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Aquatic Procedia 4 ( 2015 ) 609 – 616

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON WATER RESOURCES, COASTAL AND OCEAN ENGINEERING (ICWRCOE 2015) Quantitative Analysis of Geomorphology and Flow Pattern Analysis of River Basin Using Geographic Information System

Aparna Pa*, NigeeKa, Shimna Pa and Drissia T Kb

aDepartment of Applied Mechanics& Hydraulics, National Institute of Technology, Surathkal, Karnataka, 575025 bCentre for Water Resources Development and Management, , , India 673571

Abstract

Morphometry and terrain analyses are important in geomorphology where quantitative measurements are made on physical characteristics of landforms. It is done mainly to understand the structure, processes and evolution of landscape. Analysis of the flow pattern in the basin helps to relate the runoff characteristics to the morphometric parameters. In this paper, an attempt is made to study the morphometric aspects of streams and terrain characteristics of landforms of Muvattupuzha river basin of Kerala along with its flow pattern analysis. Geographic Information System was used for generating vector maps of the boundary and drainage. SOI topographic maps of scale 1:50000 were used for extracting the vector maps using GIS software like MapInfo and ArcGIS. The River, Thodupuzhaaar and Kothamangalamaar joining together at Muvattupuzha and flowing down the south-west as a single river for about 115km after confluence and traversing a total length of 121km constitutes the Muvattupuzha river basin. The total drainage area of the river is 1554 km². The Muvattupuzha river basin was sub divided into five sub-basins for analysis, namely Malankara, Kalampur, Kakkadassery, and Muvattupuzha. The linear, areal and relief aspects were studied and related to the mean discharge and peak runoff of the basin and its sub-basins. The linear aspects of morphometry such as stream order, stream length, stream length ratio and bifurcation ratio and areal aspects like drainage density, stream frequency, form factor, elongation ratio, circularity ratio, length of overland flow were calculated for the river basin. The Muvattupuzha basin was found to be a sixth order basin with a mean bifurcation ratio of 4.6. The basin has an average drainage density of 1.34kms/km2. Since stream frequency depends on the drainage network, it also has a low value of 1.34/km2.The pattern of drainage was identified as dendritic showing that the drainage basin is composed of fairly homogeneous rock. The elongation ratio of Muvattupuzha basin was found to be 0.69 indicating that the terrain is elongated in shape. The length of overland flow of the basin is 0.81 representing a gentle slope of terrain with long flow path. The results show that the laws formulated by Horton with reference to quantitative geomorphology are applicable to most of the sub-basins of the Muvattupuzha river basin, situated in the highland and midland. However the law doesn’t hold good for lowland or coastal belt. This could be because of non-homogenous nature of bed rock. The longitudinal profile of the river basin which was developed using altitude and distance from river mouth clearly represents the morphometric parameters derived. Significant regressions

2214-241X © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of organizing committee of ICWRCOE 2015 doi: 10.1016/j.aqpro.2015.02.079 610 P. Aparna et al. / Aquatic Procedia 4 ( 2015 ) 609 – 616

were established for mean discharge and peak runoff on stream length, relief ratio, elongation ratio and area, but not circularity ratio. These relationships can be used to estimate stream flow at ungauged portions of the drainage basins. However, the applicability depends on uniformity in rainfall pattern, lithology, soil type and land use pattern of the basin considered.

© 20152015 The Authors.Authors.Published Published by by Elsevier Elsevier B.V. B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license Peer(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/-review under responsibility of organizing committee). of ICWRCOE 2015. Peer-review under responsibility of organizing committee of ICWRCOE 2015 Keywords:Morphometry; GIS; MapInfo; Runoff; Muvattupuzha.

* Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected]

1. Introduction

For sustainable utilization of water resources it is necessary to quantify the available water in a catchment and minimise the gap between water availability and demand. Hydro morphological analysis is an important aspect in determining the available water in a catchment. Geomorphologic analysis of a watershed provides a quantitative description of the drainage system. Remote sensing and GIS techniques are now a days used for assessing various terrain and morphometric parameters of the drainage basins and watersheds, as they provide a flexible environment basin has and a powerful tool for the manipulation and analysis of spatial information. In Kerala, a river basin is defined as the total draining area contributing to a river having length more than 50km. In the present study Muvattupuzhariverbeen divided into Malankara, Kalampur, Kakkadassery, Thodupuzha and Muvattupuzha sub- basins. The geomorphology and flow pattern of each sub-basin basin was analysed in detail using software. The linear aspects of morphometry such as stream order, stream length, length ratio and bifurcation ratio and areal aspects like drainage density, stream frequency, shape factor, form factor, elongation ratio, and circularity ratio, length of overland flow, relief ratio, and constant of channel maintenance were calculated for all the sub basins. The correlation of flow patterns for average discharge and peak runoff against areal and linear aspects were plotted and analysed.

2. Study area

Thestudy area comprises of theMuvattupuzha river basin which is so called because the term means “the three rivers merge”. The mighty of Muvattupuzha mainly depends on the Muvattupuzha River which is formed from three rivers viz the Kaliyar River, Thodupuzhaaar and Kothamangalamaar.This basin experiences good rainfall and humid atmosphere throughout the year as itgets both North-East Monsoon and South-West Monsoon. The South-West Monsoon begins in June and ends in September and North-East monsoon begins in October and ends in November. The average annual rainfall of this basin is 3100 mm. The mouth is at Vembanad Lake.The river flows down South- West as a single river for about 115km after confluence and traverse a total length of 121km and empty in Vembanad Lake and finally join the Arabian Sea. It is the sixth longest river in Kerala, India. The river flows through and Kottayamdistricts of Kerala with a total drainage area of 1554 km². The river has its origin in the Tharagamkanam region (9°43′ N76°53′ E) east of village of in Kerala at an elevation of 1,094 m(3,590 ft.). There are two major hydrologic observation stations maintained by Centre Water Commission on this river which are at Ramamangalam and Kalampur.

3. Methodology

Survey of India Topographic maps of 1:50,000 scales were used for delineating the study area. The GTS maps 58B/11, 58B/12, 58B/16, 58C/5, 58C/6, 58C/9, 58C/10, 58C/13, 58C/14 were used for Muvattupuzha river basin. Salient features of the river basin was obtained from Water atlas based upon survey of India map. Stream flow data for flow pattern analysis were obtained from Centre water Commission and Water Resources Department of Kerala. In the present study, morphometric analysis of the parameters, namely, stream order, stream length, bifurcation P. Aparna et al. / Aquatic Procedia 4 ( 2015 ) 609 – 616 611 ratio, relief ratio, drainage density, stream frequency, form factor, length of overland flow, constant of channel maintenance, circularity and elongation ratio, shape factor, area, perimeter, and length of the river basin have been carried out using the standard mathematical formulae.

Fig. 1.Muvattupuzhadrainage map

4. Result

The Muvattupuzha river basin was sub divided into five sub- basins. The linear and areal aspects of the basin were analysed using Horton’s and Strahler concepts. The results obtained are tabulated as follows:

Table 1. Linear aspects of Muvattupuzha basin Order No. of streams Length (lu) [km] Mean length (ḻu) [km] Length ratio Bifurcation ratio [nu] 1 2001 1236.43 0.62 - 4.04 2 495 489.88 0.99 1.60 4.13 3 120 272.27 2.27 2.29 5.22 4 23 130.91 5.69 2.51 4.60 5 5 82.88 16.58 2.91 5.00 612 P. Aparna et al. / Aquatic Procedia 4 ( 2015 ) 609 – 616

6 1 93.89 93.89 5.66 -

Table 2. Linear aspects of Malankarasub basin Order No. of streams [nu] Length (lu) [km] Mean length (ḻu) [km] Length ratio Bifurcation ratio

1 394 250.68 0.64 - 3.83 2 103 82.19 0.80 1.25 4.68 3 22 42.20 1.92 2.40 7.33 4 3 18.90 6.30 3.28 3.00 5 1 19.18 19.18 3.04 -

Table 3. Linear aspects of Kalampursub basin Order No. of streams [nu] Length (lu) [km] Mean length ((ḻu) [km] Length ratio Bifurcation ratio

1 615 367.42 0.60 - 4.62 2 133 119.33 0.90 1.50 3.91 3 34 59.77 1.76 1.96 5.67 4 6 41.82 6.97 3.97 3.00 5 2 19.14 9.57 1.37 2.00 6 1 28.38 28.38 2.97 -

Table 4. Linear aspects of Kakkadasserysub basin Order No. of streams [nu] Length (lu) [km] Mean length (ḻu) Length ratio Bifurcation ratio

1 615 367.42 0.60 - 4.62

2 133 119.33 0.90 1.50 3.91 3 34 59.77 1.76 1.96 5.67 4 6 41.82 6.97 3.97 3.00 5 2 19.14 9.57 1.37 2.00 6 1 28.38 28.38 2.97 -

Table 5. Linear aspects of Thodupuzha sub basin Order No. of streams [nu] Length (lu) [km] Mean length (ḻu) Length ratio Bifurcation ratio 1 599 389.83 0.65 - 3.79

2 158 135.05 0.85 1.31 4.65 3 34 72.80 2.14 2.51 4.86 4 7 51.99 7.43 3.47 7.00 5 1 41.81 41.81 5.63 -

Table 6. Linear aspects of Muvattupuzha sub-basin Order No. Of streams [nu] Length (lu) [km] Mean length (ḻu) Length ratio Bifurcation ratio

1 1444 902.31 0.62 - 4.30 2 336 316.16 0.94 1.51 4.31 P. Aparna et al. / Aquatic Procedia 4 ( 2015 ) 609 – 616 613

3 78 160.75 2.06 2.19 5.57 4 14 132.46 9.46 4.59 4.67 5 3 69.51 23.17 2.45 3.00 6 1 44.69 44.69 1.93 -

Table 7. Linear aspects of Muvattupuzha basin & its sub basins Basin/Sub basin Mean length Length ratio= antilog Mean Rb Max basin length Length of overland flow ratio (b) Lb [km] [km]

Main basin 3.00 2.7 4.6 73.16 0.81

Malankara 2.50 2.43 4.71 26.42 0.51

Kalampur 2.35 2.21 3.84 38.26 0.22

Kakkadassery 2.35 2.21 3.84 38.26 0.09

Thodupuzha 3.2 2.9 5.07 41.79 0.03

Muvattupuzha 2.5 2.53 4.37 57.26 0.01

Table 8. Areal aspects of Muvattupuzha basin & its sub basins

Basin Latitude- Longitude A P Rc Re Rf Rr Dd C F

Main Basin - 1974 305.3 0.27 0.69 0.37 0.02 1.34 0.64 1.34 Malankara 760 46' E 90 50' 4"N 155 79.6 0.31 0.53 0.22 0.05 5.09 0.07 3.37 Kalampur 760 46' E 90 50' 4"N 377 117.6 0.34 0.57 0.26 0.03 2.12 0.28 2.10 Kakkadassery 760 46' E 90 50' 4"N 377 117.6 0.34 0.57 0.26 0.03 4.98 0.19 2.10 Thodupuzha 760 46' E 90 50' 4"N 378 131.2 0.28 0.53 0.22 0.03 4.96 0.11 2.11 Muvattupuzha 760 46' E 90 50' 4"N 1003 199.2 0.32 0.62 0.31 0.02 1.87 0.33 1.87

A:Area ; P: Perimeter ; Rc:Circularity ratio; Re: Elongation ratio ; Rf: Form factor ; Rh:Relief ratio; Dd: Drainage density; C: Constant of channel maintenance; F:Stream frequency

1500

1000

500

Elevation [m] Elevation 0

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Distance [km]

Fig. 2.Longitudinal profile of Muvattupuzhariver 614 P. Aparna et al. / Aquatic Procedia 4 ( 2015 ) 609 – 616

Fig.3. Regression of no of stream segments on order Fig. 4. Regression of logarithm of stream segments on order

4. Flow pattern

The five sub-basins considered are the Malankara, Kalampur, Kakkadassery, Thodupuzha and Muvattupuzha with areas of 155.4 km2, 376.9 km2, 378.2 km2, 378.2 km2 and 1003 km2 respectively.

Table 9. Avg. runoff & Peak .runoff data for selected sub-basins Sub basins Average Discharge(mm/day)/ Peak Discharge(mm/day) June July August September October November Malankara 2.3/2.5 2.3/2.5 2.3/2.3 2.2/2.3 2.2/2.3 2.1/2.3 Kakkadassery 2.1/2.4 2.3/2.5 2.2/2.4 2.0/2.2 1.9/2.1 1.7/2.0 Kalampur 2.6/3.5 2.7/3.7 2.6/3.6 2.3/3.0 2.4/3.2 2.2/3.1 Thodupuzha 2.6/3.5 2.8/3.6 2.7/3.5 2.5/3.2 2.5/3.4 2.4/3.2 Muvattupuzha 3.0/3.9 3.1/4.0 3.0/3.8 2.7/3.3 2.8/3.6 2.6/3.3

P. Aparna et al. / Aquatic Procedia 4 ( 2015 ) 609 – 616 615

Fig 5.Log relief ratio plotted against log mean discharge & peak runoff

5. Discussions and Conclusions

Bifurcation ratio: The term bifurcation ratio (Rb) is used to express the ratio of the number of streams of any given order (Nu) to the number of streams in next higher order (Nu+1).A perusal of table shows that the Rb between different successive orders is almost constant for Muvattupuzha basin ranging from 4.04 to 5.22 with the mean bifurcation ratio of 4.6. This is because of the same geological and lithological development of the basin. The highest Rb (7.33) is found between 3rd and 4th order in Malankara sub-basin which indicates corresponding highest overland flow and discharge due to hilly metamorphic formation associated with high slope configuration. The th th lowest Rb is found between 5 and 6 orders in Kalampur and Kakkadassery sub-basins.

Length of overland flow:This term refers to the length of the run of the rainwater on the ground surface before it is localized into definite channels. Length of overland flow of the basin is found to be 0.81kms with widely varying values for different sub-basins. This indicates the basin to have gentle slopes and longer flow paths.

Relief Ratio (Rh): It is defined as the ratio of horizontaldistance along the longest dimension of the basin parallel to the principal drainage line. Quantitatively, it is the measurementof the overall steepness of a drainage basin. Also, it is an indicator of the intensity of erosion processes operating on the basin slopes. Relief ratio of theriver basin is found to be 0.02.These low values of relief ratio indicates very mild slope in the river basin and hence it’s least susceptibility to erosion processes.

Drainage Pattern (Dp): Pattern of drainage has been identified as dendritic and radial in the study area. This pattern is characterized by a tree like or fernlike pattern with branches that intersect primarily at acute angles.

Drainage density (Dd):It is the ratio of total channel segment lengths cumulated for all orders within a basin to the basin area, which is expressed in terms of km/sq. km. The drainage density indicates the closeness of spacing of channels, thus providing a quantitative measure of the average length of stream channel for the whole basin. This value forMuvattupuzha basin was found to be 1.34km/km. The value varies from 1.84kms/km2 in Muvattupuzha sub 2 basin to 5.09kms/km in Malankara sub basin. The drainage density of Muvattupuzha sub-basin (Dd 1.84) is low showing that the region has highly permeable subsoil, under dense vegetative cover, and the relief is low.

Stream frequencyis defined as the total number of stream segments of all orders per unit area. Its value indicates positive correlation with the drainage density suggesting increase in stream population with respect to increase in drainage density. This value of the basin is 1.34.

Elongation ratiois defined as the ratio of diameter of a circle of the same area as the basin to the maximum basin length. This value of Muvattupuzha basin is 0.69 indicating that the terrain is elongated in shape. Re for the five sub- basins is less than 0.70 which indicates that sub-basins also have elongated shapes. 616 P. Aparna et al. / Aquatic Procedia 4 ( 2015 ) 609 – 616

Circularity ratiois defined as the ratio of watershed area to the area of a circle having the same perimeter as the watershed and it is pretentious by the lithological character of the watershed. This value of the basin is 0.27 and the sub basins ranges from 0.28- 0.34, which corroborates the Miller’s range which indicates that the basin is elongated in shape with low discharge of runoff and high permeability of the subsoil condition.

Form factoris the dimensionless ratio of basin area to the square of basin length. This value of Muvattupuzha basin is 0.37 which comes under low value category and that of five sub-basins ranges from 0.22-0.37 which is also classified as low indicating the basin has elongated shape and suggesting flat hydrograph peak for longer duration.

Constant of Channel Maintenance (1/D): The constant of channel maintenance indicates the relative size of landform units in a drainage basin and has a specific genetic connotation. This value for the river basin is found to be 0.64km2/km indicating resistant soils, good vegetation and comparably plain terrain.

The results show that the laws formulated by Horton with reference to quantitative geomorphology are applicable to most of the sub-basins of the river basins under consideration, situated in the highland and midland. However the law doesn’t hold good for lowland or coastal belt. This could be because of non-homogenous nature of bed rock and/or recent uplift of the area.Significant regressions were obtained in most of the cases for average monthly runoff and peak runoff on various geomorphic characteristics within all the sub-basins. These relationships can be used to estimate stream flow at ungauged portions of the drainage basins. However, the applicability depends on uniformity in rainfall pattern, lithology, structure, soil type and land use pattern of the basin considered

Acknowledgement

This research work has been accomplished under Surface water Division, Centre for Water Resources Development and Management Institute, Kozhikode, Kerala, India. The authors express their gratitude to the institute.The authors also express their sincere thanks to National institute of Technology Karnataka Surathkal for allowing to do this research as a part of internship programme.

References

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