Potential Interaction of Groundwater and Surface Water Including Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Reconnaissance at Nolin River Lake, Kentucky, 2016
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Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Louisville District Potential Interaction of Groundwater and Surface Water Including Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Reconnaissance at Nolin River Lake, Kentucky, 2016 Scientific Investigations Report 2019–5075 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Cover. Photograph from the perspective of an autonomous underwater vehicle completing a mission in the Dog Creek Arm of the reservoir, August 2016. Photograph by Justin Boldt, U.S. Geological Survey. Potential Interaction of Groundwater and Surface Water Including Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Reconnaissance at Nolin River Lake, Kentucky, 2016 By Angela S. Crain, Justin A. Boldt, E. Randall Bayless, Aubrey R. Bunch, Jade L. Young, Jennifer C. Thomason, and Zachary L. Wolf Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Louisville District Scientific Investigations Report 2019–5075 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior DAVID BERNHARDT, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey James F. Reilly II, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2019 For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment—visit https://www.usgs.gov or call 1–888–ASK–USGS. For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit https://store.usgs.gov. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this information product, for the most part, is in the public domain, it also may contain copyrighted materials as noted in the text. Permission to reproduce copyrighted items must be secured from the copyright owner. Suggested citation: Crain, A.S., Boldt, J.A., Bayless, E.R., Bunch, A.R., Young, J.L., Thomason, J.C., and Wolf, Z.L., 2019, Potential interaction of groundwater and surface water including autonomous underwater vehicle reconnaissance at Nolin River Lake, Kentucky, 2016: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2019–5075, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20195075. ISSN 2328-0328 (online) iii Acknowledgments The authors and the U.S. Geological Survey gratefully recognize the contributions of the Nolin River Lake Park Manager, Deryck Rodgers, and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers staff at Nolin River Lake. Sincere thanks to Molly K. Lott (U.S. Geological Survey), Faye E. Peters (U.S. Geological Survey) and Mac A. Cherry (formerly U.S. Geological Survey and now U.S. Forest Service) for assisting with field work. We are grateful to Angela K. Brennan and Celeste A. Journey, U.S. Geological Survey, for providing thorough technical reviews. Contents Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................................................iii Abstract ...........................................................................................................................................................1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................................................2 Background............................................................................................................................................2 Purpose and Scope ..............................................................................................................................4 Description of Study Area ............................................................................................................................4 Hydrogeological Setting ......................................................................................................................5 Physiography ................................................................................................................................5 Geology ..........................................................................................................................................5 Faults ............................................................................................................................................10 Karst Features ............................................................................................................................11 Methods.........................................................................................................................................................11 Integrated Synoptic Surveys ............................................................................................................11 Discrete Data Collection and Analysis Methods ...........................................................................12 Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Data Processing ..............................................................................14 Potential Interaction of Groundwater and Surface Water at Nolin River Lake .................................21 Reservoir Water-Quality Data during August 15–19, 2016 ....................................................................21 Water-Quality Data Measured with the Autonomous Underwater Vehicle .............................21 Water-Quality Data in Discrete Samples ........................................................................................33 Limitations .....................................................................................................................................................33 Summary........................................................................................................................................................34 References Cited..........................................................................................................................................34 Figures 1. Map showing location of the study area and data collection sites at Nolin River Lake, Kentucky .....................................................................................................3 2. Map showing potential for karst development in the Nolin River Lake watershed .................................................................................................6 3. Map showing generalized near-surface bedrock in the Nolin River Lake watershed .................................................................................................7 4. Map showing near-surface bedrock at Nolin River Lake ......................................................8 5. Map showing faults and karst features at Nolin River Lake ...............................................10 6. Maps showing synoptic survey field with designated survey lines for sites on Nolin River Lake, August 15–19, 2016 .................................................................................13 7. Map showing water temperature at 5 feet below the surface at site 2NRRROCKC, Nolin River Lake, August 15, 2016 ........................................................29 8. Map showing chlorophyll values at 15 feet below the surface at site 2NRR20003, Nolin River Lake, August 17, 2016 ..........................................................31 9. Map showing chlorophyll values in the surface layer at site 2NRR20034, Nolin River, August 19, 2016 ....................................................................32 v Tables 1. Descriptions of geologic units in the vicinity of Nolin River Lake (summarized from Gildersleeve, 1971) ......................................................................................9 2. Manufacturer’s specifications for the water-quality sensors aboard the autonomous underwater vehicle ......................................................................................12 3. Sampling locations and depths at Nolin River Lake, Kentucky, August 15–19, 2016 .....................................................................................................................14 4. Summary statistics of water-quality parameters at Nolin River Lake, Kentucky, August 15–19, 2016 ...................................................................................................15 5. Summary of nutrient, chlorophyll a, and pheophytin a concentrations in discrete-depth samples from Nolin River Lake, August 15–19, 2016 .............................22 6. Cyanobacterial abundance in discrete water-quality samples collected at Nolin River Lake, August 15–19, 2016 ..................................................................................23 Conversion Factors U.S. customary units to International System of Units Multiply By To obtain Length inch (in.) 2.54 centimeter (cm) foot (ft) 0.3048 meter (m) mile (mi) 1.609 kilometer (km) Area acre 4,047 square meter (m2) square mile (mi2) 2.590 square kilometer (km2) Volume gallon (gal) 3.785 liter (L) gallon (gal) 0.003785 cubic meter (m3) cubic foot (ft3) 0.02832 cubic meter (m3) Temperature in degrees Celsius (°C) may be converted to degrees Fahrenheit (°F) as follows: °F = (1.8 × °C) + 32. Datum Vertical coordinate information is referenced to the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD 88). Horizontal coordinate information is referenced to the North American Datum of 1983 (NAD 83). Elevation, as used in this report, refers to distance above the vertical datum. vi Supplemental Information Specific conductance is given in millisiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius (mS/cm at 25°C). Concentrations of chemical constituents in