Volume 88 Tuberculosis Number 2 2008 http://intl.elsevierhealth.com/journals/tube Pages 85–170 Handbook of Anti-Tuberculosis Agents Global Alliance for TB Drug Development 80 Broad Street New York, NY 10004, USA Amsterdam • Boston • Jena • London • New York • Oxford • Paris • Philadelphia • San Diego • St Louis Aims and Scope Tuberculosis is a speciality journal focusing on basic experimental research . pathogenesis on tuberculosis, notably on bacteriological, immunological and patho- . pathology genesis aspects. The journal publishes original research and reviews on . molecular epidemiology the host response and immunology of tuberculosis and the molecular . diagnostics biology, genetics and physiology of the organism. vaccine development Areas covered include: . drug resistance . immunology The resurgence of interest in tuberculosis has accelerated the . immunogenetics pace of relevant research and Tuberculosis has grown with it, as . pathogenetics the only journal dedicated to experimental biomedical research in . microbiology tuberculosis. Please see details of online submission at http:// . microbial physiology ees.elsevier.com/tube/ Author Enquiries e-mail: [email protected] Permissions may be sought directly For enquiries relating to the submission of To k yo: Elsevier, Customer Service Depart- from Elsevier’s Rights Department in articles (including electronic submission where ment, 4F Higashi-Azabu, 1-Chome Bldg, Oxford, UK; phone: (+44) 1865 843 830 or available) please visit this journal’s homepage 1-9-15 Higashi-Azabu, Minato-ku, (+1) 215 238 7869; fax: (+1) 215 238 2239; at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/tube/. You Tokyo 106-0044, Japan; phone: (+81) (3) e-mail: [email protected] or can track accepted articles at http://www. 5561 5037; fax: (+81) (3) 5561 5047; [email protected]. Requests may elsevier.com/trackarticle and set up e-mail e-mail: [email protected] also be completed on-line via the Elsevier alerts to inform you of when an article’s status Singapore: Elsevier, Customer Service homepage (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/ haschanged,aswellascopyrightinformation, Department, 3 Killiney Road, #08-01 Wins- permissions).In the USA, users may clear frequently asked questions and more. land House I, Singapore 239519; phone: permissions and make payments through Contact details for questions arising after (+65) 63490222; fax: (+65) 67331510; the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 acceptance of an article, especially those e-mail: [email protected] Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA; relating to proofs, are provided after phone: (+1) (978) 750 8400; fax: registration of an article for publication. Advertising information (+1) (978) 750 4744,and in the UK through The full and complete Guide for Authors Advertising orders and enquiries can be sent the Copyright Licensing Agency Rapid USA, Canada and South America: can be found in the first issue of the volume to: Clearance Service (CLARCS), 90 Tottenham and the electronic version on http:// Mr Tino DeCarlo, The Advertising Court Road, London W1P 0LP, UK; phone: www.elsevier/health.com/journals/tube. Department, Elsevier Inc., 360 Park Avenue (+44) 20 7631 5555; fax: (+44) 20 7631 5500. South, New York, NY 10010-1710, USA; Other countries may have a local Publication information phone: (+1) (212) 633 3815; reprographic rights agency for payments. fax: (+1) (212) 633 3820; Tuberculosis (ISSN 1472-9792). For 2008, e-mail: [email protected]. DerivativeWorks volume 88 is scheduled for publication. Japan: The Advertising Department, Subscribers may reproduce tables of con- Subscription prices are available upon Elsevier K.K., 4F Higashi-Azabu, tents or prepare lists of articles including request from the Publisher or from the 1-Chome Bldg, 1-9-15 Higashi-Azabu, abstracts for internal circulation within their Regional Sales Office nearest you or from Minato-ku, Tokyo 106-0044, Japan; institutions. Permission of the Publisher is this journal’s website (http://www.elsevier. phone: (+81) (3) 55615037; required for resale or distribution outside com/locate/tube). Further information is fax: (+81) (3) 55615047; the institution. available on this journal and other Elsevier e-mail: [email protected] Permission of the Publisher is required products through Elsevier’s website: (http:// Europe and ROW: Fiona Macnab, for all other derivative works, including www.elsevier.com). Subscriptions are European Journal Commercial Sales, compilations and translations. accepted on a prepaid basis only and are Elsevier Ltd., 32 Jamestown Road, Camden, Electronic Storage or Usage entered on a calendar year basis. Issues are London, NW1 7BY, UK; Permission of the publisher is required to sent by standard mail (surface within phone: (+44) (0) 20 7424 4259; store or use electronically any material Europe, air delivery outside Europe). Priority fax: (+44) (0) 20 7424 4433; contained in this journal, including any rates are available upon request. Claims for e-mail: [email protected] missing issues should be made within six article or part of an article. months of the date of dispatch. Indexing and Abstracting Services Except as outlined above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a This journal is indexed, abstracted USA mailing notice: Tuberculosis (ISSN retrieval system or transmitted in any form and/or published online in the following 1472-9792) is published bimonthly by or by any means, electronic, mechanical, media: Adonis, CAB International, Elsevier Ltd. (The Boulevard, Langford Lane, photocopying, recording or otherwise, Cambridge Scientific Abstracts, Current Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, UK). Annual without prior written permission of the $ Contents, Academy of Sciences Russia, subscription price in the USA US 949 Publisher. Biological Abstracts, UMI (Microfilms), (valid in North, Central and South America), Address permissions requests to: Elsevier BIOSIS, Index Medicus/Medline, NMLUS, including air speed delivery. Periodical Rights Department, at the fax and e-mail Sciences Citation Index, Scisearch, postage paid at Rahway NJ and additional addresses noted above. mailing offices. Research Alert, Medical Documentation Service, EMBASE/Exerpta Medica, Elsevier Notice USA postmaster: Send change of address: BIOBASE/Current Awareness in No responsibility is assumed by the Tuberculosis, Elsevier, 6277 Sea Harbor Biological Sciences. Publisher for any injury and/or damage to Drive, Orlando, FL 32887-4800. & 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved persons or property as a matter of products Airfreight and Mailing in USA by liability, negligence or otherwise, or from This journal and the individual contribu- any use or operation of any methods, Mercury International Limited, 365, Blair tions contained in it are protected Road, Avenel, NJ 07001. products, instructions or ideas contained in under copyright by Elsevier Ltd, and the the material herein. Because of rapid Orders, claims, and journal enquiries: please following terms and conditions apply to advances in the medical sciences, in contact the Customer Service Department at their use: particular, independent verification of diag- the Regional Sales Office nearest you: noses and drug dosages should be made. Orlando: Elsevier, Customer Service Depart- Photocopying Although all advertising material is expected ment, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL Single photocopies of single articles may to conform to ethical (medical) standards, 32887-4800, USA; phone: (877) 8397126 or be made for personal use as allowed by inclusion in this publication does not (800) 6542452 [toll free number for US national copyright laws. Permission of the constitute a guarantee or endorsement of the customers]; (+1) (407) 3454020, (+1) (407) Publisher and payment of a fee is required quality or value of such product or of the 3639661 [customers outside US]; fax: (+1) for all other photocopying, including claims made of it by its manufacturer. (407) 3631354; e-mail: usjcs@ multiple or systematic copying, copying elsevier.com or [email protected] for advertising or promotional purposes, 1 The paper used in this publication meets Amsterdam: Elsevier, Customer Service resale, and all forms of document delivery. the requirments of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 Department, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amster- Special rates are available for educational (Permanence of Paper). dam, The Netherlands; institutions that wish to make photo- phone: (+31) (20) 4853757; copies for non-profit educational fax: (+31) (20) 4853432; classroom use. Tuberculosis has no page charges Tuberculosis Co-Editors in Chief Patrick J. Brennan Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1682, USA Douglas B. Young Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, 3.14 Flowers Building, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK Deputy Editor Brian D. Robertson Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, 3.41 Flowers Building, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College London SW7 2AZ, UK Section Editors Peter Andersen Ken Duncan Gilla Kaplan Staens Seruminstitut Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation Public Health Research Copenhagen, Denmark Seattle, WA, USA Institute, Newark, NJ, USA Kathleen Eisenach Stefan Kaufmann Clifton Barry III University of Arkansas Max Planck Institute for Infec- National Institutes of Health for Medical Sciences tion Biology, Rockville, MD, USA Little Rock, AR, USA Berlin, Germany Warwick