DOCSLIB.ORG

Growing Table Grapes in a Temperate Climate

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Growing Table Grapes in a Temperate Climate Extension Bulletin E-2774 • New • January 2002 Growing Table Grapes in a Temperate Climate Thomas J. Zabadal Department of Horticulture Graphics by Diane Dings Illustrations by Laurel Breyen MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY EXTENSION Acknowledgments his publication results from more than a quarter century of experience with growing table grapes in the temperate climates of New York and T Michigan. Many growers in New York and Michigan were involved in experiments, trials, demonstrations and commercial table grape production on their farms. Dr. Bruce Reisch, Dr. Jim Moore, Elmer Swenson and Dr. Helen Fisher provided table grape plant material to be planted at the Southwest Michigan Research and Extension Center (SWMREC). Dr. Stan Howell, Dr. Dave Miller and Dr. Charles Edson made the first plantings of table grapes at SWMREC. Many SWMREC staff members — including Jim Ertman, Gaylord Brunke, Fred Froehlich, Tom Dittmer and Cassie Meier — have contributed to the management of table grapes planted at SWMREC. Thanks to Diane Dings and Laurel Breyen for contributing computer graphics and illustrations, respec- tively. Those contributing helpful comments on the manuscript include Jeanne VanNewenhizen, Wayne Baker, Joe Herman, Jordan Tatter, Al Lange, Dr. Jim Flore, Dr. Garth Cahoon, Dr. Stan Howell, Dr. Don Ramsdell, Dr. Ron Perry and Dr. Nick Dookozlian. An anonymous donor provided significant funding to defray the cost of publishing this manuscript. The Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station has funded many table grape projects that have contributed information in this publication. Thanks to MSU ANR Communications staff members Alicia Burnell, Leslie Johnson and Ken Fettig for editorial, graphic design and print production coordination. Diane Dings deserves special recognition for guiding the manuscript through numerous stages. Her dedication made this publication possible. Products are mentioned in this publication for informational purposes only, and such mention does not constitute endorsement by Michigan State University or imply discrimination against unmentioned products. Individuals should check current product registrations of all materials before purchase and use. 2 Table of Contents Introduction . 4 Vineyard Fertilization . 22 Insect and Disease Control . 22 Section I – The Structure of a Grapevine. 4 Strategies for a Pesticide Spray Program. 23 Shoots, Laterals, Trunks, Arms and Cordons . 4 Controlling Animal Depredation Nodes, Internodes, Fruiting Canes in Table Grapes . 24 and Fruiting Spurs . 6 Renewal Zone, Renewal Spurs Section IV – Special Practices to and Vine Space . 6 Produce Quality Table Grapes . 26 Suckers and Trunk Renewals . 7 Crop Adjustment . 27 Flower Cluster Thinning . 29 Section II – Getting Started . 9 Cluster Thinning . 30 Selecting, Designing and Preparing Berry Thinning . 31 a Vineyard Site . 9 Gibberellic Acid Sprays . 32 Selecting Grape Varieties to Plant . 10 Girdling . 32 Planting and Care of Young Vines. 11 Shoot Positioning . 35 Brushing . 36 Section III – Cultural Practices Shoot Topping . 37 For Managing Mature Grapevines . 13 Grapevine Training Systems for Section V – Harvest, Storage and Table Grape Production. 13 Marketing of Table Grapes . 38 Modified Munson Training . 13 Harvesting Table Grapes . 38 Modified 4-Arm Kniffin . 15 Storing Table Grapes . 38 Hudson River Umbrella . 15 Marketing Table Grapes . 39 Fan Training . 16 Arbor Training. 16 Appendix A – Available Publications . 40 Pruning Vines for Table Grape Production . 18 Pruning Severity . 19 Appendix B – Sources of Materials Selecting Fruiting Canes . 20 for Table Grape Production . 42 Steps in Pruning . 20 Spring Vineyard Chores. 22 References. 43 3 Introduction able grapes have become a very popular fruit grape production. These may include frost-free grow- in the United States. Annual per capita con- ing seasons of 165 days or less, winter minimum tem- sumption of table grapes in the United States peratures of -5ºF or lower, and growing season heat T accumulations of 3,000 growing degree-days or less has quadrupled over the past quarter century. It now exceeds 7 pounds per person, and grapes rank fourth (base 50ºF). Breeding programs have developed table after bananas, apples and oranges. Improved storage grape varieties well suited to temperate climates. With technology and extensive winter importation now the proper varieties and good management, it is possi- make table grapes available year round. ble to grow flavorful, high quality table grapes. This publication guides growers to that goal and comple- Though the major U.S. table grape production regions ments several other publications in this series: are in warm climates such as the San Joaquin Valley Vineyard Establishment (Zabadal, 1997; Zabadal and of California, many areas with temperate climates Andresen, 1997), Table Grape Varieties for Michigan have potential for exciting and profitable production of (Zabadal et al., 1997) and Pest Control in Small flavorful table grapes. Temperate climates are those Vineyards (Zabadal, 1999). Sources of these publica- that may have a warm growing season but have other tions are listed in Appendix A. temperature-related characteristics that challenge Section I – The Structure of a Grapevine hether you are a backyard viticulturist with trunk divides into branches, these branches are called no grape growing experience or a veteran arms. Arms are rough-barked portions of the vine grape grower, all efforts to grow table grapes other than the trunk(s). Sometimes a trunk is bent so W a horizontal arm runs along a trellis wire. This hori- must begin with an understanding of the aboveground structure of a grapevine. zontal arm is then called a cordon (Fig. 1f). New vine growth begins each year with primary shoots, which are the elongating green tissues with leaves. Primary Shoots, Laterals, Trunks, shoots often develop side branches, which are called Arms and Cordons lateral shoots. As a vine matures in the latter part of the growing season, shoots become woody from their The structure of a grapevine is really quite simple. base outward. After the leaves fall from the vine, these Trunks and arms are the rough-barked, semi-perma- smooth, tan or brown woody vine parts are called nent woody parts of the vine. A trunk is easy to iden- canes. Lateral shoots that become woody are called tify because it originates at or near the ground like the lateral canes or simply laterals (Fig. 1f). As the trunks on other woody plants (Fig. 1a). There can be shoots are maturing into woody canes in the latter one, two or several trunks on a grapevine. When a part of the growing season, the canes from the previ- 4 Section 1 — The Structure of a Grapevine Figure 1 a See Fig. 1b b Double trunks This cane will on new probably be grapevine girdled by the twine and should not be used. This cane kept because it is pliable enough to be Tight twine or Loose twist tie Triangular twine tie to bent in the other direction. twist tie at end along the cordon hold trunks together c nodes d of cordon Renewal spur internodes serves as a source 30” 30” of canes if it becomes necessary renewal spur to replace the cordon. loose twine tie Loose twine tie 66” 66” Double trunks Fig. 1 – Steps to training a grapevine to e the Hudson River umbrella (HRU) train- ing system: (a) an unpruned double- trunked vine after its second year of These canes are growth; (b) an expanded view of the top vertically oriented of a 2-year-old trunk indicating that the 30” because they were shoot cane at the top will probably not be positioned. useful because it will be girdled by the twine; (c) vine after pruning to retain the 66” long canes to establish cordons and renewal spurs; (d) vine after being tied to the trellis; (e) unpruned vine after its third growing season; (f) (see next page) vine after it is pruned and tied in preparation for its fourth growing sea- son and those thereafter. 5 Section 1 — The Structure of a Grapevine Figure 1 (continued) f Cordon Renewal zone 30” One-node lateral spurs on a large diameter cane Fruiting Renewal 66” canes spur Tight twist ties ous year are developing a rough-textured bark. After Renewal Zone, Renewal Spurs the leaves fall from the vine in the fall, the rough bark characteristic of the 2-year-old or older portions of the and Vine Space vine distinguishes them from the smooth-barked A vine must be managed to occupy its own specific current-year canes. space along a vineyard trellis. The portion of a trellis reserved for a vine is called its vine space. A vine is contained within its vine space through a combination Nodes, Internodes, Fruiting of vine management practices including choice of Canes and Fruiting Spurs training system, pruning, shoot positioning and fertil- ization. The renewal zone of a grapevine is the area Canes, the smooth-barked woody parts of the vine, within that vine space from which fruiting canes (or are very important to the grower. They have enlarged fruiting spurs, when these are used) originate. The areas along them called nodes (Fig. 1c). A node is a precise location and shape of a renewal zone will compound bud composed of: a primary bud, which depend on the vine training system being utilized. For typically produces two-thirds or more of the fruit; a example, when a modified 4-arm Kniffin training sys- secondary bud, which produces up to one-third of the tem is utilized (Fig. 3b), the fruiting canes originate fruit; and a tertiary bud, which produces little or no from a renewal zone in the middle of the vine space fruit (Fig. 2a). The smooth areas of a cane between near the top wire of the trellis. Therefore, in this the nodes are called internodes (Fig. 1c). Canes may example, an experienced pruner's eyes will concen- be pruned to varying lengths. If they are pruned to one trate on that portion of the vine to locate the desired to three nodes, they are called fruiting spurs.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Koshu and the Uncanny: a Postcard
    feature / vinifera / Koshu KOSHU AND THE UNCANNY: A POSTCARD Andrew Jefford writes home from Yamanashi Prefecture in Japan, where he enjoys the delicate, understated wines made from the Koshu grape variety in what may well be “the wine world’s most mysterious and singular outpost” ew mysterious journeys to strange lands still remain Uncannily uncommon, even in Japan for wine travelers. It’s by companion plants, Let’s start with the context. Even that may startle. Wine of any background topography, and the luminescence of sort is not, you should know, a familiar friend to most the sky that we can identify photographs of Japanese drinkers; it accounts for only 4 percent of national universally planted Chardonnay or Cabernet alcohol consumption. Most Japanese drink cereal-based Fvineyards; the rows of vines themselves won’t necessarily help. beverages based on barley and other grains (beer and whisky) Steel tanks and wooden barrels are as hypermobile as those and rice (sake and some shochu—though this lower-strength, filling them. Winemakers share a common language, though vodka-like distilled beverage can also be derived from the words chosen might be French, Spanish, or Italian rather barley, sweet potatoes, buckwheat, and sugar). The Japanese than English. also enjoy a plethora of sweet, prepared drinks at various Until, that is, you tilt your compass to distant Yamanashi alcohol levels based on a mixture of fruit juices, distillates, and Prefecture in Japan. Or, perhaps, Japan’s other three other flavorings. winemaking prefectures: lofty Nagano, snug Yamagata, chilly The wines enjoyed by that small minority of Japanese Hokkaidō (much of it north of Vladivostok).
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic Structure and Domestication History of the Grape
    Genetic structure and domestication history of the grape Sean Mylesa,b,c,d,1, Adam R. Boykob, Christopher L. Owense, Patrick J. Browna, Fabrizio Grassif, Mallikarjuna K. Aradhyag, Bernard Prinsg, Andy Reynoldsb, Jer-Ming Chiah, Doreen Wareh,i, Carlos D. Bustamanteb, and Edward S. Bucklera,i aInstitute for Genomic Diversity, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; bDepartment of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305; cDepartment of Biology, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS, Canada B4P 2R6; dDepartment of Plant and Animal Sciences, Nova Scotia Agricultural College, Truro, NS, Canada B2N 5E3; eGrape Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456; fBotanical Garden, Department of Biology, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; gNational Clonal Germplasm Repository, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, University of California, Davis, CA 95616; hCold Spring Harbor Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724; and iRobert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14853 Edited* by Barbara A. Schaal, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, and approved December 9, 2010 (received for review July 1, 2010) The grape is one of the earliest domesticated fruit crops and, since sociations using linkage mapping. Because of the grape’s long antiquity, it has been widely cultivated and prized for its fruit and generation time (generally 3 y), however, establishing and wine. Here, we characterize genome-wide patterns of genetic maintaining linkage-mapping populations is time-consuming and variation in over 1,000 samples of the domesticated grape, Vitis expensive.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effect of Weather Conditions on the Seasonal Variation of Physical Activity
    PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN THE ARAB REGION THE EFFECT OF WEATHER CONDITIONS ON THE SEASONAL VARIATION OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY – Written by Abdulla Saeed Al-Mohannadi and Mohamed Ghaith Al-Kuwari, Qatar Physical inactivity is considered the role on physical activity in regions with a walking, cycling and outdoor sports have fourth top risk factor for death worldwide. temperate climate – even on day-to-day been identified as the main source for Approximately 3.2 million of world’s basis4. accumulating the recommended amount population die each year due to insufficient Several studies have investigated of daily physical activity. Studies have physical activity1. Regular physical activity obstacles to participation in physical found that time spent outdoors is highly can decrease the risk of developing activity. These studies have identified non-communicable diseases such as adverse weather conditions such as extreme hypertension, type 2 diabetes, some types temperatures, hours of daylight, snow, rain time spent of cancers and depression2. Prevalence of and wind as major barriers for participation insufficient physical activity was highest in in physical activity. Further, adverse weather outdoors is highly the World Health Organization regions of the conditions are responsible for the seasonal correlated with Americas and the Eastern Mediterranean variation observed in physical activity for (50% of women, 40% of men)2. all individuals regardless of age5. The aim of certain weather Physical environmental factors have this review is to summarise the relationship been considered contributing determinants between weather conditions and level of conditions, such of health and factors that enable or disable physical activity. as high or low individuals from participating in daily physical activity.
    [Show full text]
  • The K-Index Is One of the Main Stability Indices That We Use to Determine the Probability of Thunderstorm Activity in Our Area
    The K-Index is one of the main stability indices that we use to determine the probability of thunderstorm activity in our area. The American Meteorology Society’s (AMS) Glossary of Meteorology defines a stability index as: “Any of several quantities that attempt to evaluate the potential for convective storm activity and that may be readily evaluated from operational sounding data.” AMS (2017) i.e. weather balloon data. High pressure generally is associated with a stable atmosphere and a minimized chance of showers and thunderstorms. Low pressure is generally associated with an unstable atmosphere and an increased chance of showers and thunderstorms. The K-Index is thus defined “K-index: This index is due to George (1960) and is defined by The first term is a lapse rate term, while the second and third are related to the moisture between 850 and 700 mb, and are strongly influenced by the 700-mb temperature–dewpoint spread. As this index increases from a value of 20 or so, the likelihood of showers and thunderstorms is expected to increase.” AMS(2017) In simpler terms, the K-Index evaluates the change in temperature from 850mb in height to 500mb in height, adds the dewpoint at 850mb in height and then subtracts the difference of the temperature and dewpoint at 700mb in height. This relationship between temperature and moisture is one way to measure stability. In Bermuda, a value of 30 or higher suggests at least a moderate risk of airmass thunderstorms. Bermuda Weather Service (BWS) (2017) There are many other stability indices that can be calculated from weather balloon and weather model data.
    [Show full text]
  • Things You Should Know About Pruning (PDF)
    THINGS YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT PRUNING What is pruning? It is the art and science of maintaining the health, beauty and longevity of our trees. It should be done throughout the year based on the needs of the plant. Simply removing spent blooms is pruning. Snipping back new shoots that are out of balance is pruning. Removing dead or broken branches is pruning. Pruning can be learned and applied by anyone who values their investment in trees. Maintenance pruning is an annual routine based on observation. PRUNING YOUNG TREES: Pruning is best done in late February or early March when leaves are off and the plant is not growing. Prune out a co-dominant leader. Strong trees should have only one central trunk. Leave lower limbs to help young tree trunks develop strength and taper. Prune low hanging branches that may interfere with foot traffic. Prune out branches that cross others. Remove branches that have weak angles when they are small. Encourage side branches that form a strong angle, one that is 1/3 off vertical or at 10:00 and 2:00 positions on the trunk. Prune out branches that grow towards the center. Prune out diseased, dead and broken branches anytime. PRUNING ESTABLISHED TREES 5-7 YEARS and OLDER Prune out fast growing branches called SUCKERS. Prune out girdling roots from the base of the tree. Remove lower limbs from the lower one third of the trunk. Remove any upper branches that have grown beyond the shape of the crown. Check spacing between branches and remove any weak angles or inward growing branches.
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Two Girdling Dates on Carbohydrate Accumulation in Plant Tissues and Fruit Quality of Barberry
    Journal of Horticultural Research 2018, vol. 26(2): 55-60 DOI: 10.2478/johr-2018-0016 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ EFFECT OF TWO GIRDLING DATES ON CARBOHYDRATE ACCUMULATION IN PLANT TISSUES AND FRUIT QUALITY OF BARBERRY Mina MOQHADDAM*, Zeinab AREFNEZHAD, Mehdi KHAYYAT University of Birjand, Iran Received: April 2018; Accepted: February 2019 ABSTRACT The present study was designed to investigate the effects of two girdling dates (late April and early September) on fruit quality and carbohydrate accumulation in barberry shrubs (Berberis vulgaris L.) during the years 2016–2017. One year old shoots were ringed and fruit characteristics were monitored for two continues year. Data showed that the girdling caused a significant increase in the ascorbic acid content in fruit. Similarly, anthocyanin and total acidity were affected by girdling compared to control in 2017. Sep- tember-girdled shrubs had the highest amount of fresh mass but the dry mass was not changed. It was shown that chlorophyll b increased in the girdled shrubs compared to control. September girdling reduced the carbohydrate content in leaves. In contrast, it increased the carbohydrate content in shoots. In addition, there was a significant difference between starch in the shoot and starch in leaf. Owing to the obtained results, early September girdling caused a broad range on fruit quality. Keywords: starch, chlorophyll, anthocyanin, ringing, seedless barberry INTRODUCTION Ringing interrupts the phloem pathway and consequently change the pattern of distribution Seedless barberry (Berberis vulgaris L.), be- (Mason & Maskell 1928). By girdling, the flow of longs to the Berberidaceae family that grows in the sap stops, carbohydrates and starch accumulate mountainous north-east of Iran, Khorasan (Fatehi‐ above the girdle, and also in production and translo- Hassanabad et al.
    [Show full text]
  • 14 May 2021 Aperto
    AperTO - Archivio Istituzionale Open Access dell'Università di Torino Profiling of Hydroxycinnamoyl Tartrates and Acylated Anthocyaninsin the Skin of 34 Vitis vinifera Genotypes This is the author's manuscript Original Citation: Availability: This version is available http://hdl.handle.net/2318/103195 since 2020-04-01T16:03:11Z Published version: DOI:10.1021/jf2045608 Terms of use: Open Access Anyone can freely access the full text of works made available as "Open Access". Works made available under a Creative Commons license can be used according to the terms and conditions of said license. Use of all other works requires consent of the right holder (author or publisher) if not exempted from copyright protection by the applicable law. (Article begins on next page) 24 September 2021 1 2 3 4 5 This is an author version of the contribution published on: 6 Questa è la versione dell’autore dell’opera: 7 Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 60, 4931-4945, 2012 8 DOI: 10.1021/jf2045608 9 10 The definitive version is available at: 11 La versione definitiva è disponibile alla URL: 12 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jf2045608 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 1 22 Profiling of Hydroxycinnamoyl Tartrates and of Acylated Anthocyanins in the Skin of 34 Vitis 23 vinifera Genotypes. 24 25 ALESSANDRA FERRANDINO,ǂ ANDREA CARRA,ǂ LUCA ROLLE ,‡ ANNA SCHNEIDER,§ 26 AND ANDREA SCHUBERT ǂ 27 ǂ Dipartimento Colture Arboree, Università di Torino, Via L. da Vinci 44, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), 28 Italy 29 ‡ DIVAPRA, Università di Torino, via L.
    [Show full text]
  • Mower County, MN
    Natural Hazards Assessment Mower County, MN Prepared by: NOAA / National Weather Service La Crosse, WI 1 Natural Hazards Assessment for Mower County, MN Prepared by NOAA / National Weather Service – La Crosse Last Update: October 2013 Table of Contents: Overview…………………………………………………. 3 Tornadoes………………………………………………… 4 Severe Thunderstorms / Lightning……….…… 5 Flooding and Hydrologic Concerns……………. 6 Winter Storms and Extreme Cold…….…….…. 7 Heat, Drought, and Wildfires………………….... 8 Local Climatology……………………………………… 9 National Weather Service & Weather Monitoring……………………….. 10 Resources………………………………………………… 11 2 Natural Hazards Assessment Mower County, MN Prepared by National Weather Service – La Crosse Overview Mower County is in the Upper Mississippi River Valley of the Midwest with rolling hills and relatively flat farm land. The City of Austin is an urban area on the far western end of the county. The area experiences a temperate climate with both warm and cold season extremes. Winter months can bring occasional heavy snows, intermittent freezing precipitation or ice, and prolonged periods of cloudiness. While true blizzards are rare, winter storms impact the area on average about 4 times per season. Occasional arctic outbreaks bring extreme cold and dangerous wind chills. Thunderstorms occur on average 30 to 50 times a year, mainly in the spring and summer months. The strongest storms can produce associated severe weather like tornadoes, large hail, or damaging wind. Both river flooding and flash flooding can occur, along with urban-related flood problems. Heat and high humidity is occasionally observed in June, July, or August. The autumn season usually has the quietest weather. Dense fog occurs several times during mainly the fall or winter months. High wind events can also occur from time to time, usually in the spring or fall.
    [Show full text]
  • Girdling As an Efficient Eco-Friendly Method to Locally Remove Invasive Acer Negundo Nastasia R
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Killing it Softly: Girdling as an Efficient Eco-friendly Method to Locally Remove Invasive Acer negundo Nastasia R. Merceron, Laurent J. Lamarque, Sylvain Delzon and Annabel J. Porté ABSTRACT Acer negundo (boxelder maple) is a North American native tree species that currently invades riparian and disturbed areas in Europe, affecting both bank stability and ecosystem biodiversity. As a response to managers’ requests, we aimed at finding an eco-friendly method which would locally remove this species and help habitat restoration. Four control methods were tested on A. negundo adults and saplings from stands located in three experimental sites along different watercourses in Southwestern France: girdling, low cutting, high cutting, and cutting followed by the application of juglone (a natural allelopathic substance from walnut tree leaves). Mortality and resprout production on the treated A. negundo individuals were assessed during two years following the application of the control methods. Girdling was the most efficient method as it significantly induced higher mortality rates compared to the others (65 vs 15% of deadA . negundo two years after treatment administration). When healing emerged on trunks, yearly repeated girdling was required to reach full success. None of the control methods significantly reduced resprout production; not even the application of juglone. Girdling is the most recommended method to kill and remove A. negundo at a local scale in invaded natural habitats. Considering that A. negundo benefits from increases in light availability to outcompete native species, we further recommend remov- ing seedlings from understories when applying girdling on adult and sapling individuals in order to optimize restoration conditions in natural stands and improve native species re-establishment.
    [Show full text]
  • Using Girdled Trap Tree Effectvely for Emeral Ash Borer, Detection
    USING GIRDLED TRAP TREES EFFECTIVELY FOR EMERALD ASH BORER DETECTION, DELIMITATION & SURVEY Michigan State University Michigan Technological University USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Protection in cooperation with Michigan Dept. of Agriculture Michigan Dept. of Natural Resources Ohio Dept. of Agriculture Indiana Dept. of Natural Resources July 2007 Using Girdled Trap Trees Effectively for Emerald Ash Borer Detection, Delimitation and Survey by Dr. Deborah G. McCullough and Dr. Nathan W. Siegert Dept. of Entomology and Dept. of Forestry Michigan State University Introduction Emerald ash borer (EAB) (Buprestidae: Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire) is an exotic pest of ash (Fraxinus spp.). Feeding by the larval stage of this beetle occurs in tunnels called galleries that are excavated in the inner bark and phloem. The galleries created by feeding larvae affect the ability of trees to transport food and water. Low densities of EAB have little effect on the health of a tree. However, when EAB populations increase, the canopy declines, branches die and eventually the entire tree dies. Trees ranging from 1 inch to more than 60 inches in diameter have been killed by EAB. Ash trees with relatively high densities of EAB larvae are likely to have visible signs of infestation. These external symptoms include thin crowns, vertical bark splits above galleries, dead and dying branches and epicormic sprouts on the trunk or large branches. D-shaped exit holes left by emerging EAB adult beetles can sometimes be found. Woodpecker holes on the trunk or large branches of an ash tree are often the first indication of an EAB infestation. In contrast, it can be incredibly challenging to find new EAB infestations or to identify trees with low densities of EAB.
    [Show full text]
  • Weather and Climate
    Weather and Climate Dana Desonie, Ph.D. Say Thanks to the Authors Click http://www.ck12.org/saythanks (No sign in required) AUTHOR Dana Desonie, Ph.D. To access a customizable version of this book, as well as other interactive content, visit www.ck12.org CK-12 Foundation is a non-profit organization with a mission to reduce the cost of textbook materials for the K-12 market both in the U.S. and worldwide. Using an open-content, web-based collaborative model termed the FlexBook®, CK-12 intends to pioneer the generation and distribution of high-quality educational content that will serve both as core text as well as provide an adaptive environment for learning, powered through the FlexBook Platform®. Copyright © 2014 CK-12 Foundation, www.ck12.org The names “CK-12” and “CK12” and associated logos and the terms “FlexBook®” and “FlexBook Platform®” (collectively “CK-12 Marks”) are trademarks and service marks of CK-12 Foundation and are protected by federal, state, and international laws. Any form of reproduction of this book in any format or medium, in whole or in sections must include the referral attribution link http://www.ck12.org/saythanks (placed in a visible location) in addition to the following terms. Except as otherwise noted, all CK-12 Content (including CK-12 Curriculum Material) is made available to Users in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial 3.0 Unported (CC BY-NC 3.0) License (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc/3.0/), as amended and updated by Creative Com- mons from time to time (the “CC License”), which is incorporated herein by this reference.
    [Show full text]
  • Emerald Ash Borer Presentation Notes Slide 1 Hello and Thank You
    Emerald Ash Borer Presentation Notes Slide 1 Hello and thank you for having me today. My name is ___ and I am a volunteer Forest Pest First Detector, a program of UVM Extension and Vermont Department of Forests, Parks & Recreation. Today we’ll cover the basics of emerald ash borer, including identification, biology, signs & symptoms, and what you can do to help limit the spread of this invasive species. Slide 2 But first, let’s review what we mean by invasive species so that we are all on the same page with our terminology. You can see that to be an invasive species and organism has to meet two requirements. It has to first not be from a local ecosystem, and second, cause some kind of harm to the economy, environment and/ or human health. There are many species of plants and animals in the US that are not from here, are not native, but are not considered invasive because they have found a balance and do not caused significant harm. Slide 3/4 So, what does the emerald ash borer look like? The adult beetle is only about half an inch long. About the size of a cooked grain of rice. It has a distinctive bullet shaped body, flattened head, and metallic green color. Slide 5 Let’s take a look at the story of emerald ash borer and how we got to where we are today. Slide 6 The emerald ash borer is native to east Asia. In its native range, this insect has co-evolved. Slide 7 How did they come to the United States? The emerald ash borer, like other tree pests, was brought to this country in solid-wood packing material.
    [Show full text]