global economies. Trade in a range of these products is already globally significant, and pressure on forests is growing due to population growth, economic development (within and outside of Africa) and increased competition over land for the provision of food, fodder, fuel and ecosystem services. To confront the challenge this poses to sustainability, there is an urgent need for strategies which SUSTAINABLE TRADE AND integrate economic growth with environmental protection in the context of expanded trade. Regional organizations are increasingly MANAGEMENT OF FOREST assuming a role in supporting member countries to achieve economies PRODUCTS AND SERVICES of scale, reduce the costs of evidence-based decision-making and good governance, and have a voice in international affairs. This issue IN THE COMESA REGION paper explores the role that regional economic organizations like An Issue Paper COMESA can play in fostering sustainable trade and management of forest products and services for the benefit of local communities and national economies. Anthony B. Cunningham Laura German Fiona Paumgarten Miti Chikakula Chris Barr Krystof Obidzinski Meine van Noordwijk Cunningham, A.B, A.B, Cunningham, Ruben de Koning Herry Purnomo Thomas Yatich Lisa Svensson Abdalla Gaafar Atie Puntodewo et al. et With a foreword by Miti Chikakula SUSTAINABLE TRADE AND MANAGEMENT OF FOREST PRODUCTS AND SERVICES IN THE COMESA REGION An Issue Paper Anthony B. Cunningham (Research Associate)1 Laura German1 Fiona Paumgarten1 Miti Chikakula2 Chris Barr1 Krystof Obidzinski1 Meine van Noordwijk3 Ruben de Koning1 Herry Purnomo1 Thomas Yatich3 Lisa Svensson5 Abdalla Gaafar4 Atie Puntodewo1 With a foreword by Miti Chikakula, Sustainable Agriculture Development Expert, COMESA 1 Center for International Forestry Research 2 Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa 3 World Agroforestry Centre 4 Forests National Corporation of Sudan 5 Independent Consultant This document has been produced with the financial assistance of IFAD and EU Disclaimer The views expressed in this document can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of IFAD and EU © Copyright 2008 COMESA and CIFOR All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the prior permission of the publisher. Photos by Anthony B. Cunningham and Laura German Design and layout by Tami Andrenari Cunningham, Anthony B. (et al.) Sustainable trade and management of forest products and services in the COMESA region: an issue paper/by Anthony B. Cunningham, Laura German, Fiona Paumgarten, Miti Chikakula, Chris Barr, Krystof Obidzinski, Meine van Noordwijk, Ruben de Koning, Herry Purnomo, Thomas Yatich, Lisa Svensson, Abdalla Gaafar, Atie Puntodewo. Bogor, Indonesia: Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), 2008. ISBN: 978-979-1421-40-7 91p. CAB thesaurus: 1. trade agreement 2. natural resources 3. forest products 3. forest management 4. environmental management 5. development plans 6. economic development 7. policy 8. guidelines 9. Central Africa 10. East Africa I. Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) Published by Center for International Forestry Research Jl. CIFOR, Situ Gede, Sindang Barang, Bogor Barat 16115, Indonesia Tel.: +62 (251) 622622; Fax: +62 (251) 622100 E-mail: [email protected] Web site: http://www.cifor.cgiar.org iii CONTENTS Foreword iv Executive Summary vi I. Background 1 II. Promoting Sustainable Trade and Management of Forest Products and Services 9 A. General Overview 10 1. Barriers to Trade 10 2. Risks of Expanded Trade 11 3. Implications for COMESA 12 B. Forest Products in the COMESA Region 14 1. Timber 14 2. Non-Timber Forest Products 20 3. Bioenergy 25 C. Forest Ecosystem Services 32 1. Carbon 34 2. Watershed Functions 38 3. Biodiversity 42 D. Challenges and Opportunities for Sustainable Trade 45 1. Managing International Demand for Forest Products 45 2. Illegality, Corruption and Conflict 49 3. Intellectual Property Rights: Access and Benefit Sharing 52 4. Certification 53 5. Knowledge Management 54 E. Discussion and Conclusions 60 III. Institutional Terrain for Forest Trade and Management in the COMESA Region 61 A. Matching Institutional Arrangements to Governance Capacity and Aims 62 B. Forest Trade and Management Institutions in the COMESA Region: Institutional Strengths and Gaps 65 References 67 Annexes 78 Annex A: Summary of NTFPs in the COMESA Region 78 Annex B: Threats and Conservation Challenges for Different Forest Types and Ecoregions 82 Annex C: Governance and Economic Indices of COMESA Member States 90 Acknowledgements 91 iv SUSTAINABLE TRADE AND MANAGEMENT OF FOREST PRODUCTS AND SERVICES IN THE COMESA REGION FOREWORD THE Common Market for Eastern and Southern Programme (CAADP). CAADP is in line with the Africa (COMESA) was established in 1994 to replace aspirations of the COMESA Treaty, which seeks the Preferential Trade Area for Eastern and Southern promotion of co-operation and co-ordination of Africa, which had been in existence since 1981. regional agricultural policies, food security responses, COMESA’s priority, over the medium term, is the product marketing, research and development, promotion of regional integration through trade and plant and animal disease and pest control, training, investment. Key objectives include creation of a free irrigation development and the exploitation of marine trade area among member states (achieved in the and forestry resources. year 2000), establishment of a common external tariff Through CAADP, the African Union’s New among member states by the year 2008 and facilitation Partnership for Africa’s Development has provided an of the removal of structural and institutional Africa-wide vision and related strategic framework to weaknesses of member states so that they become able bring agriculture to bear on the continent’s sustainable to attain collective and sustained development. development agenda. CAADP provides a strategic The COMESA region covers an area of about 12 framework aimed at increasing agricultural growth million km2 (40% of Africa’s land mass) and consists rates to at least 6% per year and enabling the creation of 19 member states, namely, Burundi, Comoros, of wealth among rural communities and households. Democratic Republic of Congo, Djibouti, Egypt, CAADP focuses on investment into the following four Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, mutually reinforcing ‘pillars’ to Africa’s agricultural Mauritius, Rwanda, Seychelles, Sudan, Swaziland, agenda: (i) extending the area under sustainable land Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe. The human management and reliable water control systems, (ii) population of the COMESA region is estimated at improving rural infrastructure and trade-related 400 million and is increasing at an average rate of 3% capacities for improved market access, (iii) increasing per annum. Forty-two percent of the area is arable food supply and reducing hunger and (iv) improving land, while 60% is endowed with rivers and lakes that agricultural research and technology dissemination could be jointly exploited for irrigation, fisheries, and adoption. hydropower and water transport development. The COMESA Treaty, which sets the agenda for Agriculture is a priority sector as it accounts for COMESA, covers a large number of sectors and activities. more than 32% of COMESA’s gross domestic product A key area targeted for investment and development in and 65% of foreign exchange earnings, provides a the COMESA Treaty is agriculture, natural resources livelihood to about 80% of the region’s labour force and the environment, which encompasses crop and and contributes more than 50% of raw materials livestock production, fisheries and forestry. Member to the industrial sector. However, the region has states have agreed to take concerted measures to foster been experiencing a decline in the productiveness co-operation in the joint and efficient management and and competitiveness of the agricultural sector, sustainable utilisation of natural resources within the resulting in national-level food insecurity. In order region for the mutual benefit. In particular, member to raise the competitiveness of the COMESA region’s states have agreed to take necessary measures to agricultural sector, the organisation is implementing conserve and manage forests through joint promotion the Comprehensive Africa Agricultural Development of common forestry practice, adoption of regulations v for the preservation and management of all water and trees to the economic, social and environmental catchments, joint utilisation of forestry training and well-being of African people taking into account the research facilities, and establishment of uniform multiplicity of forest functions. As envisioned, the regulations for the utilisation of forestry resources in strategy will address the following key issues: order to reduce the depletion of natural forests and • improving
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