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Mineral Commodities of Newfoundland and Labrador Zinc and Lead

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Mineral Commodities of Newfoundland and Labrador Zinc and Lead MINERAL COMMODITIES OF NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR ZINC AND LEAD Mines Branch Mineral Commodities of Newfoundland and Labrador Zinc and Lead Foreword his is the first in a series of summary publications covering the principal mineral commodities of the Province. It’s pur- Tpose is to act as a source of initial information for explorationists and to provide a bridge to the detailed repository of information that is contained in the maps and reports of the provincial and federal geological surveys, as well as in numerous exploration-assessment reports. The information contained in this series is accessible via the internet at the Geological Survey of Newfoundland and Labrador web site http://www.nr.gov.nl.ca/mines&en/geosurvey/ Publications in the Series Zinc and Lead (Number 1, revised 2008); Nickel (Number 2, revised 2008); Copper (Number 3, revised 2007); Gold (Number 4, revised 2008); Uranium in Labrador (Number 5, 2008) Additional Sources of Information urther information is available in the publications of the geological surveys of Newfoundland and Labrador and Canada. FThe Geological Survey of Newfoundland and Labrador also holds a considerable inventory of exploration-assessment files available for onsite inspection at its St. John's headquarters and for download via the Geological Survey of Newfoundland and Labrador web site http://www.nr.gov.nl.ca/mines&en/geosurvey/. Descriptions of individual mineral occurrences are available through the provincial Mineral Occurrence Database System (MODS), which is accessible from the Survey’s web site. Up- to-date overviews of mining developments and exploration activity targeting copper are available on-line at http://www.nr. gov.nl.ca/mines&en/ Contact Addresses Geological Survey of Newfoundland and Labrador Geological Survey of Canada Department of Natural Resources 601 Booth Street P.O. Box 8700 Ottawa, ON, Canada St. John’s, NL, Canada K1A 0E8 A1B 4J6 Tel. 613.995.4342 Tel. 709.729.3159 Fax 613.943.0646 Fax 709.729.4491 Long distance (Canada and USA) 1.888.252.4301 http://www.nr.gov.nl.ca/mines&en/geosurvey/ http://www.NRCan.gc.ca/gsc/ NOTE he purchaser agrees not to provide a digital reproduction or copy of this product to a third party. Derivative products Tshould acknowledge the source of the data. DISCLAIMER he Geological Survey, a division of the Department of Natural Resources (the “authors and publishers”), retains the sole Tright to the original data and information found in any product produced. The authors and publishers assume no legal lia- bility or responsibility for any alterations, changes or misrepresentations made by third parties with respect to these products or the original data. Furthermore, the Geological Survey assumes no liability with respect to digital reproductions or copies of original products or for derivative products made by third parties. Please consult with the Geological Survey in order to ensure originality and correctness of data and/or products. Compiled by R.J. Wardle, 2000 Reprinted with minor revisions, 2008 Front Cover: Colloform sphalerite ore, Daniel’s Harbour mine. Mineral Commodities of Newfoundland and Labrador Zinc and Lead Introduction inc was the most important non-ferrous metallic Zcommodity produced in Newfoundland between 1928 and 1990. During this period, 2.3 million tonnes of the metal were produced with an in situ value of US$3.1 billion, using present day prices. Lead, apart from some early ventures, was generally produced only as a by-product of other mining operations for a total production of 1.22 million tonnes at a present day in situ value of US$556 million. The two most important geological environments for zinc and lead mineralization in Newfoundland are the carbonate platform rocks of western Newfound- land, which host Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) deposits, and the volcanic terranes of central New- foundland, which host numerous volcanogenic mas- sive sulphide (VMS) deposits. Lead, and to a lesser extent zinc, also occur in a number of vein-hosted epi- genetic occurrences that locally formed the basis for 19th century mining operations, but which are gener- ally uneconomic in today's markets. The first recorded production of lead in New- foundland was from vein deposits at the La Manche Mine of Placentia Bay in 1855. Attempts were made to develop other mines between 1860 and 1885; how- ever, these were all based on small epigenetic veins Figure 1. The Lucky Strike Glory Hole S the first and none managed any sustained period of production Buchans Mine. or profitability. Modern mining of zinc and lead began in 1928 Carbonate-Hosted Mineralization with the development of the Buchans volcanic-hosted Environments deposits located in central Newfoundland (Figure 1). Further discoveries followed, and the Zinc was the he principal mineralization envi- Buchans operations remained in Tronments of this type are found production until their eventual most important non- in the carbonate rocks of the depletion in 1984. In the mean- ferrous metallic commodity Humber Zone that form the time, exploration in the western western margin of the New- Newfoundland carbonate plat- produced in Newfoundland during foundland Appalachians. Three form had led to the discovery in the period 1928 to 1990 when 2.3 rock units host zinc–lead miner- 1963 of the Daniel's Harbour alization in the Humber Zone, zinc deposit. This came into pro- million tonnes of the metal the most important of which is duction in 1975 and closed in 1990, were produced. the Cambro-Ordovician platformal again following depletion of the ore carbonate sequence that stretches from reserves. the Port au Port Peninsula in the south to the top of the Great Northern Peninsula (Figure 2). The predomi- Although there is currently no production of zinc nant mineralization consists of sphalerite–galena and or lead in the Province, there remains considerable pyrite filling secondary voids as a replacement of car- potential for future discoveries. bonate beds and as the matrix to collapse breccias. 1 Mineral Commodities of Newfoundland and Labrador Generally, this mineralization is considered to be of Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) and comparable to other deposits of this type found in the western plat- formal sequences of the Appalachian Orogen (e.g., Great Northern Peninsula ZINC and LEAD OCCURRENCES of NEWFOUNDLAND Port au Port Peninsula Goodyear Daniel’s Harbour Lead Cove Bonne Bay Trapper the lead and zinc deposits of Tennessee). Mineraliza- HUMBER ZONE tion is found throughout the sequence but predomi- nantly within the Port au Port and St. George groups Port Aux Basques (Figure 3). Sphalerite is the dominant ore mineral and Turners Ridge Round Pond Strickland HUMBER ZONE Zinc and Lead Neoproterozoic to Ordovician OVERLAP SEQUENCES Baie Verte Peninsula Figure 2. Galena #1 vein Clastic and metasedimentary Silverdale Meso Neoproterozoic rocks Devonian to Carboniferous sedimentary rocks DUNNAGE Zn-Pb mineral occurrences Platformal carbonate rocks Silurian sedimentary and volcanic rocks ZONE Basal clastic, carbonate and volcanic rocks #6 Trench – Simplified geological map of Newfoundland showing location of major zinc and lead occurrences. Gneisses and granites Barasway de Cerf Grand Falls -producing Fig. 6 Major past mine Winter Hill Significant undeveloped deposit Significant occurrence Gander DUNNAGE & GANDER ZONES Cambrian to Silurian Selected minor occurrence GANDER Carbonate-hosted ZONE Clastic-hosted Neoproterozoic Ordovician St. Lawrence Marine clastic and Volcanic-hosted volcanic rocks Marystown Granite-related- Ophiolitic rocks vein-hosted Non-igneous vein-hosted INTRUSIVE ROCKS Metasedimentary rocks and migmatite Silvercliff – Ordovician Devonian intrusions Neoproterozoic Cambrian intrusions AVA L ON Z ON E – 2 AVAL ON ZON E Neoproterozoic to Ordovician– St. John’s Subaerial marine sedimentary rocks Mafic and felsic volcanic rocks – Mineral Commodities of Newfoundland and Labrador Zinc and Lead was preceded by the development of a secondary por- platform. These include vein-hosted and void-fill osity in association with formation of pseudobreccia. sphalerite–galena occurrences in sparry and fine- The latter is a replacement product in which “frag- grained dolomite of the Cambrian Port au Port Group ments” of earlier dolomitized limestone are left float- on the tip of the Great Northern Peninsula, and near ing in a matrix of secondary sparry dolomite (Figure Corner Brook in the south. These are too numerous to 4). Other true breccias in the vicinity of the deposits be all shown on Figure 2 but are depicted schemati- are related to solution collapse, probably in response cally in Figure 3. to the local emergence of the platform and consequent karstification of the carbonate rocks below a regional A different style of mineralization is found with- unconformity. in the brecciated and reefoid Carboniferous rocks that PREDOMINANTLY PREDOMINANTLY ALLOCHTHONOUS CARBONATE ROCKS CLASTIC ROCKS SEQUENCE Figure 3. Setting of zinc–lead MAINLAND Daniel’s Harbour-type SANDSTONE occurrence limestone zinc–lead mineraliza- tion in relation to TABLE HEAD SEDIMENT INFILL GROUP Aguathuna Fm. OF PALEO-DEPRESSION paleodepressions and ORDOVICIAN ZINC ORE ZONE pseudobreccia. Column at left shows ST. GEORGE Catoche GROUP Fm. stratigraphic position of Daniel’s Harbour 1000 pseudobreccia pseudobreccia PORT AU PORT GROUP and other MVT zinc– collapse breccia lead occurrences (after limestone 500 m 50 m LABRADOR Lane, 1984). CAMBRIAN GROUP PRECAMBRIAN BASEMENT 0100 m 0 The single major example
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