<<

THE

EDITED BV

E. CAPPS, PH.n., iJ,.D. T. E. PAGE, ijtt.d. \V. H. D. ROUSE, LiTT.n.

PAUSAXIAS

V PAUSAXIAS DESCRIPTION OF

WITH AX ENGLISH TRANSLATION BY

\V. H. S. JONES, LiTT.D.

srr. Catharine's collerb, caxb&isge AND H. A. ORMEROD, M.A. THE VKIVERMTV, LEEI.-

IN SIX VOLUMES

II

BOOKS III—

LONDON : WILLIAM HEIXEMANN

NEW YORK : G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS MCMXXVl

PREFACE

The translation of this volume, from Book III ch. XXIII to the end of Book IV, is the work of

Professor H. A. Orraerod, of Leeds. It was hoped that he would continue to help the editors, but he was compelled to give up collaboration owing to the pressure of University teaching. Various causes have postponed the appearance of this book, but it is hoped that the remaining two volumes will be completed without undue delay.

W. H. S. J.

CONTENTS

PAGE BOOK III — 3

BOOK IT—ME3SEXIA 173

BOOK V— EI.IS I .' 381

PAUSANIAS DESCRIPTION OF GREECE

BOOK III—LACONIA nAY2ANIOY EAAAA02 nEPIHrHSEOS r

AAKfiNIKA

I. Mera 8e tov<; 'Ep/j,a<; icrriv rjhrj Aukcovikt) TO, 7rp6<; ecnrepa

AaKehal/jLova, fj,rjTp6<; [xev Tav

ct)9 eV^e TTjV dp^tjv, irpSiTa /aev ttj xcopa Kal toi<; PAUSANIAS DESCRIPTION OF GREECE

BOOK III LACONIA

I. After the figures of we reach Laconia on the west. According to the tradition of the Lacedaemonians themselves, , an aboriginal, was the first king in this land, after whom his subjects were named . Lelex had a son , and a younger one . Polycaon retired into exile, the place of this retirement and its reason I will set forth elsewliere. On the death of Myles his son succeeded to the throne. He led down to the sea by means of a trench the stagnant water on the plain, and when it had flowed away, as what was left formed a river-stream, he named it Eurotas.^ Having no male issue, he left the kingdom to , whose mother was , after whom the mountain was named, while according to report his father was none other than . Lace- daemon was wedded to , a daughter of Eurotas. When he came to the throne, he first changed the names of the land and its inhabitants, calling them

^ Eurotas = the fair-flowing. 3 B 2 PAUSANIAS: DESCRIPTION OF GREECE

av6p(i)TT0L

Se toOto WKiae re KaX oovofiaaev airo Trj

3 iroXiv, rj ZtTrdpTrj KaXelrai koX e? r}fia<;. 'AfxvK\a<; Se o AaKehaiixovo^, ^ov\6fi€vo<; inroXcTriadai ri

Kul aur6<; €9 fivi]/ji'r]v, TroXicr/na eKTiaev iv rfj AaKMVLKTJ. yevo/xevcov Si ol 7rai8cov TciKtvOov fxev veoiTarov ovra koX to elSo^ /cdWcarov Kare-

Xa^ev 7] 7r€Trpa)/jLivyj irpoTepov tou Trarpo?, Kol 'TaKivOov pLvr^jxa iariv iv *A/j,VK\ai

Ti'jcravTO^ d<})iK€To i) u.p'^i'j. Kvvopra Be iyevero 4 Oi/3aXo9. ovro

Koi TjvdyKaaev d'7ro-)((oprjaai Beiaavra, ci)<; fiev AuKeBaifioviol (f)aaiv, e

eXOelv ct)9 'A(f)apea €9 rrjv MecraTjvlav elvai re ^A(papea top Hepi7')pouv Be ' H paKXeiBcov eirl 4 LACONIA, I. 2-5 after himself, and next he founded and named after his wife a city, which even down to our own day has been called Sparta. Amyclas, too, son of Lacedaeraon, wished to leave some memorial behind him, and built a town in Laconia. Hyacinthus, the youngest and most beautiful of his sons, died before his father, and his tomb is in below the image of . On the death of Amyclas the empire came to , the eldest of his sons, and afterwards, when Argalus died, to . Cynortas had a son . He took a wife from Argos, the daughter of , and begat a son , with whom disputed about the kingship, claiming the throne on the ground of being the elder. With the aid of and his partisans he far surpassed

Tyndareus in power, and forced him to retire in fear ; the Lacedaemonians say that he went to , but a Messenian legend about him is that he fled to Aphareus in , Aphareus being the son of Perieres and the brother of Tyndareus on his mother's side. The story goes on to say that he settled at Thalamae in Messenia, and that his children were born to him when he was living there. Subsequently Tyndareus was brought back by and re- covered his throne. His sons too became kings, as did the son of and son-in-law of Tyndareus, and the husband of the daughter of Menelaus. On the return of the PAUSANIAS: DESCRIPTION OF GREECE

Tiaafievov rov ^Opiarou ffaaiXevovro^, yieaaijvr]

/j.€v Kal "A/3709 eKurepa fioipa ^rjjxevov, rj he KpeacpovTTjv eax^i' ap^ovTa

oircov 8i8v/j.cov rcov ^ ApLajohrjfxov ttulScov oIklui,

Bvo ^aalXeiat jLvoi'Tar avvapeaai yap rfj llvdia 6 (paai'v. ^ApicTToSij/jLa Se avTa> rrpoTepov rrjv reXevTTjv avfj,l3rjvai Xeyovaiv iv Ae\0oi9 irplv

rj AcopUa^ KareXdelv e? TieKoTTOvvricrov. ol p,ev

Srj airoaefjivvvovre^; ra e'f avrov TO^evdrjvat \e- yovaiv ^ApicTToSyjfxov vtto ^AttoWcovo^, oti ovk acfitKOCTO eVt to /.lavreiov, irapa he 'Hpa/cXeou? evTvyovTo^ ol rrpoTepov ttvOoito co? e? UeXoTrov-

vrjaov Ha)pi6vaL yevi^crerai rjoe rj Kauooo

7 'OpecTTOf, (povevaai rov ^ ApicnohrjiJLov. ovonaTa p,ev hr] Tol^ rraialv avrov IlpoK\f]<; kul Kvpv-

o-Oevri]\v66Te'i he iirl p.eya aTTe-xdeia^ o/xci)<; ev koivw ^rjpa t& AvreaLcovo

hij/Liov Kdhpo

fiere^aXev d(f)' eavrov ro 6vo/xa Kal ol Kal vvv 6 LACONIA, I. 5-8

Heracleidae in the reign of Tisamenus, son of Orestes, both districts, and Argos, had kings put over them ; Argos had and Messene . In Lacedaemon, as the sons of were twins, there arose two royal houses ; for they say that the Pythian priestess approved. Tradition has it that Aristodemus himself died at before the returned to the Peloponnesus, but those who glorify his fate assert that he was shot by Apollo for not going to the , having learned from Heracles, who met him before he arrived there, that the Dorians would make this return to the Peloponnesus. But the more correct account is that Aristodemus was murdered by the sons of and , who were cousins of Tisamenus son of Orestes. The names given to the sons of Aristodemus were and Eurvsthenes, and although they were twins they were bitter enemies. Their enmity reached a high pitch, but nevertheless they combined to help , the son of Autesion and the brother of their mother Argeia and their guardian as well, to found a colony. This colony Theras was dispatching to the island that was then called Calliste,^ and he hoped that the descendants of Membliarus would of their own accord give up the kingship to liim. This as a matter of fact they did, taking into account that the family of Theras went back to Cadmus himself, while they were only descendants of Membliarus, who was a man of the people whom Cadmus left in the island to be the leader of the settlers. And Theras changed the name of the island, renaming it after himself, and even at the present day the people of Thera

1 That is, "Fairest." PAUSANIAS: DESCRIPTION OF GREECE

en ol %r}paloL kuto, ero<; ivayi^ovaiv &>

Mvacov, KaXovpevrjv Be AloXiBa iff)' rjpo)v, Kad- e^eiv epLeXXev 6 Be ol irpoyova Uev6iXo<; Aea^ov

Ttjv virep TT]

evey/y'ovTe^ ft)9 t^i' ^ApyoXiBa avyyevcov a^iaiv ovTcov Wpyeiwv XrjaTai Te eK t?}9 Kvi'OvpiaKi]<; KUKovpyclev Ka\ avrol KaTaBpop.a<; e/c tov (f)ave- 8 LACONIA, I. 8-11. 2 every year offer to him as their founder the sacrifices that are given to a hero. Procles and were of one mind in their eagerness to serve Theras, but in all else their purposes were always widely different. Even if they had agreed together, I should never have ventured to include their descendants in a common list ; for they did not altogether coincide in respect of age, so that cousins, cousins' children, and later generations were not born so as to make the steps in one pedigree coincide with those of the other. So I shall give the history of each house by itself separately, instead of combining them both in one narrative. II. Eurysthenes, the elder of the sons of Aristo- demus, had, they say, a son Agis, after whom the family of Eurysthenes is called the Agiadae. In his time, when Patreus the son of Preugenes was found- ing in a city which even at the present day is called Patrae from this Patreus, the Lacedae- monians took part in the settlement. They also joined in an expedition oversea to found a colony. Gras the son of Puchelas the son of Penthilus the son of Orestes was the leader, who was destined to occupy the land between Ionia and Mysia, called at the present day Aeolis ; his ancestor Penthilus had even before this seized the island of Lesbos that lies over against this part of the mainland. When Echestratus, son of Agis, was king at Sparta, the Lacedaemonians removed all the Cynurians of military age, alleging as a reason that freebooters from the Cynurian territory were harrying , the Argives being their kinsmen, and that the Cynurians them- selves openly made forays into the land. The PAUSANIAS: DESCRIPTION OF GREECE

pov TTOioivTO €9 Tr]v jv T€ KvvovpiaKT]v eXovTwv avio)v airoTe-

p.vea0at TOV

Aa^ctiTU Kal ' Ay t-j aiKaov Aopvaaov Bl okiyov

T?7]po<; ep-ol BoKelv irepl tov MtVo) T?}9 vopLoOeala^ iv ToiaBe toU eirear

TTJaL S' ivl Ki'co(rcro9, p^eydXt) 7roA,/9, evda re Mtl'&)9 ivveu)po

LACONIA, II. 2-4

Cynurians are said to be Argives by descent, and tradition has it that their founder was Cvnurus, son of Perseus. Not many years afterwards , son of Echestratus, became king in Sparta. This Labotas , in his history of Croesus, says was in his childhood the ward of Lycurgus the law- giver, but he calls him Leobotes and not Labotas. It was then that the Lacedaemonians first resolved to make war upon the Argives, bringing as charges against them that they were annexing the Cynurian territory which they themselves had captured, and were causing revolts among their subjects the Perioeci {Dwellers around). On this occasion neither of the belligerents, according to the account, achieved anything worthy of mention, and the next kings of this house, Boryssus, son of Labotas, and Agesilaus, son of , were soon both killed. Lvcurgus too laid down their laws for the Lacedaemonians in the reign of Agesilaus ; some say that he was taught how to do this by the Pythian priestess, others that he introduced Cretan institutions. The Cretans say that these laws of theirs were laid down by Minos, and that Minos was not without divine aid in his deliberations concerning them. ^ too, I think, refers in riddling words to the legislation of

Minos in the following verses :

" Cnossus too, great city, among them, where Minos for nine years Ruled as king, and enjoyed familiar converse with great Zeus."

* , xix. 178. PAUSANIAS: DESCRIPTION OF GREECE

5 AvKOvpjou /x€v ovv Kal ev Tol gk TleXoTTOvvijaov avy^copovvrat vTroairovhor TOv

Be Wp,VK\aieL<; ouk e^ i'lrcBpofiy]'? eK^dWovaiv, dWa dvTL(T-)(^ovTa<; t€ eirl iroXv tw iroXep-M Kal epya ovk dSo^a eiTLhei^ap.evov'i. 8r]Xovai he Kal 01 Aoyptel'i Tpoiraiov eVl toi<; ^A/xvKXaievaiv dva(7r/]aavTe<;, &>? eV tm rore Xoyou p^dXicrra a^Lov Tovro virdp^av a(f)iaLv. ov ttoXXm Se vcrrepov rovrwv d-neOavev vtto ^\.e

I LACONIA, II. 5-7

Of Lycurgus I shall make further mention later. Agesilaus had a son Archelaus. In his reign the Lacedaemonians took by force of arms Aegys, a city of the Perioeci, and sold the inhabitants into slavery, suspecting them of Arcadian sympathies. , the king of the other house^ helped x\rchelaus to destroy Aegys, but the exploits he achieved when leading the Lacedaemonians by himself, these too I shall relate when my narrative comes to treat of those called the Eurypontidae. Archelaus had a son Teleclus. In his reign the Lacedaemonians conquered in war and reduced Amyclae, Pilaris, and Geranthrae, cities of the Perioeci, which were still in the possession of the . The in- habitants of Pilaris and Geranthrae, panic-stricken at the onslaught of the Dorians, made an agreement to retire from the Peloponnesus under a truce, but

those of Amyclae were not driven out at the first assault, but only after a long and stubborn resistance, in which they distinguished themselves by glorious

achievements. To this heroism . the Dorians bore witness by raising a trophy against the Amyclaeans, implying that their success was the most memorable exploit of that time. Not long after this Teleclus was murdered by Messenians in a sanctuarv of . This sanctuary was built on the frontier of Laconia and Messenia, in a place called Limnae [Lakes). After the death of Teleclus, Alcamenes his son succeeded to the throne, and the Lacedaemonians sent to Crete Charmidas the son of Euthvs, who was a distinguished Spartan, to put down the civil strife among the Cretans, to persuade them to abandon 13 PAUSANIAS : DESCRIPTION OF GREECE

da\daar)

III. Te\€VTi)cravTo<; Be ^ AXKajxevovi Yio\vBoipo

J^poTcova eareikav koX e<; Aofcpov

Xeyuo9 ecr')(^ev oSto? Trepw^, rov \6yov fioc rd

e(f>6^7] Trporepcp Trpo'i MecrcrT^woL'? irdXepiU) ^eoTTopbirov tov 'NcKdvBpov, ^acriXea

ovra Tr]

Baipovioi^ BopLKT)]TOv Trj Brjpw— ovre yap epyov ^iaiov oure v^piaTrjv \oyov 'jrapei'X^eTO 69 ovBeva, iv Be rat

ovK dBo^ov, dpacrvTepa Be ft)9 iBrjXcoae yvu)pr)v, (jiovevei TOV UoXvBcopov dirodavovTt, Be avTO) 14

I —

LACONIA, II. 7-III. 3 the weak, inland towns, and to help them to people instead those that were conveniently situated for the coasting voyage. Tliey also laid waste Helos, an Achaean town on the coast, and won a battle against the Argives who came to give aid to the Helots. III. On the death of Alcamenes, Polydorus his son succeeded to the throne, and the Lacedae- monians sent colonies to Croton in Italy and to the Locri by the Western Headland. The war called the Messenian reached its height in the reign of this king. As to the causes of the war, the Lace- daemonian version differs from the Messenian. The accounts given by the belligerents, and the manner in which this war ended, will be set forth later in my narrative. For the present I must state thus much ; the chief leader of the Lacedaemonians in the first war against the Messenians was Theopompus the son of Nicander, a king of the other house. When the war against Messene had been fought to a finish, and Messenia was enslaved to the Lace- daemonians, Polydorus, who had a great reputation at Sparta and was very popular with the masses for he never did a violent act or said an insulting word to anyone, while as a judge he was both upright and humane—his fame having by this time spread throughout Greece, was murdered by Polemarchus, a member of a distinguished family in Lacedaemon, but, as he showed, a man of an unscrupulous temper. After his death Polydorus received many signal

15 PAUSANIAS: DESCRIPTION OF GREECE

7roX,Xa T6 irapa AaKeSaifiovLcov SiSorai kuI a^ioXoya 69 TifX7]v. earc fievroi koL Ho\€/Mdp')(^ov pLvrjixa iv XTrdprr), etre dyaOoO to, irporepa dvhpo

^ Apyeimv ovSev (TcjiLcnv aTnjpTtjae vedoTcpov eVt Be 'Ava^dvSpov rov ^ypvicpdrov; — to yap ypeoov ^S^7 M€crar]vi.ov

v/]aov, TO Be avrSiv eyKaTa\ei(f)6ei' rfj yfj AaKe- Bai/jLovL(ov iyevovTO ocKerai irXrjv ol to, iirl rfj 5 OaXdaar) TroXtafiara exovre^;. ra p,ev Bi) eVt rov TToXepov crvp./3dvra, ov ol ^lecra/jvioi Aa«6- Baip-ovLOiv aTToardvre^ eiroXep^iiaav, ov p,oi Kara

Kaipov rjv iv rfj avyypa(f)7] rfj Trapovarj B^jXciycrat.

^ Ava^dvBpov Bk vl6<; EvpvKpdrr] 77/309 Teyedra^ iroXe/xM rd irXelova. iirl Be

^ Ava^avBpiBov rov Aeovro^ iiriKparearepoi Teyea- rtov yivovrai rw iroXep-a' yivovrai Be ovTco

n VOL. II. (• PAUSANIAS: DESCRIPTION OF GREECE

OTToaa ev rt) tov %aX,/c€&)? ecopa, TrapejBakev avra 'jrpo<; TO e« AeXcfiMV /xavrevfia, av€/j.oc<; jxev tov ^aX/cew? eiKa^cov ra?

8 XKvpov. oTi Be eVi tmv rjpaxov to, oirXa 6p,0LCi) to Bopv 'A;^fA,\e'&)9 Kal NiKOfir)- Bevaiv ev ^AaKXtjTTiov vaS) p.d'^aipa 6 ^lefivovo^'

Kal TOV pev r) re al')(^p,ri Kal 6 cravpwTijp, r] fid- '^aipa Be Kal Bid Trdat}^ '^aXKov TreTrolijTai.

9 TavTa p,€v Btj tap.ev e)(^ovTa o 0X0)9 • ^Ava^av- BpLBi]<; Be 6 AeovTo

J ;

LACONIA, III. 6-9

in the smithy he compared with the oracle from Delphi, likening to the "winds" the bellows^ for that they too sent forth a violent blast, the hammer " to the "stroke," the anvil to the "counterstroke to it, while the iron is naturally a '"'woe to man," because already men were using iron in warfare. In the time of those called heroes the god would have called bronze a woe to man. Similar to the oracle about the bones of Orestes was the one afterwards given to the Athenians, that they were to bring back from Scyros to otherwise they could not take Scyros. Now tlie bones of Theseus were discovered by Cimon the son of Miltiades, who displayed similar sharpness of wit, and shortl}' afterwards took Scyros. I have evidence that in the heroic age weapons were universally of bronze in the verses of Homer* about the axe of Peisander and the arrow of . My statement is likewise confirmed by the spear of dedicated in the sanctuary of at Phaselis, and by the sword of Memnon in the Nicomedian temple of . The point and butt-spike of the spear and the whole of the sword are made of bronze. The truth of these statements 1 can vouch for. Anaxandrides the son of Leon was the only Lace- daemonian to possess at one and the same time two wives and two households. For his first consort, though an excellent wife, had the misfortune to be barren. When the ephors bade him put her away he firmly refused to do so, but made this concession to them, that he would take another wife in addition to her. The fruit of this union son, was a Cleomenes ;

1 , xiii. 611 foil, and 650.

c2 PAUSANIAS: DESCRIPTION OF GREECE

Kol 1] Trporepa Teft)9 ov axpixxa iv yaaTpt eVt yeyovori ijhr) KXeo/iet'ei TiKiei Acoptea koI avdi

airedavep ^ Ava^avhplhrj'^, AaKehaipiovLOi Acopua Kol yvco/jiTjv K.\eo/j,ivov(i koI ra e? TroXe/xov apbet- vova elvaL vo/jbi'^ovre'; rov fikv airuxravTO aKOvre<;, K\60/ii€vet Se SiSoaaiv e« tcov vopcov irpea^ela TrjV dp'^tjv. IV. AoDpievf; jxev hi] —ov

ravTi]<; refielv (paaiv avrov. d^iKero 5e koI e'

4 d/j.^i(T^r]T€iv virep rri<; dp')(rj<;. ei-x^ero Be Aeco- tu^iSt/? \6y(ov ov

elvai (f}7'jaa<;. rore Be ol pkv e? to )(p'r}arj]piov ol AaKeBaifMovioi rb iv AeX(/>ot9, oiairep Kal rd dWa eldiOeaav, dvdjovai Kal ro u/j.(f)ia/3y]rT]pa

TO vrrep Ai]fxapdrov' rj Be cr^iaiv e')(^pi]aev ?; irp6pavriiir]v.

5 Arjfidparo^ p.ev Br) Kara e')(6o

/uevrjv Be varepov tovtmv i-weXa^ev tj reXevrr] fiavevra' &)9 yap Br) iXd^ero ^Icfiov^, irirpwcTKev avro<; avrov Kal Bie^rjei ro aoipa dirav KOirrtov re Kal Xvpaiv6/j.evo

^iov (pacrlv evpeaOai roiovrov, ^ Ady)valoL Be on iBr)wae rrjv ^OpydBa, Ae\(f)ol Be rcov Bcopcov

eveKa mv rfj TrpofidvrcBi eBcoKev, dvarreiaa^ i-yp-eva- 22 ;

LACOXIA, IV. 2-5

as far as , and proceeded to arrest such influential Aeginetans as had shown Persian sym- pathies, and had persuaded the citizens to give earth and water to king Dareius, son of Hystaspes. While Cleomenes was occupied in Aegina, , the king of the other house, was slandering him to the Lacedaemonian populace. On his return from Aegina, Cleomenes began to intrigue for the deposition of king Demaratus. He bribed the Pythian prophet- ess to frame responses about Demaratus accord- ing to his instructions, and instigated Leotychides, a man of royal birth and of the same family as Demaratus, to put in a claim to the throne. Leoty- chides seized upon the remark that Ariston in his ignorance blurted out when Demaratus was born, denying that he was his child. On the present occasion the Lacedaemonians, according to their wont, referred to the oracle at Delphi the claim against Demaratus, and the prophetess gave them a response which favoured the designs of Cleomenes. So Demaratus was deposed, not rightfully, but because Cleomenes hated him. Subsequently Cleo- menes met his end in a fit of madness ; for seizing a sword he began to wound himself, and hacked and maimed his body all over. The Argives assert that the manner of his end was a punishment for his treatment of the suppliants of Argus; the Athenians say that it was because he had devastated Orgas the Delphians put it down to the bribes he gave the Pythian prophetess, persuading her to give lying

23 PAUSANIAS: DESCRIPTION OF GREECE

6 fi€va elTrelv e? Arjfidparov. ecr] 8' ap Kal to, firjvifi.aTa e/c re rjpcocov 6fx,ov Kal Oecbv 69 to auro Tcp KXeofievei avpeXrjXvdoTa, eVet roi Kal ISla II/)&)T6crtXao9 iv 'EXatoOt'Ti ovSev rjpwi "Apyov

^EXevalvi ovTcov e^eyevero IXdaaadai to fjiTjvtfxa yijv i7T€pyaaafjL€voi

AecoviBav top ^ Ava^avBpiBov, Acopi,€co<: Be a7r'

dp.(f)0T€pci)v dBeX^ov, Kure^aivev 7) dp)^7j. Kal He'p^>^9 T6 TrjviKavTa eVi r^t' EXXaSa ijyaye top Xaop Kal A€0)Pi,Ba

ft)9 ^ A'x^iXXeu'; re top 7rp6

EXXaSa IBeiv avTOP firjBe ^ Adt-jpaiwv vrore ep,-

Trprjaai ttjp ttoXip, el yu.^ KaTa Tt]P dTpairop ttjp Bid T/}9 Oi'T;/9 Teiiovaap irepLayayuiP ti-jp p,erd 24 LACONIA, IV. 5-8 responses about Deniaratus. It may well be too that the wrath of heroes and the wrath of gods united together to punish Cleomenes ; since it is a fact that for a personal wrong Protesilaus, a hero not a whit more illustrious than Argus, punished at Elaeus Artayctes, a Persian ; while the Megarians never succeeded in propitiating the deities at Eleusis for having encroached upon the sacred land. As to the tampering with the oracle, we know of nobody, with the exception of Cleomenes, who has had the audacity even to attempt it. Cleomenes had no male issue, and the kingdom devolved on Leonidas, son of Anaxandrides and full brother of Dorieus. At this time Xerxes led his host against Greece, and Leonidas with three hundred Lacedaemonians met him at . Now although the Greeks have waged many wars, and so have foreigners among themselves, yet there are but few that have been made more illustrious by the ex- ceptional valour of one man, in the way that Achilles shed lustre on the and Miltiades on the engagement at Marathon. But in truth the success of Leonidas surpassed, in my opinion, all later as well as all previous achievements. For Xerxes, the proudest ^^o ba of all who have reigned over the Medes, or over the Persians who succeeded them, the achiever of such brilliant exploits, was met on his march by Leonidas and the handful of men he led to Thermopylae, and they would have prevented him from even seeing Greece at all, and from ever burning Athens, if the 25 PAUSANIAS : DESCRIPTION OF GREECE

"TSdpvou arpaTiav 6 Tpa)(^lvLO<; KUKXcoaaadat,

cr(f)i(Xi TOv<; "FA\r]va<; 7rap6a)(e kcu ovtco Karep- jacrO€VTo

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LACONIA, IV. 8-v. i man of Trachis had not guided the army with Hydarnes by the path that stretches across Oeta, and enabled the enemy to surround the Greeks so Leouidas was overwhelmed and the foreigners passed along into Greece. Pausanias the son of Cleombrotus never became king. For while guardian of Pleistarchus, the son of Leonidas, who was a child when his father died, he led the Lacedaemonians to Plataea, and after- 479 b.c. Avards with their fleet to the Hellespont. I cannot praise too highly the way in which Pausanias treated the Coan lady, who was the daughter of a man of distinction among the Coans, Hegetorides the son of Antagoras, and the unwilling concubine of a Persian, Pharandates the son of Teaspis. When Mardonius fell in the battle of Plataea, and the foreigners were destroyed, Pausanias sent the lady back to Cos, and she took with her the apparel that the Persian had procured for her as well as the rest of her belongings. Pausanias also refused to dis- honour the body of Mardonius, as Lampon the Aeginetan advised him to do. V. Shortly after Pleistarchus the son of Leonidas came to the throne he died, and the kingdom devolved on , son of the Pausanias who commanded at Plataea. Pleistoanax had a son

Pausanias ; he was the Pausanias who invaded Attica, 403 b.c. ostensibly to oppose Thrasybulus and the Athenians, but really to establish firmly the des}K»tism of those to whom the government had been entrusted by Lysander. Although he won a battle against the Athenians holding the Peiraeus, yet immediately after the battle he resolved to lead his army back home, and not to bring upon Sparta the most dis- PAUSANIAS: DESCRIPTION OF GREECE

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LACONIA, V. 1-4 graceful of reproaches by increasing the despotic power of wicked men. VV'hen he returned from Athens with only a fruitless battle to his credit, he was brought to trial by his enemies. The court that sat to try a Lacedaemonian king consisted of the senate, "old men" as they were called, twenty- eight in number, the members of the ephorate, and in addition the king of the other house. Fourteen senators, along with Agis, the king of the other house, declared that Pausanias was guilty ; the rest of the court voted for his acquittal. Shortly after this the Lacedaemonians gathered an army against

Thebes ; the reason for so doing will be given in my account of Agesilaus. On this occasion Lysander came to , took along with him the entire Phocian army, and without any further delay entered and began assaults upon the wall of Haliartus, the citizens of which refused to revolt from Thebes. Already a band of Thebans and Athenians had secretly entered the city ; these came out and offered battle before the wall, and there fell here several Lacedaemonians, including Lysander himself. Pau- sanias was too late for the fight, having been collecting forces from Tegea and generally when he finally reached Boeotia, altliough he heard of the defeat of the forces with Lysander and of the death of Lysander himself, he nevertheless led his army against Thebes and purposed to take the offensive. Thereupon the Thebans offered battle, and Thrasybulus was reported to be not far away with the Athenians. He was waiting for the Lace- daemonians to take the offensive, on which his

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^ ^ApyeiOL a'TreicTop.evov vryoo? Ay r) alitoXlv a(f>i(n 30 LACONIA, V. 4-8 intention was to launch an attack himself against their reiir. So Pausanias, fearing lest he should be caught between two enemy forces, made a truce with the Thebans and took up for burial those who had fallen under the wall of Haliartus. The Lace- daemonians disapproved of this decision, but the fol- lowing reason leads me to approve it. Pausanias Avas well aware that the disasters of the Lacedaemonians always took place when they had been caught between two enemy forces, and the defeats at Thermopylae and on the island of Sphacteria made him afraid lest he himself should prove the occasion of a third misfortune for them. But when his fellow citizens charged him with his slowness in this Boeotian campaign, he did not wait to stand his trial, but was received by the people of Tegea as a suppliant of Athena Alea. Now tiiis sanctuary had been respected from early days by all the Peloponnesians, and afforded peculiar safety to its suppliants, as the Lacedaemonians showed in the case of Pausanias and of Leotychides before him, and the Argives in the case of Chrysis ; they never wanted even to ask for these refugees, who were sitting as suppliants in the sanctuary, to be given up. When Pausanias fled, his sons Agesipolis and Cleombrotus were still quite boys, and Aristodemus, their nearest relative, was their guardian. This Aristodemus was in command of the Lacedaemonians when they won their success at Corinth. When Agesipolis grew up and came to the throne, the first Peloponnesians against whom he waged war were the Argives. When he led his army from the territory of Tegea into that of Argos, the Argives sent a herald to make for them with Agesipolis 31 PAUSANIAS : DESCRIPTION OF GREflCE

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