Final Review of AACA Qualatative Report 2014.Docx.Docx

An assessment of perceptions of climate, economic and environmental changes focused upon the Chukotka Peninsula, Northern Alaska, and the Northwestern Canadian Arctic, Survey Methodology and Results

Courtney L. Sanborn and Larry D. Hinzman

Citation Info: Courtney L. Sanborn and Larry D. Hinzman. 2016. An assessment of perceptions of climate, economic and environmental changes focused upon the Chukotka Peninsula, Northern Alaska, and the Northwestern Canadian Arctic, Survey Methodology and Results. University of Alaska Fairbanks. Fairbanks, Alaska.

Introduction

This report was conducted to provide input to the “Adaptation Actions for a Changing Arctic” (AACA) analysis of the Bering-Chukchi-Beaufort Region (BCB) as an assessment of climate and integrated social/environmental frameworks/models that can inform adaptation actions in the face of Arctic change. AACA-BCB is a contribution to an international synthesis effort that will break new ground through its focus on adaptation to multiple stressors. In 2011, the Arctic Council directed the Senior Arctic Officials (SAOs) “to review the need for an integrated assessment of multiple drivers of Arctic change as a tool for Indigenous Peoples, Arctic residents, governments and industry to prepare for the future, ………” and in response to the request the SAOs and PPs (Permanent Participants, representing recognized indigenous groups from the Arctic region) at their meeting in March 2012 endorsed the project “Adaptation Actions for a Changing Arctic” (AACA) and forwarded it to the Deputy Ministers for their approval. In May of 2012, the Arctic Council approved a plan to conduct an integrated assessment of multiple drivers of Arctic change as a tool for Indigenous Peoples, Arctic residents, governments and industry to prepare for the future. That effort (AACA) was assigned the Arctic Council’s Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program (AMAP).

This report is an assessment of climate, socio-economic and environmental changes focused upon the Russian Chukotka Peninsula, Northern Alaska and the Northwestern Canadian Arctic, Decisions and statistics about socio-economic development often occur at the Territorial level in Canada. In Alaska, these metrics are often calculated on the Borough or State-wide levels. In Russia, the statistics have been based upon the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. Thus, views on socio-economic issues may not necessarily be confined to the area north of the tree-line and may consider the future from the local governing perspective. The surveys in the North American Arctic and the Russian Arctic were conducted on different time frames due to delays necessitated by translations between English and Russian. Therefore, the results from the surveys in Canada and Alaska were analyzed and reported together and the results from Russia are reported separately.

Methodology

Goals

The purpose of AACA-BCB survey was to better understand how existing information about climate change informs action. The primary goals included: 1. To determine what actions people are taking to adapt to the rapid changes that have occurred in the Arctic. 2. To discover how scientific information can help inform decisions. 3. To determine what other information is needed to better respond to these changes in the Arctic.

Collection and analysis of Alaskan and Canadian data

Sampling Forty-two people participated in the online survey. Respondents choose to fill out the survey themselves or conduct the survey over the phone. When a phone interview was conducted the results were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Participants of the phone interview mostly lived in rural areas and did not have access to Internet or did not know how to use the Internet. The snowball sampling method was used to recruit participants. At the end of the survey respondents were asked to share the survey link with other people they thought might be interested. The survey contained nineteen questions including demographic information and took approximately thirty minutes to complete. Phone interviews typically took longer.

Method The scripted interviews were read several times to identify themes and categories. Using an inductive qualitative approach, a coding frame was developed and the transcripts were coded. If new themes emerged, the coding frame was changed and transcripts were reread according to the new structure. This process was used to develop categories, which were then conceptualized into broader themes. Difficulties arose when participants seemed to have different interpretations of the question asked. When this occurred, the question was coded twice and the issue was noted. Larger categories that emerged were later reduced to a few. Some of the smaller categories were merged together with similar allied categories to create similar sized strong categories.

Reporting

After strong themes (or categories) were developed they were used to answer the fourteen formative/process evaluation questions listed in the project evaluation survey. The top- level categories were used as the main findings and listed directly below the question. Appropriate quotes were selected to convey the core theme of a category; no quote was used twice.

Themes/Results

Major Results Themes from The Adaptations Actions in a Changing Arctic BCB Survey:

Themes

1. All participants indicated anecdotal evidence to changes in the Arctic. 2. All respondents mentioned noticeable climate changes in their sector. 3. When given the option of “yes” or “no” and asked to explain, in all cases participants who choose “no” did not provide explanation. 4. All participants indicated a desire to have additional information on the changing Arctic.

Results and Analysis of Findings

1. What sector(s) are you primarily engaged in? (select all that apply) Agriculture/Animal Husbandry 2 Arctic Research/Education 19 Construction 1 Consulting Companies 2 Energy Suppliers 2 Fisheries 8 Forestry 1 Government/Federal 15 Government/Local or Municipal 11 Government/State or Provincial 3 Guides/Outfitters 1 Health 2 Mining 2 Native Organizations 11 Oil and Gas 14 Recreation 6 Subsistence 12 Tourism 6 Transportation 6 Utilities 4 Other 4

Other sectors mentioned: Policy; Tribal Government; Global Enviroment and Technology Foundation (water and energy); Natural Resources (Earth Sciences)

2. Do you feel you are well-informed in terms of climate and socio-economic changes that have occurred in the Arctic and are likely to occur in the next two decades? Yes- 30 No- 12 ● All twelve respondents marking “no” provided no explanation, whereas five of the thirty respondents making “yes” provided no explanation. ● Most indicate their knowledge of climate change is derived from their current or past vocation. ● Subcategories that emerged indicated participants obtained their information from the news or media and from firsthand experience such as living in the Arctic for a long period of time or conducting research there.

Direct quotes:

“Yes I feel informed. I have lived and worked in the Arctic and Subarctic for more than 35 years. I researched sea ice, land ice and river systems. This helps me keep up with the changing climate.”

“Yes, I feel informed. I have lived in Alaska 40 years and 33 of those years were north of the Arctic Circle. I operate a lodge above the Arctic Circle, my work allows me to observe changes.”

“I am the program manager for an ecological inventory and monitoring company geographically located in the low Arctic (northern Alaska). As a consequence, I think I am relatively well informed in regards to Arctic climate issues and socio-economic issues.”

3. Do you believe that change climate has already impacted your sector? Yes- 38 No -4 ● No explanation was given by the respondents who marked “no.” ● Many categories and subcategories emerged from this question. Correlations between what sector individuals worked in and their response became obvious but deeper subcategories emerged. This question provided richer, longer and more detailed answers than other questions. ● The 3 main categories formed and each category provided multiple subcategories: 1. Sea Ice 1.1 Changing sea ice 1.2 Loss of sea ice 1.3 Coastal erosion 2. Land 2.1 Weather patterns 2.2 Animal migration 2.3 Flooding/Drought

3. Other 3.1 Fisheries 3.2 Cultural resources

● 1. Sea ice: 1.1 Participants indicated sea ice change and sea ice loss to be two different things. Those indicating sea ice loss referred to the loss of sea ice affecting their sector in a dire context whereas those specifying sea ice change indicated less emergency. Participants clearly separated change and loss of sea ice in their responses and did not use the two interchangeably. 1.2 Coastal erosion was grouped under main category of sea ice because when coastal erosion was mentioned it was associated with both sea ice changing or sea ice loss. 1.3 Although when change or loss of sea ice was mentioned coastal erosion was not always indicated to be an effect.

● 2. Land: 2.1 Participants indicated weather patterns becoming “more extreme” or changing. Subcategories formed out of weather patterns and showed participants formed a correlation between the changing weather patterns, thawing permafrost and changes in animal harvest/use (mainly the increased rainfall provides difficulty in drying meats and fish). 2.2 Changes in animal migration developed into a category because it was frequently listed but there was no indication of cause of effect. Similar language was used each time with no elaboration aside from migratory changes. 2.3 Flooding and drought or synonyms formed the third category under Land. Rising rivers and warming rivers were coded under flooding. The majority of participants indicated flooding to be the greater problem of the two. Only two people mentioned drought and both linked it to forest fires. ● 3. Other: 3.1 It was difficult to develop a deeper theme or subcategories under fisheries because all comments about fisheries contained differences in how changes were measured or foreseen. Changes in fisheries were mentioned frequently enough to become a category. Some changes listed included: marine shipping; changes in marine research; more sightings of killer whales; more occurrences of Pacific salmon; general changes in marine habitat. 3.2 It was difficult to separate animal migration (2.2) and cultural resources. Subcategories emerged as: hunting patterns; indigenous and cultural changes; and movement. Movement was defined in a variety of forms such as, coastal erosion was causing families to leave their homes and move or with the changes in animal migration hunters has to change routes.

Direct Quotes

“Loss of multi-year sea ice has made working on the Lincoln Sea much more difficult. The ice surface is much rougher as the thinner ice jumbles together and is broken into smaller pieces. There is also much more movement of the ice. “

“The changing ice conditions in the northern Bering Sea have lead to a number of impacts, such as further travel for hunters to reach walrus in particular, because the ice has been further off-shore in recent years (which can be a great hardship when fuel is extremely expensive), and difficulties in butchering because it is harder to find solid ice to work on.”

“Communities are concerned about erosion forcing them to either move or construct escape routes. Marine mammal hunters have adjusted their timing to access animals on or near ice because of late ice build up or thin ice”

“Broad changes to land and seascapes. Changing needs for sustainable facilities and infrastructure, especially with permafrost thaw and coastal erosion.”

“Marine research in Alaska’s Arctic has greatly increased because of interest in oil and gas, shipping, tourism, fisheries, etc. Ultimately this increased interest isa result of decreasing sea ice cover in the Arctic (longer ice-free season, decreased ice extent in summer). “

“We see evidence in our day to day life. Landscapes have changed drastically in the last decade and I can witness that with my own eyes. (that’s a really fast-pace change from the perspective of a geologist.)”

“Loss of sea ice has resulted in an increase in storms impacting the west, northwest and northern coasts. This has led to coastal erosion, near shore flooding and changes in marine habitat.”

4. What knowledge and tools do you need to effectively respond to the changes you described?

● Less of a qualitative analysis was conducted on responses to this question. It was difficult to find deeper meaning since most respondents listed what they needed and few gave reasons as to why. Only three answered “N/A “or “No comment.” ● Three main categories formed:

1. Resources 1.1 maps 1.2 data 1.3 funding 2. Connection 2.1 collaboration 2.2 communication 3. Education ● Resources: 1.1 maps, satellite imagery and remote sensing were clearly listed enough for maps to develop into it’s own category. 1.2 Data emerged by respondents listing it directly or suggesting predicative modeling, traditional knowledge or evaluation of current strategies. 1.3 multiple respondents listed money or tangible goods such as, better infrastructures or newer supplies. ● 2. Connection: 2.1 collaboration was indicated in most answers. Communication and collaboration were initially coded as one but later distinctly separated into their own subcategories. Examples of collaboration mentioned: connecting elders and policy makers; traditional knowledge merged with long term data; implementing what other Arctic nations are doing with Alaska. 2.2 communication emerged with different subsets: faster communication to villages (internet; mail; etc) and more research results communicated back to the peoples in rural Alaska. There was little to no indication of news or media communications. ● 3. Education: respondents indicated needing more basic education on the changing climate.

Direct quotes:

“Better communication and collaboration among scientist, policy makers, industry and rural Arctic communities. Arctic communities need to know what changes to expect and the opportunities and challenges these will present.”

“Bad internet connectivity in rural Alaska and Russia is a huge obstacle. Competition among scientist and industry is another obstacle when it comes to sharing datasets and collaborating”

“Traditional knowledge merged with long term data, standard protocols for collecting data from agencies.”

“Looking at traditional knowledge of the Arctic people and how they have survived would be useful.”

“Good public accessible website that provide maps and other data.”

“Higher resolution satellite imagery would be a great asset in decision making with regards to the safety of heading out onto the sea ice.”

“Preparedness is important, education is paramount for the community to be active in interpreting the changes we are experiencing.”

5. What indicators are most significant in your consideration of change (top 3-5 indicators)? ● Most participants listed 4-5 indicators. ● The first three indicators listed were coded since all participants included at least three and a separate analysis of the additional listings was coded separately. ● Three of the forty-two participants marked N/A ● There seemed to be little correlation between indicators and the sector the respondent works in. ● Ice conditions were an overwhelming first choice with over half of the participants indicating it as most significant. ● Many answers were coded twice. For example, respondents indicated thawing permafrost as an indicator and suggested that the changing atmosphere is causing the melt. These responses were coded and categorized twice, once under changing weather and once under land changes. The same with sea traffic, participants indicated patterns in sea ice changing and mentioned sea traffic, but sea traffic was mentioned enough to form into a category of its own. Economic changes were mentioned with sea traffic but less frequently. Economic changes were coded and listed under the “people category.” ● Top Indicators: 1. Ice Conditions Coding examples: changes in ice, loss of ice, coastal erosion, ocean levels rising, CO2 emissions effect on sea ice and glacial retreat. The majorities choose sea ice as their greatest concern. 2. Changing weather Coding examples: permafrost thawing, changing weather patterns, air patterns, carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, animal migratory patterns, strength of storms. Note: permafrost was coded under changing weather because the majority of participants indicated weather patterns or atmospheric changes to be the cause of thawing. 3.

3. Sea traffic Coding examples: marine traffic, levels of industrial activity, tourism and eco-adventure tourism, travel through NW passage.

Other indicators ● Over half the participants listed four indicators and less than half listed five.

4. Land changes Coding examples: fresh water, predators, road construction, land use and land cover change, plant phenology, polar bear estimates and ranges, caribou population forecast, increase soil thaw depth.

5. People Coding examples: loss of traditional knowledge, peoples’ access to fresh water, changes in how people use resources, loss of subsistence resources, changes to camps, tourism, economic security.

6. Do you feel well informed on projected climate changes for your area?

Yes-29 No- 13

● The explanation portion of this question generated few responses. Only sixteen of the forty-two participants explained and all explanations were shorter than other questions. ● All responses indicating “no” did not provide explanation. ● Respondents did not explain in what ways they feel informed but the method of how they are informed. ● The majority of respondents indicated work to be the main source of climate change information.

Direct quotes:

“I’ve worked with SNAP for four years on climate change scenarios and am now working with NSSI on development scenarios”

“Working with groups that are studying changes in the Arctic Ocean and its ice cover provides me with access to informed options on likely change”

“I have worked with global models and projections for future climate change in the Arctic and Subarctic”

“Working in the Arctic, we are constantly provided with updated data/information on both sides of the climate changes.”

“NOAA has provided the public with some results of its climate forecasting models. This information has been used by scientists in a number of reports on climate change and its potential effects.”

7. Do you believe the changing climate will have positive or negative influences on your sector in the future? Positive- 12 Negative- 23 Both- 7

● The overall tone in all responses was negative, even if “positive” was marked. ● All respondents who marked “positive” listed at least one negative reason in their response. ● Three of the twenty-three negative respondents listed a positive indicator in their response. ● All respondents of “both” listed a positive and negative influence.

1. Negative 1.1 Dependency on stable environment Respondents indicating negative implied a dependency on having a stable environment for their work. Uncertainty and synonyms of it were found in almost every response. The speed of the changing environment was also indicated as a concern.

2. Positive 2.1 Economic impacts All respondents indicated the economic impacts of a changing climate to be the positive indicator. There was nothing else coded, it was very clear. The positive responses were the shortest and most to the point.

3. Both 3.1 Respondents who choose “both” provided the most detailed answers. “Depends” and synonyms of it appeared in all responses. Respondents seemed to factor in the speed of changes and what the changes would be. The responses were a combination of positive and negative. Most respondents indicated that economic impacts and revenue increases would be the positive outcome. Many respondents indicated that sea ice opening would be both a negative and positive influence on their sector.

Direct quotes:

“Positive. Both, positive for economic/resource development, negative impact subsistence harvest and social issues such as transient people, trespass issues, drugs.”

“Negative. Still unsure about potential impacts. Generally feel that there will be negative influences due to the effects of changing climate will have on subsistence.”

“Both. Potential positive in terms of generating revenue streams to maintain the amenities and dependencies that have resulted from the shift to more sessile communities, but certainly negative in terms of impact on native biotic communities and potentially negative in terms of the ecosystem services. “

8. In what ways do you anticipate that global development will influence your sector in the future?

● These responses typically gave greater detail and longer answers than other questions. ● Most had a negative tone or used negative language ● Five respondents said, “N/A” “do not know” or “uncertain”

1. Arctic shipping This response differed from other questions because there was less talk about ice loss. The words “Arctic shipping” were coded in almost half the responses. Increased shipping, traffic increase, open water for boats, shipping traffic were all coded. There was unanimous agreement in almost all answers that Arctic shipping would be the greatest influence.

2. Resource Development Many that mentioned Arctic shipping included oil and gas development as well. It was a close runner up. Arctic shipping and oil and gas development were often listed together. Resource development was mentioned less than often than oil and gas development.

3. Fisheries Expansion of fisheries, subsistence and recreational, pollution of fisheries, disease and extension were all mentioned.

Direct quotes:

“There will be a push to open new shipping lanes in newly ice-free waters; requiring a re- examination of rules and regulations for shipping in ice-covered seas.”

“Arctic shipping and oil/gas/resource development would have a major impact on our sector.”

“As a helicopter pilot I think we will see competition for limited resources and more development will take place in areas which require helicopters to access.”

“Global development would influence my sector (energy) in the future by raising temperatures thereby having people use less energy and resources to heat their homes in the winter.”

9. Do you anticipate a need to make changes in your economic sector, community or region in response to changing climatic conditions? If so, what changes do you anticipate needing to make?

● Fifteen of the forty-two respondents said, “unsure” or “N/A” ● Many had difficulty interpreting this question and responses were not on point. Rants and jokes were often made in response. Such as, “When things really heat up I plan to someday sell my land in Alaska as a vacation spa retreat” and “I plan to build a really big boat” ● Participants did not clearly state where changes needed to be made. ● It was difficult to code categories. Only one clear category appeared.

1. Communities Responses indicated that changing lifestyles, infrastructure, construction, indigenous peoples and business practice.

Direct quotes:

“Yes as mentioned above rural communities need to start building infrastructure and working with industry in order to benefit from change and not be left on the sidelines”

“Since the ‘sector’ I am in is gathering and coordinating management-related science, I expect things to just get busier, more intense and more complicated.”

“Many coastal communities will either have to move or figure out ways to deal with rising sea levels , greater and more intense storms and increased erosion. This will be very disruptive and very expensive.”

“Villages along the coast will need to be moved or abandoned in the future.”

10. What additional information about climate change would be useful for you?

● In many cases, respondents stated specifically that they need concise information in a common language. ● Many said they would like to see researchers returning to rural Alaska with the data after it has been summarized. ● Educating rural Alaska and using terminology they are able to understand. ● Most statements implied wanting information predicting the future of climate change. ● Weather patterns, sea ice, mapping, glacial monitoring, information on future oil and gas development, permafrost information, hydrology and costal current were all mentioned.

Direct quotes:

“Concise summaries in common language of existing research and information that we can use in educating a local/national audience about he impact of climate change”

“Additional information that would be useful to the local population: studies broken into simple terms that would be applicable to everyday use.”

“ Would like to have a clearer idea of what to expect for the future. Is the arctic warming? Should they expect animal migration patterns to change?”

“Please give us realistic evaluation of the impacts in the future”

“Continuous updates. In our community we not have what you call “CHARS” – Canada’s High Arctic Research Station being built here in our town as we speak.”

“Improved climate change models, energy transfers between seas (eg, Beaufort, Chuckchi, Bering etc), improved information on food webs etc”

11. Where do you currently go for regionally specific information about:

Climate Change Climate Change Alaska villages, scientific research AK national weather service NOAA site AK Alaska publications and National workshops, Stockholm etc. University of Alaska Fairbanks, Marine climate change contacts, ArcticNet materials, Advisory Program, NOAA, Kawerak, other literature, local people Inc. scientific journals, Arctic Council summary reports, on-line resources, I don't i use my own observations indigenous observations UW PSC, Columbia U LDEO, York Internet University US Government agencies, University of internet and radio, publications Alaska Current events on the news, public radio, newspaper & tv - I don't Local Government and Commmunity specifically go anywhere. Alaska Local News and national science periodicals. Internet my department Direct research and work News Sites such as BBC or Reuters various NPS organizations , Arctic NOAA's website LCC, academia 13

Internet Nunavut https://nsidc.org/ Outside our door NSSI Catalog (http://catalog.northslope.org), E&E Periodicals News, Arctic Update, and others U.S. Arctic Research Commission, Scenario Planning Network of Alaska, Alaska Native Tribal Health PRISM, Various U of Alaska researchers and Consortium, ACCAP, U.S. Dept of modelers, Alaska Climate Center Interior Local town meetings and yearly Various UAF websites and publications meetings in Barrow UAF SNAP, USGS, NOAA, ARCUS, Web/Newspaper/Magaznine published literature IPCC Reports, Scenarios Network for Alaska & Arctic Planning (SNAP) Public Notices/Community Meetings SNAP the peer revised literature

Economic Change State of Alaska Dept of Labor "Alaska Economic Trends" E&E News, Oil & Gas Journal, Arctic Update, PEW, NSF, IASSA, CSIS Arctic Council and others Direct research and work UAA Institute of Social and Economic Research State of Alaska, Alaska Energy Authority - University of Alaska http://www.arcus.org softer media such as news paper and magazines for recent events We watch trends in the community. Costs of goods in the store and cost of gasoline Alaska villages, scientific research Internet Alaska UAF State of Alaska, Kawerak, Inc. internet news business reports Current events on the news, public radio, newspaper & tv I don't specifically go anywhere Northwest Arctic Borough (NWAB) media

14 academia ISER Economists that I work with the peer revised literature Public Notices/Community Meetings Internet newspapers, newsletters, community meetings, etc. economist Same as above Web/Newspaper/Magazine Alaska publications and National workshops, etc. mostly NPRadio Live here. I don't i use my own observations msnbc Popular media NSB Nunavut National News government reports business magazine Local Government and Community Local media.

Ecological Change U.S. Arctic Research Commission, Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium, University of Alaska Fairbanks, U.S. Dept of Interior NSSI Catalog (http://catalog.northslope.org), LTER, E&E News, and others Direct research and work EPA, published literature, UAF Geophysical Inst, ARCUS Austria NSSI database of research http://nrdc.org scientific journals, Arctic Council reports, NOAA, National, IPCC, indigenous observations Talk with a wildlife department, they will know what is happening on the land and in the sea. Alaska villages, scientific research Internet Alaska UAF, reports from research projects, Kawerak, Inc. internet, UAF Geophysical Institute and Arctic Health research Current events on the news, public radio, newspaper & tv - I don't specifically go anywhere. various NPS organizations, Arctic LCC and academia UAF IAB, USGS, NPS Inventory and Monitoring Scientific literature on the Arctic the peer revised literature

Public Notices/Community Meetings Internet Rural community members, federal and state land, fish and wildlife management agencies, Various researchers UAF IAB Web/Newspaper/Magaznine Alaska publications and National workshops, etc. science journals and interenet, conferences I don't i use my own observations peer reviewed journals, local news, colleagues, etc. Journal publications and conferences subsistence community Nunavut national science periodicals my personal contacts, community indiviuals, literature, own observations News Local Government and Community NOAA's website

Demographic Change State of Alaska Dept of Labor "Alaska Economic Trends" ARCUS, ICC Direct research and work UAA Institute of Social and Economic Research, http://laborstats.alaska.gov/pop/popest.htm Arctic Council reports, scientific journals, observations my own and from collegues Meetings that take place in the community N/A Alaska villages, scientific research Internet Alaska US Census Bureau reports internet and forecasts by scientific community Current events on the news, public radio, newspaper & tv - I don't specifically go anywhere. State of Alaska website NWAB, media, academia US Census News, Scientific literature the peer revised literature Public Notices/Community Meetings Internet

newspapers, newsletters, community meetings, etc. N/A None None Web/Newspaper/Magaznine Alaska publications and National workshops, etc. Colleagues Same I don't i use my own observations city hall, NSB planning department Census database; brorough GIS data portals NSB Nunavut walk down the street. government reports Stats Can Local Government and Community State of Alaska and local media.

Demographics

What is your Highest Level of Education? Some College Associate 7% 7%

Bachelors Ph.D 19% 31%

High School 10% Masters Law School 24% 2%

Participant Ages

16 14 12 10 8 Frequency 6 4 2 0 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65-75 Over 75

Do you Work in an Urban or Rural Environment

10% 9% 26% urban rural both N/A

55%

How many years have you worked in the Arctic?

8 7 6 5 4 3 Frequency 2 1 0 0-5 6-10 11-15 16-20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41-45 46+ Number of Years

Where do you live?

Alaska Canada U.S. Outside of Alaska Europe

What is your job title? General Manager City Clerk Consultant Mayor Owner/General Manager Bettle’s Lodge Vice President, Natural Resources Division CEO Manager/Owner Superintendent Superintendent Alaska Regional Science Advisor Associate Professor Professor and NGO Principal City Administrator

Environmental Affairs Director Ecologist – Program manager for the National Park Service Arctic Inventory and Monitoring Program Engineer Guide-Delivery driver President/General Manager Operations Manager Planning & Development Manager biologist Outreach Coordinator Subsistence research coordinator/ Anthropologist Logistics Coordinator Outreach Specialist Deputy Director, North Slope Science Initiative Professor Associate Professor of Environmental Science Student Research Coordinator Grant Development Specialist Project Manager Wildlife Biologist Professor Research Biologist Development officer for the Municipality of Cambridge Bay, NU Helicopter Ambulance Pilot Senior Fisheries Pilot Earth Science Program Manager General Manager Section Chief

Evaluation Report Adaptations Actions for a Changing Arctic

Russian Surveys

Collection and analysis of Russian data

Sampling Eighteen people participated in the online Russian survey. Respondents choose to fill out the survey themselves or conduct the survey over the phone. When a phone interview was conducted the results were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Participants of the phone interview mostly lived in rural areas and did not have access to Internet or did not know how to use the Internet. The snowball sampling method was used to recruit participants. At the end of the survey respondents were asked to share the survey link with other people they thought might be interested. The survey contained nineteen questions including demographic information and took approximately thirty minutes to complete. Phone interviews typically took longer.

Results and Analysis of Findings

Do you feel you are well informed in terms of climate and socio-economic changes that have occurred in the Arctic and are likely to occur in the next two decades? Yes- 7 No-10 N/A- 1

Where do you conduct the majority of your work? Power Utility company North-Eastern Research Institute of the Far-East Branch of RAS Individual entrepreneur (bone carver) Anadyr, International Airport Bilibino District Local History Museum of G.S. Glazyrina Retired, before that military pilot Russian Emergencies Ministry (EMERCOM) Director-General of JSC Herder, work in tundra

Anadyr trade venture Chukotka Charitable Foundation "Kupol" ("Dome") In the office Russian Emergencies Ministry (EMERCOM) Retired, before that worked in animal husbandry Retired, but at social work at the native organization State Tax Inspectorate

Where do you live? Settlement Ugolnie Kopi (Coal Mines), Chukotka Anadyr, Chukotka Anadyr Chukotka Settlement Ugolnie Kopi (Coal Mines), Chukotka Bilibino, Chukotka Chukotka Settlement Ugolnie Kopi (Coal Mines) Chukotka Pevek, Chukotka Lorino (village) Chukotka Anadyr

What sector(s) are you primarily engaged in? Utilities- 3 Agriculture- 4 Animal Husbandry- 4 Arctic Research-1 Education-1 Native Organizations-2 Transportation-1 Mining-1 Retired- 4 Subsistence-1 Government/ State or Provincial-1 Government Federal- 1 other (Culture/ Museum)-1

Other (individual entrepreneur)-1 Other (trade venture)-1 Other (bank)-1 Other (Charity)-1

Do you believe that a changing climate has already impacted your sector? Yes- 13 No- 5

How? -Warm winter, frequent blizzards sweep the roads -In the past 30 years, from about 1975, there is a clear a trend of regional warming and, on the contrary, decreasing of the precipitation. Thaws can appear in any of the winter months. In the summer snow falls and blizzards may happen. It is predicted that a further warming may increase negative effects on reindeer herding (glaze-ice/sleet, summer heat with midges and others.) - Blizzards became less frequent. Rivers freeze later. Walruses migrate to the north of Chukotka - Blizzards became less frequent and they began warmer, shorter and stronger (wind blows the roofs). In previous years the blizzards were cold and lasted several days. There is less snow. Reindeers feel approaching snowstorms and eat a lot of moss, then gather together and lie. - Fish became scarce in the waters of the East Siberian Sea of the Arctic Ocean - Winter became short. Spring is long. Blizzards became warmer, stronger and shorter. This summer there were many midges: in July midge tortured all people and reindeers. This has not happened before. Reindeer are also plagued by mosquitoes and horseflies - Disappearance of the fish in the rivers - Warming. Floods - Winds became stronger. Winter has become shorter and less snow. Blizzards became less frequent -Winter became very warm, blizzards are more frequent. Snow falls begin in the end of October, later than in previous years. In the former time deep snow cover was already in the early October and there was a real winter, and now all too late. In Anadyr 30 years ago severe frosts were already in November and we can cross river’s estuary by car and now we can do that after the New Year.. Blizzards were colder in the past

Do you believe the changing climate will have positive or negative influence(s) on your sector in the future? Negative- 12 Positive -4

How? -Negative impact on reindeers herding - The melting of the ice edge will negatively affect the flora and fauna of the Arctic. The future exploration of hydrocarbon deposits may possibly lead to leaks and cause environmental damage. Positive – it will be warmer Negative - will be a lot of midges/mosquitoes, and it makes it difficult for reindeers to gain weight and reindeers start to hurt badly and die - Reduction of the indigenous population - Warm winters, a lot of midges - Warm winters, a lot of midges

Do you feel well informed on projected climate changes for your area? No-15 Yes-3

Do you work in a Rural or Urban Setting? Urban- 16 Rural- 3

What is your job title? Driver Researcher formerly a herder fisherman hunter Bone Carver Painter Officer in the department of transportation at the Anadyr airport Chief Curator in museum Retired since 2010. Before that - military Miner Director-General Housekeeping (in the tent I cook a meal, sew fur clothes, etc. for herders Porter Seller Bank Officer Executive Director Officer Master of the Fire Department N/A Deputy Head of the NGO "Association of Indigenous Peoples of Chukotka" State Tax Inspector

Where do you currently go for regionally specific information about:

CLIMATE CHANGE: Chukchi-TINRO (Chukchi branch of Pacific Institute of fisheries and oceanography), Hydrometservice media Radio

Forecasts say - the climate will be warmer. Due to the fact that the water temperature has risen marine animals migrate to the north. Now walruses go to the north to Whalen, Inchoun and Pevek areas. internet in Chukotka Autonomous District TV, newspapers Internet ТV, sometimes radio, newspapers rarely TV, internet, radio, N/A N/A Internet media, TV Department of Agriculture policy and environmental management of Chukotka Autonomous District TV

ECONOMIC CHANGE: TV media Radio Media internet in Chukotka Autonomous District TV, newspapers Internet ТV, sometimes radio, newspapers rarely TV, internet, radio, N/A N/A Internet media, TV Department of Agriculture policy and environmental management of Chukotka Autonomous District

ECOLOGICAL CHANGE: TV media Radio Media

internet in Chukotka Autonomous District TV, newspapers Internet ТV, sometimes radio, newspapers rarely TV, internet, radio, N/A N/A Internet media, TV Department of Agriculture policy and environmental management of Chukotka Autonomous District TV

DEOMGRAPHIC CHANGE: Internet media Radio Media internet in Chukotka Autonomous District TV, newspapers Internet ТV, sometimes radio, newspapers rarely TV, internet, radio, N/A N/A Internet media, TV Department of Agriculture policy and environmental management of Chukotka Autonomous District TV

What is your highest level of education?

12% 18% College High School 29% Technical School 41% Ph.D

What is your age 6

0 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65-75 over 75

How many years have you lived/worked in the Arctic 5

0 0-4 5 - 9 10 - 14 15- 19 20- 24 25-29 30- 34 35- 39 40- 44 45- 49 50+