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LoNDON: WILLIAM HEINEMANN I'll, BBDFORD STREET, w.e.

LORD MILNE~

AND SOUTH AFR~

BY E. B. IW AN - MULER

'tllltb two I'ortralts

LONDON WILLIAM HEJNN 1902 TO

SIR EDWARD LAWSON, BART.,

IN INADEQUATE RECOGNITION OF AN

UNBROKEN SEIlIES OF ACTS OF KINDNESS AND OF THOUGHTFUL

CONSIDERATION AND IN MEMORY OF A

MOST AGREEABLE ASSOCIATION IN JOURNALISM,

THIS BOOK, WITH GRATEFUL AFFECTION

IS. DEDICATED BY THE

AUTHOR.

April, 1902. J When, at the cost of much blood and money, we have been subdued, the fire will then only be damped and pent up, to break out into all the greater fury in the day of vengeance.'-Despalc" o/President of Republk of NaJa/to S~r George Napier, Govunor ofIlle Colony of Ille Cape of Good Hope, Febnuwy 21,1842.

'As late as November, 1874, the year before Mr. Froude paid his first visit to the Cape, President Burgers bad made a strong appeal before the Volksraad to the sentiment of unity amongst all Afrikanders from Table Mountain to Magaliesberg. . .. He assured the Raad that at the foot of Table Mountain hearts were throbbing more warmly for the Republic than perhaps even in the Free State itself.'-Gresswell, 'Our Soul" A./ri&- Empin,' voL i., p. 235. , I hope that the course of events will enable Her Majesty's Government to take such steps as will terminate this wanton and useless bloodshed, and prevent the recurrence of the scenes of injustice, cruelty, and rapine which abundant evidence is every day forthcoming to prove have rarely ceased to disgrace the Republics beyond the Vaal ever since they first sprang into existence.'-Sir Henry Bar/d}' :£ Lord Carnarvon, DecemlJer 18, 1876.

'With confidence we lay our case before the whole world, be it that we conquer or that we die; liberty shall rise in South Africa like the sun . from the morning clouds, like liberty rose in the United States of North America. Then it will be, fr"m the Zambesi to Simons Bay, Africa for the Afrikanders I'-Boer Petilion of Rig"/s, signed'S. P. J. Kruger, W. E. Boll, C. N. Hoolb_,' Heidelberg, February 7, 1881.

'As in 1880, we now submit our cause with perfect confidence to the whole world. Whether the result be victory or death, liberty will assuredly rise in South Africa, like the sun from out the mists of the morning, just as freedom dawned over the United States of America a little more than a century ago. Then from the Zambesi to Simons Bay it will be, AFRICA FOR THE AFRIKANDERS !' -Ex.State-Secretary Reitz, 'A Century of Wrong,' circa Odober I, 18<)9.

'Vehementer a te, Brute, dissentio nec c1ementire ture concedo; sed salutaris severitas vincit inanem speciem c1ementire. Quod si c1ementes esse volumus, numquam deerunt bc;1Ia civilia.'-Cicero to Brutus, H.C. 43· CONTENTS

CHAI'TU PJU';P: INTRODUCTION xi I. THE MATERIALS FOR HISTORY II. POINTS OF VIEW

ilL MR. FROUDE - IV. SIR BARTLE FRERE 104 V. MA]UBANIMITY 191 VL MR. RHODES - - 328 VII. TliE RAID - 371 VIII. THE COMING OF LORD MILNER 429 IX. THE ARRIVAL Or LORD MILNER 459 X. THE BEGINNING OF THE STRUGGLE­ - 506 XI. CONCLUSION 7'4 INDEX - - 726 INTRODUCTION

A WORD of introduction is due from me with regard to the scope of this work and its relation to the title it bears. When this volume was first announced to the. public the provisional title I adopted was' Lord Milner and His Work.' Though there has been no departure from the original plan which I designed, it has seemed better for several reasons to modify the description. In the first place, I found' that there was a widespread expectation amongst Lord Milner's friends and my own that I proposed to write a bio~aphy of the High Commissioner. A remonstrance soon reached me from a very distinguished friend of Lord MilneI:'~with whom I have the honour of some slight acquaintance, in which the writer expressed his astonishment that I. 'with my old­ fashioned Tory principles,' should contemplate such a latter­ day vulgarity as that of writing the biography of a man still living, whose work was still unaccomplished, or, even worse, that I should meditate the grosser offence of pen-and-inking a laboured appreciation or character-sketch of a friend. I was able to reassure my correspondent by the sincere avowal that he could not detest more than myself the new-fangled fashion of contemporary eulogy or censure. In this connec­ tion I may be allowed to say that there will be found in' these pages no panegyric of my own which exceeds the limits of approbation one man may express to another in his presence without shuddering himself or causing his unhappy victim to shudder; nor has the object of my labours been xii INTRODUCTION

to vindicate Lord Milner against the many truculerit and, in most cases, unwarrantable attacks to which the rancour of partisanship has e~posed him. In a sense, of course, any record qf the prosecutioQ of a policy with which the writer thoroughly agrees is a vindication of that policy, but in no other sense have I sought .to frame an apology for Lord Milner. The second consideration. which caused me t~ abandon the original title was the unexpected prolongation of the war in South Africa. I must honestly confess that, though I was never amongst the optimists-a class fr.om which Lord Milner himself must be excluded-I did anticipate at the beginning of 1901, when I took this work in hand, that the storm which has desolated South Africa would have passed away before the close of the year. It had been my intention to devote the latter part of my book to an exposi­ tion of the schemes of reconstruction which Lord Milner would have to undertake as soon as the sword was exchanged for the sceptre. To the gods, however, it has seemed other­ wise. 'The storm, as Lord Milner recently said, is behind us, and not in front of us, but the ground is not yet in a condition even for the function of laying the foundation stone of the new fabric which is to be raised on the ruins of the old. It would, therefore,' have been worse than idle for me to attempt to sketch even in rude outline the plan of the new building as I believed it to be conceived in Lord Milner's mind. Such being the -case, I hav.e closed this volume with a record of events up to the despatch of the ultimatum by Messrs. Kruger and Steyn. The original title would there­ fore have been misleading, since it would have covered only a half-told story. Except upon grounds of patriotism and humanity, I cannot regret that circumstances have imposed limitations upon my original scheme. They have enabled me to expand more fully than otherwise would have been possible that part of my work which from the outset I have regarded as the more essential. INTRODUCTION xiii The idea of writing the book occurred to me during a six months' sojourn in South Africa as special commissioner for the Daily Telegraph. My commission was a purely political one, and in the course of the letters which I addressed to the DailJ Telegraph the war itself was only incidentally mentioned. I allude to this fact principally to show that my whole atten­ tion was devoted to the political situation, influenced as it was, of course, by the existence of hostilities, but not to the course of the military campaign. I found, not altogether to my astonishment, that the British public was woefully ignorant of the history of our relations with South Africa. It swam, so to speak, into their sphere of vision with the annexation of the Transvaal in 1877 and with the subsequent revolt, appeased rather than concluded, by the 'Peace of Majuba: South Africa has hitherto been to the inhabitants of this island somewhat of the nature of a variable star. After its acquisition, it appeared for the best part of a century as a ' faint telescopic object,· studied mainly through the glasses of the missionary and the philanthropist. Between 1871 and Ill81 it blazed forth as a star of the second or third magnitude, only to sink again into comparative invisibility, till the discovery of the gold mines of the Witwatersrand and the consequences attendant thereon raised it gradually in the scale, until in 1899 it figured i~ the political heavens as con­ spicuous and as ruddy as the planet Mars. Yet there had been nothing very abnormal in the development of events which culminated in the struggle for supremacy in South Africa between the Dutch and the British. The intermittent displays of exceptional brilliancy were but the temporary manifestations of a process which was really continuous. Ignorance of this indisputable fact has been the cause of all the misapprehensions, not perversely voluntary, which found expression in Great Britain. Lord Milner's work in South Africa could not be understood by those who had not probed a little below the surface. I found even amongst persons xiv INTRODUCTION

qualified to style themselves well informed a prevailing belief that the South African difficulty began with the Jameson Raid or with the Majuba policy of Mr. Gladstone, or most remotely at the date of the annexation of the Transvaal bJ' Sir Theophilus Shepstone. One might as well attempt to understand the history of Europe on the assumption that the existing relations 'of the Powers cannot be traced further back than, say, the outbreak of the French Revolution. A situation such as that which Lord Milner Was called upon to face was not like a~ ordinary chess problem. The position of the pieces on tb-e board in one of those interesting puzzles' which the chess player sets himself to solve consti­ tutes the only factor which he has to take into account. The distribution of the pieces may indeed represent the situa­ tion of a game which had been actually played up to the point ,at which the' problem is set, or the pieces may be arbitrarily placed without reference to earlier stages of a game. . All that the student has to take into consideration is how, with the pieces being what they ,are and where they are, he. can win the game .. It is not so in 'any political problem, least of all in the final stages of the great contest that was t9 be played to a finish in South Africa. It was not enough just to realize the exact position and relative strength of the pieces remain­ ing upon the board. It was essential to know how they came to be where they were and to understand the circumstances which had determined all the previous. moves made by both sides in the prolonged combat. If the original annexatio,n of the Transvaal, the revolt and subsequent restoration of inde­ pendence, and the Jameson Raid, had been mere accidents of South African history, they might have been dismissed from consid~ration when they had been dealt with on their own merits. They were, however, but links in a very long chain. It was because the conne~tion of these links with one another was either forgotten or had never been understood by the people of Great Britain, 'and because a proper under- INTRODUCTION X\·

standing of it was essential to the formation of an indepen­ dent judgment upon Lord Milner's policy, that I undertook this task. Perhaps this will be the most convenient place to state that, though the idea of the book received the sanction and wamf approval of Lord Milner, without which I should never have attempted it, he has never seen a line or a word of its contents, and the views expressed in it are absolutely my own and not his. In point of fact, I have little doubt that with some of the judgments I have formed and ex­ pressed he will not, if he reads them, concur. There were , .Iany subjects upon which I would gladly have had his opinion and advice, but I felt that any trace of collaboration or even acquaintance on his part with the drift of my opinions would lead to misconstruction, innocent or malignant, alike by his friends and by his critics. As a matter of personal judgment, I do not think that my estimate of the situation as it pre­ sented itself to Lord Milner would differ materially from his own, otherwise this book would never have been written. I must, ho~ever, reiterat~ without a shadow of men~al reserva­ tion thatl I and no other am solely responsible for all the opinions ~xpressed in the following pages. Of Lord Milner himself I shall say very little. I have known him and been honoured by his friendship for a period twice as long as that which Tacitus described as no mean cantle out of a man's life, and my mature judgment of his moral and intellectual character I have never disguised from his friends or mine. There let it. rest. When I first met him he was a young student at King's College and I was a senior boy at King's College School. When I last set eyes upon him he was His Majesty's High Co~missioner of South Africa, and, by favour of the King, a peer of the realm and a Grand Commander of the Bath. Between these two dates a great deal of water bas flowed under the bridges, but for my own part I have never observed any change save such as the all.absorbing years and varied experience have effected xvi INTRODUCTION

between the Alfred Milner of King's College and of Balliol and the Alfred Milner who is now the civil GOV".l=>r , " possessions in South Africa with all their :'r most tialities. ' I,svaal bl It was an amusing discovery for one ~[;empt to Lord Milner for upwards of thirty years to lea,that the time in the columns of a pro-Boer organ th~ .~Lfurther blood in his veins. Indeed, I was gravelyl Inn. A lady suffering from what has come to be known a~ to that at the age at which I first knew Lord Milner he was ! unable to speak English. Fortumj.tely it is not the habit of

! public schoolboys or men at the Universities to probe very deeply the pedigrees of their 'contemporaries, and so perhaps it was astonishing that the twentieth century had dawned before I discovered that a strain of foreign blood ran through the veins of my friend.1 / As I have already premised, r have no intention of dwelli",r' lii'pon the personal side of Lord Milner's career. Tt j!O"m known to .repeat the story of how he. swept the [l\n win \ the great U'niversity prizes, at Oxford, and if I \ I of all \ rash or so vain as to lay claim to distinction '1.51ayed 'based upon the fact that Lord Milner's name ar20. l •• ttl, 11 stood side by side (in alphabetical or,der, of course) in 'the class list of December, 1876. He was not a frequent speaker at the Union Debating Society, of which he was subsequently

1 In the modest seclusion of a footnote I may perhaps be allowed to indulge in a personal reference, with the sole object of protecting my future critics from a pitfall into which some of their predecessors have fallen. These exclusive Britons who rejoice in the substantial patronage of Mundellas, Brunners, Schwanns and Lehmanns, have arrived at the conclusion that as I bear a hybrid, foreign name, I must necessarily be an • undesirable alien.' I will therefore present them with so much of my pedigree as concerns them. My paternal'grandfather expatriated himself from Russia, for reasons which seemed adequate to himself and his family alike before the nineteenth century was in its teens. ~itb much good sense he naturalized himself an Englishman, and with still better sense married an English woman. My father, born an English subject, followed my grandfather's example and took to wife an Englishwoman of the sturdiest Anglo·Saxon stock. One would have thought that my pedigree mattered to no one but myself. To the Anglo.Boers it seemed otherwise. This is my answer to them. INTRODUCTION xvii President. In these boyish parliaments eloquence carries den1 ~~~:.~eight than it does in the assembly of which it this task. 1.9,sm. Lord ~Iilner was not, or, at least, never state that, tho,eing, gifted with eloquence, yet, though, as I and warm apl Jterventions in debate were rare, his speeches never have at~eight than those of any other man of his time. of its contenL~~h the greater impartiality because he and I my own all'' .Je sides in politics, and I even had the that wit}- ,,(pose him as candidate for office at the Union, an heroic effort on my part which resulted in deserved dis­ comfiture. Yet it is still a pleasure to me to reflect, as I turn over the records of the Oxford Union Society, that we voted more frequently together than in opposite lobbies, and on all questions of what is now called Imperialism, more popular to-day than it was in the seventies, we were always found on the same side. The one debate which in­ xC?ked all our youthful enthusiasm was the one to which own: ~iln~r referred in the memorable farewell dinner given must, how,lle eve of his departure for South Africa. Over tion that ,;, by a curious coincidence, Mr. Asquith presided opinions (' ~ed over the debate at the Union on the occasion "" ,'''',r,.~ :,( refer • . 'On that occasion' (said Lord Milner), 'you, Mr. Asquith, as now, were in the chair, and the subject of debate was the possibility of strengthening the ties which unite to this great country our great&ill1onies and the great colonies with one another. The subject excited less interest than most which we debated in those days-less, I am glad to think, than it would excite at the present moment. But there were some half-dozen of us who hammered away-I dare say we bored our audience-on these ideas: That the growth of the colonies into self-governing communities was no reason why they should drop away from the mother-country or from one another; that the complete political separation of the two greatest sections of the English-speaking race was a dire disaster, not only in the manner in which it had come about, but for coming about at all; th~t there was no political object comparable with that of preventing a repetition of such a disaster, the severance of another link in the great Imperial chain,' Again I rejoice to remember that I too was an humble member of the half doZen who used to hammer away on this b xviii INTRODUCTION

important subject at the expense, as Lord Milner says, of boring our audience. This may seem trivial and unim­ portant enough to-day, but it must be remembered that the ideas of these young Imperialists were expressed within a dozen years of the date when Sir F. Rogers (afterwards Lord Blachford), the Permanent Secretary of the Colonial Office, wrote to Sir Henry Taylor, one of the most prominent officials or'the same office: 'I go very far with you "in the desire to shake off all responsibly governed colonies; and as to North America, I think if we abandon one we had better abandon all.' And Sir Henry at the same period confided to the Duke of Newcastle, then Colonial Secretary: 'As to our American possessions, I have long hel~ and found ex­ pressed the opinion that they are a sort of dam110sa haweditas.' , Of Lord Milner's career after leaving Oxford it is not my present purpose to speak. He made, as is well known, a slight incursion into 'journalism, and, occupied for a time the Chair of Assistant-Editor of the Pall Mall Gazette, which years later I too for an almost equally brief period wa!1 destined to fill;· but of journalism he has more than once said that it neither suited him nor he it. It was Lord Goschen who gave him his first opening in political life, and it was while he was Lord Goschen's private secretary that he made his single effort to enter the House of Commons for the Harrow. division of Middlesex. Fortunately for his country and himself the electors of Harrow rejected his . overtures; for it may be said, so far as Lord :Milner is con­ cerned, of a career in the House of Comm,ons, as he had said of journalism, that it would neither have suited him nor he it. I remember very well meeting Lord Goschen soon . after Lord Milner, at his instance, had been transferred to· the financial post in Egypt, in which he was destined to earn' his first non-academic laurels. Lord ~oschen, then .Chancellor of the Exchequer, observed'that 'in parting with INTRODUCTION Alfred Milner I felt as if I had lost my right hand.' There could be no higher praise from a distinguished public man, who would not deny that he was an exacting chief. The rest of his career before he assumed the great task of his life was tersely condensed into a few lines in Mr. Asquith's speech, which I give more fully elsewhere.

'The rest' (he said) • of Sir Alfred Milner's career has become a matter of history. His financial and administrative genius has found itself equally at home in wrestling with the inextricable complexities of an Indian Budget, and in exploring new sources of revenue for the Chancellor of the Exchequer. It is a remarkable retrospect for a man who can hardly yet claim to enjoy the somewhat qualified privileges of middle age to have studied scholarship and metaphysics under Jowett and Green, and writing under Mr. John Morley; to have been introduced to official life by Mr. Goschen ; to have learned the practice of administration under Lord Cromer, and the discharge of the delicate and responsible duties which fall to the permanent head of a great department of a State under Mr. Balfour and Sir William Harcourt is as unique, as it is a fortunate experience. It is indeed an experience eminently qualified to equip a man for the discharge of the most arduous task which the State can call upon an)! of its citizens to perfonti. To such a task he has been summoned by what I will venture to describe as the wise and happy discrimination of Mr. Chamberlain.' With this tribute from an old and tried friend, to whom Lord Milner's political opinions do not entirely commend themselves, I leave the personal side of this introduction. I must now say a word or two as to the plan and execu­ tion of this volume. I can sincerely affirm that I did not undertake the task with a light heart, nor was my sense of its magnitude and gravity diminished by the formidable mass of chaotic and disconnected materials with which I had to deal. To have attempted a continuous narrative. of the conflict between the two systems which have struggled for ascendancy through just a century would have been tanta­ mount to an endeavour to write a history of British South Africa. Such a labour was beyond my strength, and would have been impossible within the limits of the time which circumstances and the object of this book imposed upon me. b-a xx INTRODUCTION

That history has yet to be written, and it must be written. The historian who undertakes it will not find his chief diffi­ culty in the lack of materia1. I, who have only been able to sample, aS,it were, the vast accumulation of information which will be at the historian's disposal, can bear testimony to the industry and discrimination which such a labour will necessarily involve. I therefore have been compelled to content myself with a series of sketches illustrating the different phases of a story which through ever ~ changing incideQts maintains its continuity by the one thread running through it from the beginning to ~he end. That thread is, as I have already pointed out, the prolonged struggle for ascendancy in South Africa between the ·six­ teenth century and nineteenth century ideas of government. I am quite conscious that there are gaps and omissions which might well be filled up, but where such a hiatus is to be found it is due not to any_ 'fault,' as the geologists would say, but to the fact that less inportant incidents have had to make way for the more important. I am aware tha~ this volume is more bulky than I originally intended it should be. It represents, however, only about two-thirds of what I had actually written. It has been con­ densed to bring it within a reasonable compass, but I do not think that in the excisions I have been compelled to make I have cut away anything absolutely essential to the proper understanding' of the problem. Much that seemed to be of the greatest interest, and that ought to be known by those wishing to make a study of South Africa, has been ,left out, but en~,ugh, I hope, remains to demonstrate the accuracy of the judgment I here present. If I ·could compress the aim and object of these pages into a sentence, that sentence would be: ''this w~r is both just and necessary.' Necessary because it sprang from t~o antagonistic principles which have been at war ever since Great Britain made herself re­ sponsible for the administration of South Africa. These INTRODUCTION xxi principles had their roots deep in the history of the Middle Ages. Wherever they have been brought into contact they have invariably resulted in a life and death struggle. The nature of those principles I have set forth in many chapters of this book, but a necessary war is not always a just war, and I say that this war is just as well as necessary because of the very principles which are at issue and of the ideas which are in conflict. Those of the Anglo-Saxon system of government are in every respect infinitely superior to those which the Dutch in South Africa have upheld and defended with admirable tenacity since the date of their first occupa­ tion of the country. \Vhen De Tocqueville pointed out many years ago before the outbreak of civil war in America that such a conflict was inevitable unless one or two strongly­ held principles were abandoned, his prophecy was received with incredulity. Sir Bartle Frere was not a philosopher or a historian, and yet in a few terse sentences in despatches he anticipated the struggle in South Africa as accu'rately as De Tocqueville had done in the case of the United States. The difference between the seer and the inductive philosopher is that while the former relies upon inspiration, or what he believes to be inspiration, the latter bases his anticipations upon a study of the phenomena at his disposal. As surely as the oak may be anticipated from the acorn, so certainly could this desolating war have been predicted from a close study of contemporary data at any time between the Great Trek and the ultimatum. The acorn, it is true, may never become an oak. It may be devoured by hogs or consumed in the fire, but if it is left to develop normally in a favourable soil it is bound in the course of time to become one of the . kings of the forest. There have been periods in which the development of tendencies described by such men as Sir Geor&e Grey and Sir Bartle Frere might have been so treated as to have changed the course of South African history', but these tendencies unarrested,. unchecked, and xxii INTRODUCTION

uncontrolled, were as certain to culminate in a deadly struggle as the acorn in like circumstances is destined to become an oak. The time for adaptation and modification had long passed when Lord Milner was sent out to deal with the situation created by the mature development of these antagonistic systems. One or other had to be extirpated, for there was not room enough for both to continue growing , side by side. When I speak in this book of Lord Milner's work and Lord Milner's policy I am using the words in the same sense in which one speaks of Cord Wellesley'S policy or Lord Canning's or Lord Mayo's in connection with India. Such phrases are never intended by those using them to ignore or belittle the influence and authority of the Minister or Ministers who conduct that policy from Downing Street. Such misapplication of a convenient phrase would be mon­ strously unjust iR connection with the policy pursued by the Imperial G6ve~nment in South Africa. It is no exaggera­ tion to say that Mr. Chamberlain is not only the greatest and most capable statesman who has ever presided over the Colonial Office, but to all intents and purposes the only Colonial Minister in the true sense of the word that England has' ever known. To him and to him almost alone belongs the credit of' having materialized, as it were, the vague aspirations for Imperial unity which had long been vaguely entertained by pat~iots in every' part of the Empire.. It is well known that on the formation of Lord Salisbury's third administration almost any office in the Government was at Mr. Chamberlain's disposal. The fact that Mr. Chamber­ lain, to the surpris~, it may be said, of his friends, deliberately chose the Colonial Office, was·a. guarantee that the instinc- , tive desire for greater corporate unity between the members of the Empire would be brought within the sphere ?f practical, politics. Hitherto the Colonial Office had been the round hole in which square pegs found a temporary resting-place I INTRODUCTION xxiii

until a more appropriate function had been discovered for them. Mr. Chamberlain was one of the Trinity which con­ trolled the fortunes and the policy of the Unionist party. That party had been called into existence by the attempt made to disintegrate the Empire, and with Mr. Chamber­ lain's familiar tactics of carrying the war into the enemy's camp, it was not extraordinary that he should have pushed to the front the alternative policy of consolidating the Empire. He had not been in office many months-certainly not long enough to acquaint himself with the details of its multifarious duties-before he learned that the South African branch of the firm of John Bull and Company was on the very verge of bankruptcy. There were only two courses to be pursued-either to dissolve the partnership with South Africa, or to put its affairs upon a solvent and permanent footing. The time for decision was short, and Mr. Chamberlain, without hesitation or delay, adopted the braver and the wiser course. To Mr. Chamberlain must be paid the lasting tribute of recognising for the first time in a practical form the necessity of welding together our colonies and dependencies into an integral part of the British Empire;. To him, too, is due the credit of recognising that the ideal he had in view was incapable of realization so long as a great and important province of the Empire was allowed, as South Africa had been allowed, to drift into a state of dis­ organization and anarchy. To him this tribute above all others must be paid: that, having chosen the right man to accomplish the task of placing the Imperial suprem"acy in South Africa on a firm footing, he gave his subordinate a free hand, and backed him sometimes in unpromising situations with all the influence he deservedly commanded in the Imperial Government. But just as Lord Milner would be the first to admit that his labours would have been fruit­ less had he found his hands tied and bound as were those of his predecessors by former Colonial Secretaries, so XXIV INTRODUCTION

Mr. Chamberlain would acknowledge, as indeed he has acknowledged, that without Lord Milner's untiring and even passionate devotion to his duty the great work which -Mr. Chamberlain contemplated would have been left unac­ complished. South Africa is indeed a nettie which must be gripped firmly and fearlessly or be let alone altogether. Even the opponents of the present South African policy of the Ministry will not assert that if a policy of 'thorough' were to be carried out it could have been entrusted to more capable hands than those of Mr. Chamberlain 'and' Lord Milner. One observation I have yet to make before closing this introduction. When the idea of this work .originated in my mind I entertained the hope, long deferred, that it would have given me the opportunity of laying before the public a complete vindication of the conduct and policy of Lord Milner~s greatest predecessor, the late Sir Bartle Frere. It is not altogether without a feeling of disappoint­ ment that I have renounced this part of my scheme.".' The family of the late Sir Bartle Frere most kindly gave me access to the private papers of that distinguished and shame­ fully-treated statesman. A very cursory study of the ample material contained in these records convinced me that it was impossible, in a work primarily devoted to another purpose, to do justice to Sir Bartle Frere's extraordinary insight into and understanding of the South African Problem long before it had revealed itself to other eyes. I hope, therefore, with an extension of the facilities so generously given me by Sir . Bartle Frere's family to set forth in greater detail than was possible for his most able biographer, Mr.. Martineau, the details of the Imperial policy which Sir Bartle Frere sought in vain to commend to his official chiefs. It is more than twenty years. since . Sir Bartle Frere was practically dis­ missed from his governorship for refusing to cry peace, peace when there was no peace, and to prophesy smooth INTRODUCTION xxv things when the rugged road of a true Imperial policy was bruising his feet. In truth, he requires no laboured vindica­ tion to.day. The wreck and- desolation of South Africa, which, though transient, are complete, constitute at once a warning against neglecting the advice of the man on the spot and an enduring monument to the rare political fore­ sight and sagacity of Sir Bartle Frere. All that he saw must happen has happened. Every peril and, sacrifice of which he forewarned his chiefs, could have been avoided, as we see to-day, had attention been paid to his counsels. The remedy which he advocated twenty years ago and which was despised by all, is the panacea to·day even of the man in the street. When he anticipated the disastrous culmination of the policy of drift, and w'hen he predicted to within a year the date at which the harvest of our folly would be reaped, he knew that he would not be alive to deplore the fulfilment of his prophecy. The history of British South Africa has been a faithful realization of the fable of the Sibylline books. We were offered by Sir George Grey a federated South Africa without money and without cost. We refused the gift; destiny a second time, through the medium of Sir Bartle Frere, proffered to us again a united British South Africa, but not without payment and sacrifice. We rejected the second offer as contemptuously as we had thrown aside the first, and when the third and last volume was forced, as it were, upon us as an alternative to the complete loss of South Africa, we have had to purchase it 'not only with money but with blood and with tears. It feU to Lord Milner's lot to demonstrate to the people of Great Britain that if this final offer were rejected we should be bereft of South Africa. It, was not, however, South Africa alone, with all its infinite possibilities and prospects for our children, that we should have thro~n ~way : the loss of Sou~h Africa would have been the begmmng of the end of the British Empire. The young and vigorous xxvi INTRODUCTION

detect more quickly than the sufferer the palsied hand and uncertain will which betokens the approach of senility. Had we allowed South Africa to be wrested from our nerveless hands the great self· governing colonies would have lost but little time in severing from a sense of sheer self-protection the link that bound them to a moribund Empire. Three names will ever stand out conspicuously in South African history-the names of Sir George Grey, Sir Bartle Frere, and Lord Milner of tape Town. The two former failed to render the immense services they felt it in their power to offer to the Empire, not through any faults or weakness of their own, but because the inert and torpid brain of Downing Street paralyzed the vigorous hands which were at the disposal of the Empire. Lord Milner was a prophet as they had been prophets, but it was vouchsafed to him to address his warning and his encouragement to a generation which had slowly learned the lesson that the fortunes and existence of Great Britain were bound up. in the stability of the Empire' she had called into existence. Lord Milner, however, would be the first to admit that he climbed to the summit of the South African citadel upon what seemed to be mere heaps of debris from bygone days, though they were, in truth, the accumulated experiences and warnings of men who had sought to serve their country, and had sought, apparently, in vain. , It had been originally my intention to have said some­ thing by way of criticism on the books which have been pub­ lished here and abroad on the Boer side. I have abandoned that intention, not because there was nothing to be said about them, but because there was a great deal too much. The Boers have not been very fortunate in the matter of their English champions. The first detailed English work on Anglo-Boer relations from a Boer point of view was written by Aylward, an ex-Fenian who was supposed to have taken part in the murder of Sergeant Brett at Manchester,and was INTRODUCTION xxvii

wanted for homicide in Kimberley; the second was by Mr. F. Reginald Statham, the author of many books and articles on South Africa. I am spared the painful necessity of explaining what manner of man Mr. F. Reginald Statham is, for in an attenuated form he has disclosed some of the episodes of his career in a little extenuating autobiography called' My Life's Record,' in which he describes himself as , poet, musician, novelist, journalist, essayist, etc.' It is sufficient to remark that the' etc.' is comprehensive. There are, however, in my possession three letters of Mr. Statham's, one of which, wherein he incited Mr. President Kruger some years before the war to arm himself to the teeth, I have pub­ ·Iished in the Daily Telegraph. The two which I am about to reproduce are important only as illustrating the kind of political food on which the British public was fed for many years. Both of these letters were found at Bloemfontein amongst the possessions of the late President Steyn. The first bears date February 2, 18g8, and was written on the strength of a report, which proved true, that Mr. Borcken­ hagen, of whom much will be said in the body of this book, was dying. It runs as .follows: (Private and Ctmjitimh·a1.) I see a telegram this morning to the effect that Mr. Borckenhagen has had an attack of paralysis of the brain, and is believed to be dying. One may hope that the state of things is not so bad as this. But, supposing it to be so, and quite apart from the grief felt at the loss of a personal friend, it seems to me that, from a political point of view, this is terribly bad news for those who are interested in the cause of political progress and intkpmiknu' in South Africa. With the exception of the Vo/ksslem, which does not carry very much weight, the Express (Mr. Borckenbagen's paper) has of late been the only paper in Soutb Africa that has been able to bold its own against the Rhodesian flood. This was o,,;ng to Mr. Borckenhagen's intelligence and independence, and if anything should happen to remove bim from the sphere of his work, the loss would be almost irreparable. It seems to me that, under such circumstances, the Volksraad might consider it was justified in taking some special steps to preserve the ~se­ fulness and independence of a paper that has don~ 'Iluch valuable service.

I The italics are mine. xxviii INTRODUCTION

What I am afraid of is that the paper of ilse!f1 will not be able to afford the price of replacing Mr. Borckenhagen as Editor by anyone really competent to carry on his work. His estate, in the event of the worst being realized, would have to be administered for the benefit of his family. A great deal of the value of the estate, I imagine, depended on his pwn energetic supervision, especially where the Express was concerned, and the withdrawal of his supervision would mean a considerable reduction in the value of the estate. Now, I believe that the only person possessed of knowledge and independence enough (riot to speak of journalistic experience) to carry on Mr. Borckenhagen's work is myself, and I should be willing to undertake it if your Volksraad, possibly in conjunction witk tke TranS7Jaal Govern· ment, thought tbe matter of sufficient public importance to give it a certain amount of financial support, which, if the Transvaal joined in, might perhaps amount to £500 a year. In such a case, I venture to think, the paper would maintain its political value-all these Rhodesian fellows are afraid of me-and while Mr. Borckenhagen's estate would be relieved, its value would at the same time be maintained. Of course the thing would have to be cautiously and judiciously done; it is not necessary to let all the world know the secrets of your housekeeping. It is quite possible, of course, that the report as to Mr. Borckenhagen's health may be exaggerated. If so, the only thing will be to treat this as if it had not been written. But, if the case is as bad as seems to be reported, the sooner action is taken the better. I have written confidentially to Dr. Leyds on the subject. There are, I think, reasons why he would be inclined seriously to consider the maher.! I have in hand just now a biographical sketch of President Kruger which I expect will be published in about two months' time. It is rather hard to get information on some points, but I think I shall have made a pretty good job of it. With kind regards, Yours very sincerely, , F. R. STATHAM:.· HIS HONOUR STATE PRESIDENT STEYN, BLOEMFONTEIN. Unfortunatety, Mr. Steyn does not seem to have kept copies of his own replies; but the tenor of his response to this inviting appeal can be gathered from another letter from Mr. Statham, bearing date March 31, 18g8.

1 These and subsequent italics are those of Mr. Statham. 2 In the light of subsequent events it is highly probable that these' reasons ' were the desirability of having a Boer paper published in English from which Dr. Leyds could quote whatever seemed conducive to his purpose of making mischief between Great Britain and foreign Powers. INTRODUCTION xxix It, too, is headed 'private and Confidential,' and runs as follows:

My DEAR PRESIDENT, Very many thanks for your kind letter of February 28. As you suggest, I am quite aware of the difficulties that would be met with in the Volksraad, in connection with any such proposal as I indicated. I wrote, you see, under the very strong apprehension that the Rhodesian party, who are buying up all the newspapers they can lay their hands on, might try to muzzle the Express by making some very advantageous offer of purchase. In such a case as this, both your Government and that at Pretoria would be vitally interested in thwarting such a design, and would be justified in voting public money to that end. So far, however, there seems to be no break in the continuity of the Express policy. Yes, indeed, Mr. Borckenhagen is a grievous loss in every way. But, do you know, I don't think he has, as a journalist, done more for South Africa than I have. Curiously enough, my connection with the Natal Witness began almost simultaneously with his taking over of the Express, and through the tim years that followed I fought the Mrikander Cause through the Witness in the midst of an unsympathetic atmosphere, and in the presence of constant threats of dismissal. Wkile in England, too,for just a year in 1880 and 1881, / did all Ike Soutk Africa articles in tke 'ken two leading Li"eral papers,tke' Daily News' andtke' Pall Mall Gazette,' "esides magazine articles and my little "ook, 'Blacks, Boers, and Britisk.' / nave kept on tke same figkt in 'Various places from 1887 till/lasl came 10 England in 1895, and since / ka1'e "een kere / kave never/ora moment relaxed my d!or/s to inform pu"lic opinion,' wkick is 'Very unwilling to "e informed. Pernaps, too,you don'I know Ikatin 1893 and 1894. as well as up till August, 1895. I wrote most oj tke pnncipal leading articles in Ike'Erpress." Excuse my raging thus. At times. I must confess. I feel just a little human vexation that work into which I have put my whole powers, and in the carrying on of which I have suffered no small losses, should seem to pass without recognition. I expect my life of President Kruger-' Paul Kruger and his Times' -to be out shortly after Easter. I hope it will come under your notice. With kind regards, Yours very truly, F. REGINALD STATHAM. HIS HONOUR. STATE PRESIDENT G. T. STEYN, BLOEMFONTEIN.

1 From a correspondence whicb appeared in the Manchester papers some montbs ago, it would appear that the MaJf&!uller Gua"dian, the most bitter, and at the same time the most able, pro.Boer paper in England, waa the channel through which Mr. Statham chiefly' informed public opinion.' I The italics are mine. xxx INTRODUCTION

There is no particular reason for ac~epting Mr. Statham's bare assertion as evidence of a fact. It is, however, notorious that Mr. Statham did supply a vast amount of 'information' to the Radi~al press during the years he mentioned, and it would be interesting to learn from Mr. John Morley whether it is true that' all the South African articles' which appeared in the Pall AI all Gazette under his editorship were written, as Mr. Statham alleges, by the would-be successor of Carl \ Borckenhagen. Had I attempted to examine and refute the innumerable inaccuracies contained in the works of other pro-Boer writers, I should have added, very considerably to a volume which, as it is, is more than sufficiently bulky. I 'have therefore preferred to supply an antidote rather ,than to analyze the poison. A book which, in the judgment of its author, requires an apology stands self-condemned. I have, then, no apology to offer for the following pages. Nevertheless, I feel myself bound to make certain admissions. I do not claim to have shown absolute impartiality in my judgments. On problems outside the sphere of abstract science I do not believe it is possible for anyone to be absol~tely impartial. Historians who deal with contemporary events m~y be divided into three classes: (r) those who start with the assumption-that their country is always in the right; (2) those who are pre­ disposed to believe that their country is always in the wrong; and (3) those who, being conversant with the records of their own and of other tountries, assume that their country in any given dispute is more likely to have been right than to have been wrong. I confess that I belong to the third category, and the researches which my task has involved have more than confirmed me in that agreeable conviction. One other admission I have to make. This book has been written, or, ' to ,be strictly accurate, has been dictated, in the fragments of meagr~ leisure snatched' from the duties of an exacting INTRODUCTION xxxi profession. I have therefore concerned 'myself with substance rather than with the form-DaflUS sum, non CEdipus: I am a builder, and not a house-decorator. My object has been to place at the disposal of the public a small cyclopredia of the certified facts of South African history. It will be found that here and there a reference has not been give!} to the authority quoted. The omissions, however, wherever they occur, have been due to accident, and not to inte~tion. In a very small number of cases the transcript of the note did not bear the number of the page from which the extract was taken. It would have/been easy to repair this defect, but it would have takeri time, and as I have carefully verified more than ninety per cent. of the quota­ tions with which this volume teems, and have found them all correctly transcribed, I have not thought fit to delay publication on account of this infinitesimal fraction. The same reason must be pleaded on behalf of certain disfigure­ ments of these pages which are attributable to me, and not to the publisher. In revising the proofs, the fact escaped my eye that some few quotations were given in a different type from that used for other such extracts throughout the book. When my attention was drawn to this blemish, it was too late to remedy it without involving 'very consider~ble delay and not inconsiderable -expense. It must therefore be understood that this apparent distinction has no significance. It only remains for me now to record my gratitude to those who hav~ helped me in my task. Let me say first that neither this nor any defence of British policy in South Africa could have been undertaken but for the existence of Mr. Martineau's invaluable' Life of Sir Bartle Frere,' the republication of which in a popular form not only touched the consciences of the people; but opened their eyes to the perilous position of our supremacy in South Africa. The work thus admirably begun by Mr. Martineau was carried on with great energy and deserved xxxii INTRODUCTION success by Mr. Basil' Worsfold. There are other authors to whom I am indebted for information and enlightenment, and I have endeavoured to acknowledge their assistance in the ·text. My dear old friend Mr. Henley _was good enough to lick into shape some of the chapters' which follow. Ill-health on both sides interrupted this task of revision by the pen which, of all others now in active employment, is most capable of rendering such a service. To Mr. Charles Boyd, too, I am under great obligations for having, in the midst of other engrossing occupations, read the proofs as they were passing through the press. To my mother, whose nimble eyes-at,seventy-seven keener than her son's-have been most helpful in the detection of errors, and to my sister, whose assistance has been in­ valuable, I nee~ not tender my thanks.

E. B. IWAN-MuLLER. CHELSEA COURT, April 25, ,1<)02. INDEX

A~'GHANISTAN, Mr. Gladstone's span sible for troubles in, 231, 269; policy in, 116 people's wish for Dutch rule in, Africa for the Afrikanders, motto 257, 277, 281 ; Gladstone's vacil­ of Dutch in South Africa, ix, 177, lating policy in, 241, 269, 281, 194, 248, 257, 279, 298, 301, 324, 336; Germany in. 281,426; small 341, 49~ 5°4, 514,600 republics the curse of, 299. 322 ; Africa, South, British public British supremacy threatened in, ignorant of the history of, 293, 426, 723. 724; disloyalty of xiii, xiv; the struggle between Dutch farmers in. 1884. 320; systems of sixteenth and nine­ no centre for loyalists in, 323 ; teenth centuries caused the war, contribution to the navy from, xx; what its loss would have 326; English troops in, October. entailed, xxv, xxvi; British rule 1899. 683 in, intentionally misrepresented African League, South, loyalist, 496, by historians, 2, 3, 16,23; growth 505. 565 of a myth in, 3, 16, 17 (see African Republic, South. See Slagter's Nek) ; different' points' Transvaal State of view in history, 25-27 ; slaver" African Republic. United South, in, 28-31, 43; slaves and hired President Burgers' dream of 1I, natives in, 41, 42, 44; slaves ix, 13°-132. 157; the aim of emancipated in, 38, 39, 47, 49, Afrikander policy. 195, 245. 248, 50; native problem in, 46-49, 257, 290 n., 300, 301. 367. 45 6, 51, 169, 176, 181, 182; riot 492, 723; Iro'resemble United caused by 'punishment book,' 51, States of America, 201; its 52; missionary work in, 52, 53 ; divisions would resemble South suffered from Cobden's theories, America, 201 ; annexation of the 66 ; England's hybrid policy in, Transvaal fatal to any dream of, 73, 74, 84; England's wish for 2°3,275 ; possible under Rhodes confederation in, 83-85, 99, 101, as part of British Empire, 336- 106, 164, 166, 167, 177, 181, 278 ; 339, 344, 36o; to be ruled by troubles. caused by jealousy of Afrikanders, 609 the colonies in, 109, 182; poli­ Afrikander insurrection, 1815, 7- tical position when Sir Bartle 13; appeals for assistance to Frere reached, I 12, I 13, 176, 177 ; native chiefs, 7, 22, 209; judges lack of' administrative capacity in the Slagter's Nek rebellion, in, 120 ; objections to annexation 12, 22; French element in the of the Transvaal in, 149; held race, 123-126; love of solitude, by different tenure from other 127; incapable of government, colonies, 174, 175 ; Zulu menace 127, 129; native question with to; 182; incapacity of British the, 133-136, 169. ~80 ; theories Generals in, 183, 183 n.; Eng­ of punishment to rebels, 167-172; land's policy of compromise re- alarmed by the annexation of INDEX

the Transvaal, 157, 201, 202, 209 ; League, 369; Rhodes' associa­ treasonable aspirations, 157, 194, tion with the. 419, 494, 495 ; 194 n., 245, 298, 338, 527, 528, Hofmeyr rules thl', 434, 435; 672, 685, 686; spirit kept alive threw off all disguise in its policy, by Dutch Reformed Church, 158 ; 4<)0, 504; deceh ed some of the unveracity, 228, 485 11., 487; loyalists, 496; sudden wealth belief that England does not care from Transvaal Secret Service to hold South Africa, 245, 507, Fund, 505,705; pnpared for a 508; three classes of, 280; ob­ struggle in Cape Colony, 514; jections to confederation under Schleiner's belief in its loyalty, England, 231; distrust of Eng­ 691; found Schreiner a con­ land, 241; meeting at Graaf venient dupe, 696; warned that Reinet, 2<)0; views on the Lun· British supremacy would be don Convention, 309 ; documents maintained, 723, 724; miscon­ treat Cape and Transvaal Govern­ strues Milner's appeal, 724 ; pre­ ments as identical, 318; Rhodes' fers English rule to German, 293. influence with the - party, 349 j See Hofmeyr and Schreiner indignation at Jameson Raid,44 5, Agriculture in England suffered 446; Viljoen's traitorous appeal through Free Trade, 64, 69 to - party, 1899, 497-499; Albu, Mr., 567 triumph at the Cape hastened Aliens Expulsion Law, Transvaal, the war, 537; motives unveiled, 612 518.520; treason to England, Aliwal, Treaty of, 85 11., 88 606, 607 ; views on Uitlander Amajuba Hill (Majuba), 22, 248, franchise, 652; sympathy with 249, 277, 498 ; Battle of, 260, 268 ; the Transvaal, 1899, 672, 673, effects of defeat, 261, 274, 337 ; 696; old antipathy to England, peace proposals after the' defeat, 6<)0; reasons for contribution 262 to the navy, 6\)1, 692; patty America, United States, 121, 2<)0 ; allows ammunition to be for­ the negro question in, 47 ; case warded to the Orange Free Statl', for the Southern States in the 696, 697 ' Civil War, 253, 254; the Consti­ Afrikander Bond, objects of the, tution of - in Teference to the 196-199, 279.285, 289-291, 292, extculive, 246 i the model ·for 294, 295, 300, 301, 347, 493; first­ Afrik,mders' dream republic, fruits of Majuba surrender, 275 ; 298 i Southerners suffered less founded, 276, 337; congratula­ than British in South Africa, tions to the Transvaal after the 338; rebellion against England retrocession, 1881, 276, 277; of the, 406; two systems in - objects to the British flag, 276, before the Civil War, 594 277, 2')0 ; tries to boycott Eng­ Ammunition in the Transvaal and land and the English, 278; en­ O,ange Free State, 278, 280, 447, couraged by Die Paln·ot, 278; 448; Steyn':i request to Trans­ its functions, 283; its constitu­ "aal for, 603,610; passed through tion, 291, 294; Englishmen not Cape Colony to the Republics, admitted to the, 291; return a 1899, 696. 697 - majority to Cape Parliament, Argus, Cape newspaper, 178; on )01, S25, ~5o, 596; supports Boer Boer cruelty to natives, 136, 137 ; raiders tn Goshen, 315-318; approved the annexation, 195 svmpathy with the Transvaal, Arnot, Mr., and the diamond-fields, 286, 322.325, 420, 596; two 86-89 parties in the, 324,325; Farmers' Asquith, Mr., xvii, 472, 513; his Association joins the, 341; a speech at the Milner banquet, dan~er to England, 342; its xix, 461-463 origmal policy, 351, 351 11.; its Australia, 65, 120, 121, 352; Free methods resemble the Land Trade proposed with, 69; auto- LORD MILNER AND SOUTH AFRICA

nomy in, 174, 349; population of, 233, 234, 246, 247; commercial 175, 176 depression under his Govern­ Austria·Hungary,626 ment, 235; his manifesto, 1880; Aylward, xxvi, 232; Frere on, 203, 236; his policy reversed, 224, 223; Sir E. Henderson on, 204 ; 236; his fall anticipated in the Major Crc:alock on, 204; his Transvaal, 239; his death, 272 ; fellow-workers, 204 Lord Derby's desertion of, 302 Bebington, Baron Marschall von, Baralong tribes, 87, 212, 295, 311 on Kaiser's telegram, 1896,428 Barkly, Sir Henry, ix; claimed the Bechuanaland, Boer outrages in, - diamond-fields for England, 87, 133, 314-316; Boer raid into, 89, 90; evidence on Boer ill­ 275, 31 I, 312, 313, 313 n., 322 ; treatment of natives, 138, 139, desired by Cape Colony, 290, 143 317, 318, 323, 324, 359; coveted Barnard, Lady Anne, , S9uth Africa by the Transvaal, 290 n., 323, 324; a Century Ago,' by, 3,-3 n.; on English resident in,. 310; Sir slaves and their owners, '30; Charles Warren's expedition to, letter, 1797,-31; Mr. Barnard at 319, 320, 324 ; ultimate destina· Stellenbosch, 31, 32; Dutch tion of, 323; English interest in, could not believe that England 345'347 ; a strip of - ceded to would remain at the Cape, 32; the Chartered Company, 376; on the insurrection at Graaf - police and Jameson Raid, 383, Reinet, 36; visit to a Moravian 384, 390, 424, 686 n. settlement, 1798,39,4°,41 n. Beit, Mr., 410, 424 Barnato; Mr. Barney, 451' Bell's, Mr. F. W., 'South African Barrow, Mr. John, 'Travels in Conspiracy,' 499 n., 500, 539 , Africa,' on cruel laws in Cape Bergenaa.r, Mr. Jan, on 'slimness,' Colony, II; his report decided 296,454 England to retain Cape Colony, Bethell, Mr., murdered by Boers, 1806, 32, 33; insight into 295 .. :::95 n., :296, 296 n., 316, French designs on the Cape, 319 1797, 34. 35; Cape Colony Bezuidenhout, Frederick, origin of under the Batavian Government, Slagter's Nek myth, 4 ; his char­ 36, 37; on Boer cruelty, 42, 43 ; acter; 4, 21; injustice to a Hot. curious old story of a Dutch tentot seryant, 5; defied the - Boer named Kruger, 473, 476 authorities,s; his death, 6 ; mis· Bartlett, Rev. Dr., U.S.A., on representation /?f his story, 17, Uitlander grievances, 541, 542 18,20,21'" ' Basuto chiefs, 71, 72, 321 , 344 Bezuidendout, J an, swore to avenge Batavian Republic, 3, 4; a French his brother, 7; fights the author· province, 31, 32; Cape Colony ities, 8, 9; his death,9, 18; his . under the, 36, 37 wife's courage, 9; a rhapsody Batlapin tribe, 86, 87, 212 over, 21, 22 Baviaan's River (Glen Lynden), 4, Bezuidenhout, Piet, cause of Boer 9, 14, 17 war, 1881, 24, 249 ' Beaconsfield, Lord (Mr. Disraeli), Bible influence in the Transvaal, revived the Imperial spirit in 108, 134 England, 78, 79, 80, 243; mis­ Bigelow, Mr. Poultney, on Trans­ interpreted by. Lord Rosebery, vaal law against treason, 408, 409 79; speech -on Toryism, 1872, Bismarck, Kruger the South 8o; reconstructed his party, 1874, African, 454-457 82; his theories of Parliamentary Blake, Mr., 413 reforin, 179; embarrassed by Bleloch, Mr" 'The New South Lord Carnarvon's' resignation, Africa,' on value of gold in the 180; difficulties in the Zulu War, Rand, 469; on capitalists in the 183; Gladstone's opposition to, Transvaal, S6.h 566 INDEX

Bloemhof, meeting to settle the dia­ 247; letters between Mr_ Court­ mood-fields question at, 87 ney and the, 242; Pttition of Bloemfontein, 94, 113, 193, 335; Rights, 1881, ix, 356, 257; pro. papers found in, uni, 491; c1amation re annexation of the rail ..a y opened at, 336, 336 ".; Transvaal, 246 n.; War, 1880- meeting on railway, 573 1881, 254. 255, 259 n_, 200-263. Bloemfontein Conference, 1899, 266, 277; proclamation to tbe 5.JO, 600, 60S, 624-639, 661-664, O ...nge Free State, 258; raids 68<), 690; Boer views of tbe, 501, into neigbbouring States, 258, 606 ; suggested by Steyn, 600, 275, 30c)' 313-316, 321,322,435 ; 639; correspondence leading to feeling towards tbe English, 292, the, 614-617 ; object of tbe, 616, 295, 300, 423 n., 424 n.; 'slim­ 669; claims advanced by Kruger ness,' 297, 508; love of solitude at tbe, 625; dosed, 629, b6c}; and freedom, 439. 718, 719; draft of negotiations from memo­ underrated tbe Englisb army and randa, 629 640; criticism of Lord navy, 470; ultimatum to England, Milner at the, 641,643; Milner 542; commando ready to seize offered a compromise at, 643; Laing's Nek, August, 1899,678; Kruger's attitude at, 663, 664; , foreigners in tbe - Army, 689 j Milner's appeal to Kruger at tbe, i love of anarchy in the Greeksense, 724, 7zS 715,716; question of disarming Bloem/llnk;n EzprUI, 276, 493 the, 718 Boer, histories publisbed in fa­ Boescboten, Mr. Co van, on Trans· vour 0(, xxvi, 2; Republic in vaal claim to exclude ali.:ns, 532, N alaI, 15; treatment of the 533 natives, 28, 29. 43. 47, 48, 51, 135- Bok, Mr_, 158, 163, 192,307 139. 716; fallacies about tbe sale Boomplatz, 'Battle of, 67 01 tbe Cape, 34; rebellions at Booy, Hottentot, cause of Slagter's Graa( Reinet, J6 ; reading of the Nek mytb, 4, 5 Sand River Convention, 70; re­ Borckenbagen, Carl, xxvii, xxviii, sistance to British trade, 72; un­ xxx, 276, 281, 335, 362, 364,513, successful administration, 1858, 521, 687; his offer to ,Rbodes, 77 ; in tbe diamond-fields, 88, 89 ; 336; Bismarck's agent, 47 I ; reo Transvaal - and tbe annexation, sponsible for present war, 491, 105 ; and Zulus, 1840, 110, 112, 492; appeal to tbe Afrikandeno, 216; passion for removal, 126, 514 ' 127; encroachments upon native Bosboff, 1- N_, President of Orange territory, 132, 133. 140, 141 ; war Free State. 15,20,321 with Sikukuni. 141; courage, 141, Botha, Mr. Paul, 9, 48, 321 n., 32z n. 142; demoralization before tbe Botba, General, and Lord Kitcbencr annexation, 144-146; appeal to on tbe natives, 48, 718 foreign Powers for protection, Bothma, Abrabam, 9. 10 150; families in the Transvaal, Botbma, Stephanus, 7, 9, 10 164 ; war, 1899, might have been Bourbon, Isle 0(, 35 averted had Frere been supported Boyle, Mr. Frederick, on tbe dia· at home, 187; meaning of word mond-fields, 88 • Alrikander,' 196; misconception Brand, Sir Jobn, President of of rigbt of free meetings and Orange Free State, 86, 210, speecb, 207, :zo8; of tbe old 262, 400; compensated for tbe scbool uncertain of English pro­ diamond - fields by England, 87, tection, 216, 217,221 ; Sir Bartle 89-91, 128; correspondence witb. Frere's visit to - camp, 218; Lord Carnarvon respecting tbe loyalists opposed to retrocession diamond-fields, 90-92 : a capable of the Transvaal, 2! I; home statP,J\W' Alrie"" 113. 127; early politics watched by tbe, 239; b~12; federationo; ~gland in contempt for Gladstone, 241, 242, easy task to, 99 ; repI1~vances, 73° LORD MILNER AND SOUTH AFRICA

-230; at first refused to help the from England on account of loss Transvaal, 1881,258,259; caused of office, 152 n.; amendments to the peace -after Majuba by questions on the annexation, 154- threatening to join the Boers, 156; animosity of the Dutch 268, 269; his death, 276; an Reformed Church towards, 158 ; Afrikander loyal to England, 292, on Kruger's mission to London, 293; letter to the Afrikander 16o; his appeal to the Afrikan­ Bond, 293, 294; not averse to ders, 1874, 194 federation, 339 Burghersdorp, treasonable meeting Breda, Mr. Michael von, 51 at, 501-503 Britain, Great, penal law in the last Burke, 240 century, II ; in South Africa and Butler, Sir William, misrepresenta­ the colonies, rule of, 23, 174; tion of Slagter's N ek rebellion, policy affected by socialistic ideas, 19, 20; conduct at the Cape, 27; honesty in acquisition of 589 ; on Sir G. Colley, 589; sym­ territory; 38 ; price of the slave pathy with the Boers, 590, 688 ; emancipation by, 39; Manches­ on retrocession of the Transvaal, ter School opposed to the Empire 590, 591 . of, 68; Gladstone's reply to the Buttery, Mr. J. A, sub - editor loyal subjects of, 27 I, 272; de­ Standard and Diggeri News. on serts the loyalists, 337; supremacy Kruger's maimed thumb, 484; of - threatened in South Africa, 'Why Kruger made War,' 505, 510, 5Il, 597, 686; unprepared 609 ; on funds for the Afrikander for the war, 1899, 542 ; supported Bond,505 . by Milner and Chamberlain, 720, Cairns, Lord, 268 n., 273 BntisZr:4h S out h A f'ncan Chartered Camel, fable of the, 294, 295, 341 1t. Company, 352, 354, 355, 466 Campbell-Bannerman, Sir Henry, Bronkhorst Spruit, 277 538 n. Broom-sellers, fable of the, :125 Canada, Dominion of, 97; Free Bryce, Mr. James, on Slagter's Trade proposed with, 65, 69; the Nek, 18; review of the situation, Dominion established, 98, 99, 106, December, 1895, 326 n., 327 n.' 107, I I I, 112, 121 ; autonomy in, Buffon, 493, 494 n. - 173, 174; population of, 175, 176; Bulwer, Sir Henry, Governor of anglicized, 283; freedom in, 349, Natal, 231; on Cetewayo, 182; 352; House of Commons resolu­ on Frere's policy, 183 tion on So~ African negotia­ Burger, Mr. Schalk, 412, 542 tions, JulY, 1899, 658; affected Burgers, Thomas Fran~ois, Presi­ by the Venezuelan question, 710, dent of the Transvaal, 118, 223 ; 7II treating for alliance with native Cape Colony sold to England by tribes, 94; his education, 107, the King of Holland, 1814,3,31, 129, 130 ; Die Patriot's animosity_ 34, 35, 37, 38, 257, 279; first to, 108; Kruger's treachery to, 108, British occupation of, 1795,3, 5, 1°9; his work in the Transvaal 9, II, 27,31'33,121,122; cruelty 131, 162 j a conspiracy against, of Dutch laws in, 1795, I I ; 132 ; war against Sikukuni, 141- slavery in, 29-31, 42-44, 51, 52; 143, 203 ; his indictment of 'tbe slave - owners' grievances, 53;' Volksraad, 144-146; his account Dutch could not believe that of a meeting with Sir T. Shep­ England would retain, 1797, stone, 146, 148 ; admission oftbe 31-34; evacuated by the English, reasons for annexation of the 1803, 36, 37; missionary work Transvaal, 151, \56, 157, 223; in, 39-41; Kaffir rebellion in,- protests against ~~ Zlilu-':w",{rom, 1834,55,56; British Government 148, 149,_1 :;.e.rQpposition to;',nt in, 73, 75, 77, 78, 257; self­ of the 1 . government in, 84, 85, 93, 99, INDEX 731

10J, 197, 2240 351, 508; Dutch 625; invaded, 681; in league f~eling on confederation in, 106, with Steyn and Kruger, 693; 112, 192 ; jealous of Natal, 109, allowed arms and ammunition 110, 18%; politics when Frere to be sent to Orange Free State, reached, 100-112; first settlers July, 1899, 696, 697, 71I; pre­ in, 123, 124; opposed the an­ pared to be neutral in the war, nexation of the Transvaal, 157, 698; invited Boers to cross the 197 ; initiated the Boer opposi­ frontier, 699; Milner's respect tion to the annexation, 157, 160, for the Constitution of, 706, 712 ; 16J, 191, 195, 200, 203, 256; Parliament-Afrikander parly in, liberally assisted Kruger's mis­ 2840 301; falsehood in the, 486 ; sion to England, 1877, 159,275 ; Redistribution Bill, 529; peti­ dual position of the Governor as tion against war, 1899, 699 High Commissioner, 165, 166, Cape Colony Ministers' estimate 708·711 ; theories on punishment of Lord Milner's diplomacy, 641 . of rebels in, 169, 171, 172 ; dis­ cordial support. of Milner would loyalty to BritiSh rule 10, 207-209, have averted war, 1899, 671; 257, 287-289, 506, 600, 605,608, minute to Imperial Government 690, 723; the real obstacle to sent by, September, 1899, 672, confederation in, 231, 271; effects 673 of Gladstone's policy of retroces­ Cape of Good Hope, 33, 34, 42,175, sion in, 245, 246,2740 275; Trans­ 257,275,298, 361, 5°3,690,714- vaal the Mecca of. 282; resolu­ See Cape Colony tion sent to Lord Kimberley on Cape Monthly Magazine, Septem­ the Transvaal, 256; sympathy ber, 1876,49 with the Transvaal, 1881, 286, Cape Times, 118, 363 "., 373 j on 368, 369; after the Raid, 284- • slimness,' 297,454. 645; • camel' 286, 368, 36c}, 427. 440, 444, 445 ; article in the, 341; on arms of in 1899, 673. 696, 710; trade the Transvaal, 448 ; on Kruger's route to the North threatened by franchise proposals, 648.650; Kruger. 286, 305. 322, 343, 345, Wessels' letter in, 651, 652 359. 419, 420; Boer attack in­ Capitalists a false excuse for the tended upon, 290",; Boers aspire war, 32 I j in the Transvaal could to supreme position in South only lose by the war, 563-566; Africa instead of, JOD, 301,346, letter to Reitz, 1899, 577; views 384; Boer deputation to, 305; on the franchise, 578; cosmo­ Stella land requests to be an­ politan, 584 ; opposed to reform, nexed to, 309. 317; Bechuana­ 596 land and, 188-1. 3"-320; resolu­ Cappon, Mr., 'Britain's Title to tion on extradition of Bethell's South Africa,' 1-3 murderers from, 319; slipping Carnarvon, Lord, at the Colonial away from England 3'9, 320; Office, 76, 82, 166, 167, l88; Rbodes Prime Minister in, 327 ; initialed policy of Imperial Fed­ his ambition for, 344t 350; duties eration in South Africa, 76, 82, on British goods in, 352, 352 ".; 840 8<), 92, 101, III, 164, 192, contribution to the navy from, 193 ; his character, 82, 83, 179; 447.691,692; British supremacy recalled Sir G. Grey, 83; ill­ must be maintained in, 4640 465, timed resignation, 82-840 179, 509. 587, 624; Dutch morality 181, 186; correspondence with in, 485, 486; Afrikander cam­ President Brand upon the dia­ paign in, 495, 496, 514; Kruger­ mond-fields, 90-92 ; despatch to Ism in, 536; ruined if the Trans­ Sir H. Barkly on diamond-fields, vaal were predominant in South 91 ; unfortunately sent Froude to Africa, 608 ; privileges of British Soutb Africa, 94-96, 100, 103, subjects in. 624; influenced by 112; federation in Canada an Boer treatment of Uitlanders, easy task to, 99 ; reply to Pater- 732 LORD MILNER AND SOUTH AFRICA

son deputation on South African ,London Convention, 466, 533 j Confederation, 105-107; Mol­ on civil war in South Africa, 489, teno's suspicions of, 114, 117 j 490; and Krugerism, 526; reply appointed Sir B. Frere High to the Uitlanders' petition, 1899, Commissioner, 114, II 5 ; pledged 6Il-614; gives Milner a free to annex the Transvaal, 119, 120, hand, 616, 617 j his wish for 236, 272 ; ratified the annexation, peace, 618; dispatch to Milner 151; minute to Kruger on the on negotiations with Kruger, annexation, 161, 162; summary July, 1899,655-657 ; on franchise of his interview with Kruger, 163 j proposals, August, 1899, 668,669 ; letter asking Sir B. Frere to go notifies that final terms are to the Cape, 166; his value as offered to Transvaal, October, Colonial Secretary, 180; appeal 1899, 676; telegram lequesting to Frere not to resign, 1879, 185, Steyn's assurance that hostilities 186; unpopularity with his col­ will not be commenced by the leagues, 272 Boers, 680 ; de:ermined to maino' Carter, Mr., • Narrative of the Boer tain British supremacy, 720; War,' 220, 257 n.; Boer feeling reliance upon Milner, 720 towards the Kaffir~, 140 jon Sir Chelmsford, Lord, 178, 203, 215 ; T. Shepstone and Sir 0_ Lang-­ superseded, 231, 232 don, 210; Boer version-of Glad­ ChrIstina, Queen tf Spain, 385, stone speech at Peebles, 237 j 386,390 Volksraad ratification of Con­ Chloorra Amaboota, 22, 22 flo; 23 vention, 1881,274 Clark, Dr., 307 Cathcart, Sir G_, 71 Cloete, Mr. Henry, 'The Great Cavour, 387, 388, 390 Boer Trek,' 330; on Slagter's Cetewayo, 144; allied with Siku­ Nek,4, 5, 9, 10, 12-14, 21 j suf­ kuni, 147 j Shepstone's DltSsage fered Irom the slave emancipa­ to, 147, 148, 182, 183; at war tion, 16, 49 j on punishment with the Transvaal, 159," 213; record law, 52; on missionary defeat€d, 215, 232 work at the Cape, 52, 53; on Sir Chamber of Mines in Transvaal, B. D'Urban, 54; on Kaffir re­ 567 bellion, 55; Commissioner in Chamberlain, Mr., Colonial Minis­ Natal, 59; on \\omen in African ter, xxii, 188, 362, 417, 429, 604, politic~, '125; in Maritzburg, 709 ; his determination to con­ 127 solidate the Empire, xxiii; sent Cobden, Free T;..tlle theOlie~,62-66 j Lord Milner to South Africa, indifferent to the Colonies, 65, xxiii, 459, 464; his present 66,79,80 work the result of neglecting Cole, Sir Lowry, Governor Cape -Frere's policy, 77; ignorant of­ Colony. 16, 5 I, 52 the Jameson Raid, 372-375>378, Colen so, Dr., II I, 167, 169, 200 383, 390, 430 j his telegrams Coller, Sir George, 19, 20, 245, stopping the Raid, 379-382 ; tele­ 258; order after defeat, 1880, gram to Kruger on the Raid, 255, 256; Kruger's letter to, 381,431 j error of judgment after 259, 260 the Raid, 427, 429, 435, 440, 44-1, Colonial Office, 26, 49, 62, 78 ; un­ 453 ; appeal to Kruger for the popular amongst politicians, Raiders, 431, 432; telegram to xxiii, 188, 429; changes at the, Sir H. Robinson insisting upon 72, 76, 84, 164, 188; Lord Car­ reforms after the Raid, 441 '443, narvon at the, 86; conference OIi 442 n.! prevented civil war in South African affairs at, 1876, Transvaal, 447 ; animosity shown 104 j work of the, 709 to, 449, 450, 489, 596 ; his study Colonies, slave owners inadequately of South African questions, 453 i compensated .in British, 54; reply to Kruger's letter about the Beaconsfield on self-government INDEX 733

0(, 80; irritated by Froude, 97 ; 198, 21 I, 212, 272, 303-305; ar­ "'hat is meant by a colony, 120 ticles against slavery retained, Commissioner, High, dual office, 1881, 262; English sovereignty 75,322 stated in, 304, 397 Commission, Transvaal, 1897, on Cook, Mr., ' Rights and Wrongs of mining industry, 542-544. 547, the Transvaal War,' 393, 539; re­ 548 i report ignored, 554; on forms backwards in the Trans­ Liquor Law, 544; on transit duty, vaal,4OO 545; monopolies in explosives, Corn Laws repealed, 62, 64 - 545, 546 ; on railways, 546; on Courcelle, M., on Disraeli, 79 police administration, 546, 547 Court of Justice, High, Transvaal, Conan Doyle on Slagter's Nek, 612, 61 3 717 Courtney, Mr. Leonard: a pro­ Conservative meeting, 1872: Bea­ Boer, 271 ".; speech' on the consfield speech at, 80; Govern­ Transvaal, 1881, 2.p, 243; on ment recalled, 1874. 82 i Boer loyalists, 248; allied with tbe view, of, 470 Boers, 252 ; on the Convention, Constantinople, 179. 184. 642 1884, 306; conspiring with Convention, London, 1884, 303 i Kruger against Frere, 457, 483; terms of the, 306, 307; amended his disloyalty, 693 the Convention, 188r, 306; Boer Crealock, Major JOhn, 204 endeavours to annul the, 307, Crimean War, 64 309, 321,4OOt 53 1, 532; English Croix, M. de la, on importance of suzerainty unimpaired by, 306, the Cape, 34 397,398,465 "., 533, 594; affected Cronje, P. A., 249, 263 ".; bad by the Raid, 383 i broken with faith of, 432 ". regard to Uitlanders, 394, 397- Crown and Ministers in England, 400 i aliens' taxation rights under 174 the, 398,399,401, 531, 6II ; Ar­ Curlewis, Rev. J. I., 317 ticle IV. on Boers and foreign Currie, Sir Donald, 91, 552 treaties, 465 "., 467, 531, 657 i Cuyler, Colonel, 8, 10, 12 Anicle XIV. on rights of aliens Cyprus, 237, 243, 244. 247 in the. Transvaal, 531-533, 656; Boer denial that Article XIV. Daily News, pro - Boer articles, gives franchise rights to aliens, xxix; Mr. J. B. Robinson's inter­ 497, 682, 683 i forbids any . view with Kruger, January, 1900, favoured nation treaties with 45b,451 English subjects, 667 Daily Telegrapk, xiii; Dordrecht Convention, Mount Prospect, 600". incident; 693-695 Convention, Pretoria, 1881, 262, Davis, Jefferson, 254, 269 263,675,689 i 690, Article XII., De Beers consolidated, 348 273; Article XIII., 274; ratified Delagoa Bay, 131, ISS, 343, 345, by Volksraad, 274; Transvaal 608 policy since, 292; Boer deputa­ Delarey, 141 n. tion sent to London to amend, De Rand Posl, July 7, 1899, omi­ 303, 304; memorial from the nous letter in the, 661, 662 Boers, 303, 304; Boer reply to Derby, Lord, his irresolution, 179, Lord Derby, 305 ; Lord Derby's 302, 314; settled our relations answer, 30S i affected by the with the Boers, 1883, 303; reply Raid, 383; suzerainty retained to Kruger's petition respecting witb, 397, 398; status of white tbe Pretoria Convention, 304, inhabitants of the Tranwaal 305 i England's suzerainty un­ under tbe, 397-399,400, 532, 541, changed by, 306, 594; thanked 656; misrepresented by Steyn, by the Volksraad, 1884, 307 68 5,686 De Tocqueville, xxi Convention, Sands River, 18sa, 70, De Wet, Sir ]acobu5,379, 381,438; 734 LORD MILNER AND SOUTH AFRICA

census of Transvaal population Egypt, French designs upon, 34, by, 418 35 ; proposed abandonment, 361 Diamond-fields, Lord Kimberley's Elections, 1880, momentous issues policy about the, 84-89 ; dispute of, 234; general effects of, 250, about the, 86 ; agreement be­ 25 I, 272 tween President Brand and Ellis, Mr. George Kendrick (of Lord Carnarvon, 90-92 Thaungs), on deception of Die Patriot, Cape newspaper in­ Montsioa, 316 imical to En}:land, 107, 108; Eloff, Frikkie, 573, 576 against the annexation of Trans­ Emancipation, slave, a source of vaal, 194, 195 ; the editor, 1884, Dutch resentment against Eng­ 275; reprints on the Boer War, land, 16; British' advocacy of 188r, 278, 279, 285 ; on London the, 27, 28, 38, 46; money paid Convention; 309 as compensation to the owners, ,Dingaan, II0, 148 n., 213, 249, 265 39, 50, 54; in British colonies, Dodd, Mr. Thomas R., 566 n. 53,54 Doppers, 107,501 ; Kruger's party, England, party government affects 158, 455, 478 , her policy, 26, ;0 j her colonies Dordrecht, disloyal incident at, affected by Free Trade, 65, 66; 1899, 693-695 figurative authority in South D'Urban, Sir Benjamin, II 7, 189, Afri!:a, 73, 74; native question, 720; 'the best Governor at the 94 ; splendid civil service in, 188, Cape,' 53, 54; views of his suc­ 189; restores independence to , cessor, 60, 76; recalled, 457 Orange Free State and Trans­ Durban (Port Natal), 57 vaal, 227 ; would have been Do-- Plessis, Field-Cornet H. Y., trusted had Gladstone been con­ 482 sistent, 246 ; tolerates rebellion, Dutch courtesy and good manners, 252, 253; or the Transvaal to 488, 512; 'slimness,' 228, 229 ; be paramount at the Cape, 292, anecdote of unveracity, 485, 486 293, 624; accused of massing Dutch East India Company, 4,39 ; troops in South Africa, 673,674, _ruled ,:\,ith severity, 126, 598; 677, 680, 682 petition from Cape Colony, 1799, English, missionaries at the Cape, to the, 121-123; Graaf Reinet 41 ; officer and Hottentots, 42 ; rebellious under, 36, 514 soldiers in the field, 254, 255; to Dutch Reformed Church, 75 ; con-' be boycoW:rl in South Africa, trolled the politics of the Cape 278-280, Boer contempt for the, Dutch, 130, 158; President • 423, 468-472; not good con­ Burgers ex-minister of the, 130; spirators, 464 conspires against Burgers, 132, Erasmus, Boer leader: Cruelty to 158; ministers' training college natives, 143, 144 .. for the, 195, 196; resembles the Esselen, Mr. Ewald, 412; speech Scotch kirk, 202, 263 j Hofmeyr on Kruger, 413; letter to Gold a member of the, 340; adopts Company on rights in Transvaal, the same methods as the Land 402 'League, 369 ; intolerance of, 478; Exhibition, International, Crystal political training of ministers for Palace, 1851,63,64 ,the, 499 Express, Statham's anxiety to edit the, xxvii-xxix; chief organ of Ebden, Hon. A., Cape Colony ad­ the Afrikander Bond, 258 ; anti­ , dress presented to Milner, 1899, English paper, 335, 336 645,646 Edgar, Tom Jackson, murder of, Faber, Cornelis, 8, 10 555, S92 ; Milner on murder of, Fairfield. Mr., 376, 379 585 Farelly, Dr., 452 ; Boer disloyalty, Education for .Uitlanders,61I 470 n.

\ ... - INDEX 735

Farmers' Association, Cape C;:olony, Imperial prerogatives at the Cape, 341 165, 166, 172, 176· 178; letter Farrer, Messrs., devotion of, S66 n. accepting office at the Cape, 166; Faure, Mr., 36, 51, 369 no on the native question, 16<}, Fiscal, tbe, on burghers in Cape 16<} n., 705 ; ready to assume pro­ Colony, 1799. l:lZ, u6 tectorate of Walfisch Bay, 168 n.,· Flag, Britisb, in Soutb Africa, on punishment of rebels, 170, question of tbe, 246, 2930 338, 171; dismis~ed Molteno and ap­ 339. 350, 351, 360; Afrikander pointed Sir Gordon Spriggs,ln, objections to the, 278, 289 n., 290, 711 ; on policy of Cape Parlia­ 296, 297; Hofmeyr questions, ment, 1878, 178; letter on Car­ tbe, 345; bauled down at Graaf narvon's resignation, 1888, 181; Reinel, 1796, 514 on colonial jealousy and the Foreign allies of tbe Transvaal, Zulus, 182; tried to curb Zulu 227, 3oS, 427 power, 182, 183; his position. Foreign Office, work at tbe, 709t affected by European complica­ 710; politics outside party con­ tions, 184; censured by Parlia­ siderations, 184, 239 ment, 185, 186; his vindication, Franchise for Ultlanders secured 187, 189, 190; despatch upon by the Conventions, 1881-1884, union in South Mrica, 1879, 400, 598; Milner's just demands 19<}-201 ; on Dutchfeelingtowards for tbe, 643-645; proposals at England, 1880, 201 ; account 01 Bloemfontein; 646-648; Hon. E. Ayl"'ard, 203; on tbe situation Ebden's address on thl', 645, in the Transvaal, 1879, 216, 217; 646; Cape Ti",d analysis of visit to the Transvaal, 218, 219, Kruger's proposals, 648 - 650 ; 229, 230; speech to the Boers Uitlander meeting about tbe, after tbe annexation, 220-226; 1899, 650; Mr. J. W. Wessels despatch upon Boer meeting, on, 651, 652; Bin before the 1879, 227; too honest to dis· Volksraad, 18990 653; Kruger's trust the Boers, 228; proposed object in postponing tbe, 654, measures to meet Boer griev­ 655; futile concessions offered, ances, 230, 231 ; unjustly recalled, 660, 662, 669 231, 427; his goal, Africa united Fraser, Captain, 8,10 for England, 351, 351 n., 364, Fraser, Mr. J. G., 490. 491, 494 366; Kruger'li attempt to delude, Frencb, the, Revolution, xiv, 715 ; 483; grasped the disloyalty of in the Cape, 32, 35 ; designs in tbe Cape, 508 the Transvaal, 46<}; capital in Froude, Mr.: • Two Lectures on the Rand, 565 SoutbAfrica,"Oceana'inaccurate Frere, Sir Bartle, 30 70, 158; his account of Slagter's Nek, 18; foresigbt in South African politics, on the diamond·fields, 85, 88,89, xxi, xxiv, xxv, 19<}-202, 513,705; 91; an unfortunate choice as tbe result of discarding hIS policy, Colonial Agent, 93, 103; letter 77, 187; appointed to South to Molteno on federation of South Africa, 104, 112, 118, 144, 147, Africa, 93-95 ; his tactlessness in 186; bis services and reward, South Alrica, 94-96, 100, "7,166; 113, 114, 178, 722, 723; slate of his apology, 96 ; joined the Op­ South African politics ,.,hen he position at the Cape, 96, 97; reached the Cape, loS, 109, 112; reply to tbe Cape Mmisters, 97 ; on Natal, 110, III ; speecb,1879, his escapades, 98; his books on responsible Government, 116, prove bis incapacity, 101; dis­ 117; on tbe annexation of the approves of confederation, 101, Transvaal, 118, 120; letters on 102; advises England to retain tbe Transvaal, 1881, 150, 156, Cape Town and leave South, 161; Gladstone's opposition to, Africa, 102,257,278; discredited 118,119; insisted upon retaining the Imperial policy, 112, 192, LORD l\IILNER AND SOUTH AFRICA

210; eulogy of the Free Staters, under the, 564, 566, 568, 569; law 192, 193; on Mr. Saul Solomon, unjust to landowners, 567 178 Gordon, General, 329 Furstenburg, Field-Cornet, on the Goschen, Lord, first promoted natives, 136. Milner, xiii, 461 Goshen, Boer raiders in, 296, 318, Gaika, native chief, 7, 9, 169, 170 319, 468; founded republic of, Garibaldi, 387, 388, 390, 427 312 .

Garrett, Mr. Edmund, 373; treat- Graaf Reinet, 4, 12 n. J• disloyalty ment of prisoners after the Raid, at, 36, 130, 288, 2go, 294. 514; 452 ; Kruger's proposals for Uit· Lord Milner's speech at, 487, landers' franchise, 648-650 506,515-520,551,695,705,706 German settlers at the Cape, 123; Graaj Reinet Advertiser, 290 n. designs feared in the Transvaal, Grant-Duff, SirM., 244, 251, 252 150,200, 201, 345,'425-428, 440, Granville, Lord, 18S, 234 469, 470 ; Emperor's telegram to Great Trek, 1836, 14, 5 I, 54, 57. Kruger, 428, 436 n., 439 n., 440 j 129,478, 501, 717; prompted by capital in the Rand, 565 aversion to civilization, 521, 522; Gibraltar, 448, 449 something pathetic in the, 719

Gladstone, Mr., 415,685 n. J • anti­ Gregorowski, Judge, 555 Imperialist, 83; opposes Sir Gresswell, Mr.: 'Our South African Bartle Frere, II I, II6, II9; Empire,' 192; on Froude, 193; change of front when in office, on unity in South Africa, 194 179, 216, 235 -240, 25°, 251; Grey, Lord, 53, 67; abandoned crusade against Turkey, 184,:234; Orarige River Colony, 70 policy respecting the independ­ Grey, Sir George, xxi, xxv, 188, ence of the Transvaal, 191,201 n., 720; High Commissioner. in 220,254, 260, 267-270, 340, 445, South Africa, 1854, 72, 73, 75,

446; Midlothian campaign, 233- 75 n. J • advocates confederation 237; speeches circulated in Soulh in South Arrica, 73, 76, 89; des­ Africa, 237 ; vote of thanks from patch upon SouthAfrican problem, Transvaal to, 237, 307 ; his repl)', 1858,75,76; on Dutch colonists, 238; his apologists, 241, 242; 1858, 77, 282; recalled, 78, 83, his foreign politics, 243, 244; re­ 231,457; no political boundaries verses Beaconsfield's policy, 246, in South Africa, 593 247; consistency would have Griqualand, ".est, 212 ; diamond­ saved English honour, 245-247, fields in, 81, 128; British terri­ 250, 251, 340; three policies in tory, 87 ; troubles in, 94, 95 eighteen months, 269, 270 j reply Grobler, Mr., letter to Kruger for to deserted loyalist~,. 271, 272; ammunition, 603 Home Rule policy, 302, 353, 354, Groot Schuur, 330, 342; burnt, 357 ; the country paying for his 358,363 mistakes, 336, 337 ; unpopular in South Africa, 1895, 417; re­ Haggard, Rider: 'The Last Boer jected by Oxford, 494 ; resembles War,' 105 ; reasons for annexing Kruger, 496; on aliens' rights in the Transvaal, 105, 106, 108; the Transvaal, 1881, 539 summary of an article in Dit Glenelg, Lord, 53, 188; failure of Patriot, 107, 108; President policy on the native question, 54, Burgers' difficulties, 132; on 76; unwise despatch on Kaffir Boer cruelty to natives, 138; on rebellion, 55-57; produced the the Zulu menace to the Trans­ Great Trek, 59 vaal, 1877, 147, 148 ; on petition Gold, in the Rand, 282, 337; against Sir T. Shepstone, 205 ; modem worship of, 329; value Sir T. Shepstone misrepresented,

of the mines, 469 ; robbery in the 213 n. J• on Courtney and the mines, 547 i law, profits made Boers, 242 INDEX 737

Hambelberg, Mr., 89 the burghers as a Great Power, Hammond, John Hays, 409, 452 58 Hantiels61ad on Holland in Africa, Hollanders in the Transvaal, 368, 471 409. 609 Harcourt, Sir William: on the Home Rule in Ireland, 199, 355 ; Raid, 375; Milner banquet, 461 Rbodes' connection with, 346, Hargrove: Political agent, 693, 695 ; 353-361 bribed by Kruger,693 n. Hottentot, regiment raised by the Heidelberg, 216; cartridges made English, 5, 7; employed by the at, 278 Dutch, 9; at Slagter's Nek, 18, Helots, British subjects treated as, 21, 22; 'square,' 29; corps 587, 59 1 ; Laconian, 597, 598 refuse to serve under the Dutch, Heven, Mr. Van der, 273 37; and missionaries, 1737, 40, Hicks· Beach, Sir Michael, C"lonial 41, 52; Boer cruelty to a - boy, Secretary, 1640 ISo, 188; not 43; hired servants confused with alive to South African interests, slaves, 44; race becomes a ISo, 184, 273 ; despatch censur­ nationality, 56, 57 ing Frere, 1879, 185; published Huguenots: Early settlers at the in England before Frere saw it, Cape, 123, 1240 135; names in 185, 186; recalls Sir T. Shep­ the House of Assembly, 126 n. stone, 209 ; his answer to Kruger memorial against annexation, I mperial federation, first step in, 84 ; 212, 214; confirms annexation to Government in South Africa, Wolseley, 239; moved vote of 173. 177; its position respecting CeJIBUre upon Gladstone, 1881, the annexation, 226; indifference 539 . to colonial matters until 1876, Hobson, J. A., on Mr. Rhodes, 312; 283; to settle differences with on difference between Milner and the Transvaal, 287, 288; Boer Rhodes in dealing with Kruger, attempt to oust in Bechuanaland, 641 31 I; Khama's offer of land to, Hofmeyr, Mr •• 262, 21)0 n., 294; 324; cat's-paw of Afrikanders, telegram on terms to the Boers, 325; ideas of Mr. Rhodes on, 1881, 261 ; rules the Afrikander 329; loyalist feelings towards the, Bond, 281, 289,434,435,492,494, 338; Parliament necessary, 356 ; 524-5)0, 605 ; an a~tute politician, relreved by local autonomy, 353, 281, 282; supports the Goshen 355, 357 freebooters, 318, 319; his political Imperialism arose from. revolt aims, 345, 346; alliance with against the Manchester School, Rhodes, 340'342, 362, 427, 444, 69; Beaconsfield's, 78, 80 496; Protectionist legislation, Impressions in South Africa, 19 341-343; opposed Liquor License India, Cape Colony halfway house Bill, 347,348; letters to Cham­ to, 32, 33, 175, 278, 338, 339; berlain on the Raid, 382, 433, asserted to be a costly possession, 434; • the mole,' 435, 529; allied 80; Civil servants in, J 16 . with tbe Transvaal, 5040 609, opinion upon withdrawal fro;J 610; proposed Bloemfontein Con­ Kandabar in, 243, 244; our rule ference, 614 in, 714 Holland: Stadtholder ceded Cape Indian troops in China, 243 n" Colony to England, 31 ; an ally 244 n, of England, 34; prohibited the Ingogo, 2SI}, 277 slave trade, 38; Afrikander docu­ Intelligence, Army Department ment published in, 279; aspira­ good before the war, 5340 535 tions in South Africa; 197,308, Ireland, 198, 369; questions on, 49 1,492 may change the Government, Holland, King of, sold the Cape to 240; Gladstone's devotion to, England, 35,257; represented to 269-28 2 47 LORD MILNER AND SOUTH AFRICA

Isandhlwana, 183, 184, 186,471 215 ; failed to give Frere's mes­ Italy in 1856, 389 sage to the Boers, 219; his reply to Frere's speech on the annexa­ Jameson Raid, xiv, 321, 365-367, tion, 226; would not sign memo­ 369, 370, 384, 4[6, 424,432,464, rial to the Queen against the 468,601 ; character of Dr. Jame­ annexation, 229; reliance upon son, 313, 394, 395, 431; High change of Government in Londo"', Commissioner prevented a war 239; on English policy, 1881, after the, 285, 447; Rhodes' 241, 242; and Mr. Courtney, friendship for Jameson, 330,339, 242 ; member of Transvaal tn­ 340; a powerful factor in South umvirate, 249, 263, 264, 266; African politics. 372; a folly, defeated English schemes of con­ 373, 419, 427; Chamberlain federation, 271 n.; encouraged ignorant of the, 374, 375, 378 ; Boer raiders, 313, 3 I 3 n., 316 ; Bechuanaland police in the, 377 ; candidate for the Transvaal Pre- a failure, 379, 387; the Raid . sidency, 412, 439. 440; on stopped, 380-383; historical pre­ Rhodes' policy, 420, 421; on cedents tor the, 385-387; would native question, 574; interview have won a different verdict if with Sir George Colley, 589; successful, 388; Committee on prepared to seize tunnel at the, 390, 391, 450, 499; effp.ct Laing's Nek, 1899,678 upon Dutch in Cape Colony, 444, 445,686 n., 690; trial of prisoners Kaffir aid invited by Boers, 1815, alter the, 451, 452; delayed 7, 9; Boer laws for the, 48, 76 , reform, 565, 597; capital made rebellion, 55, 56, 169, 170; in­ out of the, 611, 681, 688, 690 creasing population of, 102, 108 ; Janssens, Governor, 4, 5,37,477 children taken for slaves, 136; Johanne", native chief, 141, 142 137, 139; white men's feelin\! Johannesburg, gold industry in, towards the, 140, 145, 347, 574 ; 384; revolution ill, 393 (see attacked by Erasmus, 143, 144 ; Jameson Raid) ; taxation in, 399 ; hatred of the Dutch, 152, 153; a Kruger in, 41 I; Lord Loch asked danger to the Transvaal, 198; not to visit, 414,416; disarmed, 'to be cheaply exterminated,' 436-438,443,455; Reform move­ .574 ments in, 551, 564; petition of Keane, Mr., on settlers at Gape rights from inhabitants of, 553- Colony, 123, 124; on slavery 558.; municipality required, 554, amongst the Boers, 135, 139 618, 619; police in, 555, 556; Keate, Mr., 87; award on diamond­ Kruger's last speech in, 559-561 ; fields, 129, 2 I 2, electric tram in, 575, 576; Uit­ Khama, 136, 324 lander Council at, 654 Kimberley, 318, 343, 35 I; tele­ Johannesburg Star,' Kruger's graph to, 1876, 118; diamonds speech, 1895, 427, 428 in, 340; liquor sale in, 348 J orissen, Dr., Attorney-General of Kimberley Advertz'ser, 290 the Transvaal, 158; mission to Kimberley Independent,' murder of London, 159-163, 192,202,207; Mr. Bethell, 295 n. in English Government service, Kimberley, Lord, Colonial Minister, 206; on Uitlander rights, 398. 81. 166; settles the diamond' 400; on hearing of the Raid, fields question, 84-86, ~9 ; on an-' 45 2 nexation of the Transvaal, 25 r, Joubert, Piet: refused to enter 252; declines Cape mediation, the English service, 207 ; would 1880, 256; message to President accept Shepstone as President, Brand, 259; telegram to Wood 210; missions to England, offering terms to the Boers, 259, 206, 210; memorial to Sir M. 261,262; at Manchester on the Hicks - Beach, 210; in Natal, war, 188 I, 266; candour at Shef- INDEX 739

field on the retrocession, 268, of, 350, 422; his policy, j68, 268 n.; on German attitude to 369; made capital of the Raid, South Africa, 438; reluctant 371-373,439,440; thanks Cham­ agent in • scuttle' policy, 540; berlain for stopping the Raid, speech on the Transvaal, 1899, 382; pro-Boer apologies for, 540 402; jobbery over the Selati Kitchener, Lord, 48, 670,718 Railway, 404, 405; absurd cry Klerk, Theunis de, 7, 9, 10; his of treason after the Raid, 40S ; family, IS at Johannesburg and Krugers­ Knox-Little, Canon, 13, 539 dorp, 41 I; his electioneering Krugel, William, 7, 8, 10 met bods, 412; in 1863,480; re­ Kruger, Jacob, and family, 473 sponsible for British subjects in K ruger, the ex-forger, 476 Johannesburg, 416; 'hopes of a Krul;er, Paul, ex - President of German alliance, 1895,427,428; Transvaal, ix, 224, 231, 249, '252, difficulties and finesse after the 339; first notorious in raid at Raid, 431, 433, 435, 436; pro­ Potchefstroom, 1861, 71, 479, mised reform to the U itlanders, 480; a 'Dopper,' 107, loS, 478 ; 436, 560, -563; reply to the recommended as President by German Emperor, 437 n.~· armed Dutch Reformed Church, 108; the Transvaal, 447, 448 n.; the the native question and, 136 n.; Soutb Afrjcan Bismarck, 454; missions to England, first after reply to Chamberlain's invitation the annexation, 1877, 159-163, to England, 1896, 465,466 ; tries 191, 192; no expectation of to annul ,the Convention, 1884, success, 161,192; second mission, 465 j his career, 472; family, 1883, :zOO, 2oS, 210-215; racial 473; religious chara"cter, 476, aims 01, 175 n.; advice in the 477,493 j' at Zoutspansberg revo­ Zulu War, 183 n.; opinion of lution, 481, 482; his • slimness,' Gladstone policy, 201 n.; dis­ 483; his maimed thumb, 483, missed the Englisb service, 206 ; 484; and the Afrikander Bond, attempt to get extra salary, 207, 493. 537, 609,623; the danger to 483; return to tbe Transvaal Soutb Africa, 518, 52I ; admitted the signal for agitation, :za8; England's suzerainty in asking protests against the annexation, for independence, 533; no one 210, 211, 482, 483; in Natal, thought that he would fight, 534 ; 215; thanks to Gladstone, 1880, idea that Milner could not act, 237; reliance upon cbange of 537, 538; reliance on Cape dis­ Govemmenl, 1880, 239; 1899, loyalty, 53!!, 698, 711; invited­ 538, 655; correspondence with aliens to the Transvaal, 541; Courtney, 242, 271, 483; issu"ed address to burghers at Rusten­ Boer Petition of Rigbts, 256; berg, 558, 559, 561, 562; last member of the Boer Trium­ speech in Johannesburg, 559. virate, 237, 26,3, 264, 266; de­ 562; on franchi!8 to Uitlanders, feated English schemes of con­ 560-562 ; on Uitlanders' petition federation, 271,271 n.; aims to to tbe Queen, 561, 562 ; favour secure an independent Soutb shown to capitalist_, 563, 564; African Republic, JOI, 468, 659 ; jobbery on Rustenberg Railway, apologies to the Volk.raad for 572, 573 j on farm measuring, the Englisb Government, 1884, , 573, 574; on electric-tram enn­ 3oS, 309; Intrigues in Bechuana­ cession in Johannesburg, 575; land, 311 ; art of raiding taught agrees to Bloemfontein Confer­ by, 309, 321,435 ; designs against ence, 616; attempts a • Kaffir Cape Colony, 322, 343, 419; bargain' with Milner, 616, 625. thwarted by Rbodes, 344. 420 ; 630 n.; short-sightedness in re­ treatment of Englishmen, 347; fusing Milner's terms, 618-623. 1881,398,400 j Rhodes' opinion 724, 725; evasion of necessary 47-2 740 LORD MILNER AND SOUTH AFRICA

reforms over side-issues, 619, 623, memorandum for basis between 625,626,630; thought the meet­ Government and financiers, 583 ing would resemble an inter­ Liquor, License Bill at the Cape, national congress, 624; requests 347,348 j Laws in the Transvaal, for arbitration on disputed points, 544; Laws neglected, 548, 549 625-627 ; refusal to grant reason­ Little, Mr. J. Stanley, on Slagter's able franchise, 627-629, 631-635, Nek, 19; on destiny of South 644, 654, 655, 660-663; hopes Africa, 299, 300; on Boer con­ of foreign intervention, 661; tempt of the English, 300 memoranda of Conference, June 2, Livingstone (' Exploration of Cen­ 630 ; June 4, 633; June 5,639; tral Africa'), on cruelty of Boers, address to Volksraad before the 135 . ultimatum, 685 n.,· bribe to Har­ Lobengula, 354 grove, 693 n.; playing with Loco, Lord (Sir Henry): visit to Milner to gain time, 705; Pretoria, 414, 417; letter to burghers did not rise for him, Lord Ripon, 1894,415; letter to 719; his letters to Sir T. Shep­ Kruger, June, 1894, on Uitlander stone on the annexation, 205, grievances, 414, 415 206; to Colley before Majuba, Loieter, Professor de, on Conven­ 259, 260; to Lord Loch not to tion of 1884,306 visit Johannesburg, 1894, 414; Lombard, Mr., on possible war, to Chamberlain suggesting a new 662 Convention, 1896, 465-468 Lorenzo Marques, 252 Krugerism, 3II, 368, 536, 593 Lotter, Mr., on apprenticing the Krugersdorp, 380, 382, 4II, 572 Kaffirs,48 Loyal Women's Guild, 525 Labushagne, Mr. Casper, on native Lucas, Mr. C. P., on Slagter's Nek, question, 48 19 j on the Moravian missionaries, Laing's N ek, 245, 266, 277,,689,690; 40, 41 ; Lord Glenelg's -despatch, threatened by Boers in August.. 1835, 5S j on Orange River Sove­ 1899,678 reignty,67 Langalibalele, 167 . Lutherans in Cape Colony, 39 Lanyon, Sir Owen, unpopular with Lydenburg, gold-fields in, 131; no the Boers, 209, 210, 249 ; caused education obtainable, 162 j Re­ failure of annexation, 423 public of, 322, 408, 478 Leader, Uitlander paper, 661 LytteltolJ, th~! Hon. A., dynamite Leonard, Mr., 424 concessiuns, 405 Leyds, Dr., xxviii, 276, 440; sent Lytton, Sir E. Bulwer (Lord), 75 ; to Europe, 513; touting for at the Colonial Office, 76, 83; allie~,.5 13; departure from Africa refused Sir G. Grey's proposal preceded Lord Milner's arrival for confederation, 89 at the Cape, 533, 534 j his in­ trigues in Europe, 534, 536, 577, Macartney, Lord, letter to Dundas, 578; deception of Kruger as to 1797, on the French at the Cape, foreign help, 660 34 Liberal attempts to disintegrate Mackenzie, ·Rev. Mr., on Boer the Empire, 80, 81 atrocities, 135 ; blamed by Krllger, Lichtenburg, Landdro;t of, supplied 309; appointed Resident in Boers with ammunition in 1884, Bechuanaland, 310, 3[4; on Boer 313 intrigue in Bechuanaland, 31I; .Lincoln, Abraham, 47,254 advocates separation of offices of Lippert, Mr. E. : dynamite conces­ Governor and High Commis­ sion, 577 j programme of set­ sioner in the Cape, 322, 323 tlement between Government, Mackinnon, Rev. James, 195; ACd­ Transvaal, and Uitlander, 577, kander Bond, 196 578; meeting called by, 582,583; Madagascar, 471 lXDEX 741

• Majubanimity,' 191, 192, 201, "., banquet in his hononr, xvii, 460- 220, 241 ; effect of, upon Cape 463, ,,87 i his services to the Colony, 274; Mrikander Bond, Empire, xxv, 74, 720-723 i sup­ firstfruits of, 275; cause of the ported by Chamberlain, xxiv, present war, 301 720; his present work, 191, 314 ; Makap3n, 477; Boer vengeance difficulties in realizing Boer 'slim­ upon, 478 ness,' 228, 229, 484, 488, 489, 510 ; Malet, Sir E., on German attitude advice given at .Graaf Reinet, to South Africa, 428 288,367,487; view of the situa­ Malmesbury, Lord, 34, 78 tion before the R'lid, 352; ap­ AIafICwln' Guardia", pro - Boer pointed High Commissioner at paper: Statham's articles in, xxix; the Cape, 459, 460; started for Manchester school of politics, 62- Cape with unbiassed opinion~, 64 ; indifference to the Colonies, 487-489, 50S, 531 ; his character, 65-68; disappointment of the 4!18, 720, 721; South African poli­ school,69 ; politics in Sand River tics when he reached the Cape, Convention, 71 505, 506, 520, 549, 550; adopted Maritz, Field - Commandant, on conciliatory policy, 509-5 12, 551, native question, 48 563; speech at Graaf Reinet, Maritzburg, women politicians in, 1898, 515-520, 525, 536, 537; 12511. hostility in the Transvaal towards, Martineau, • Life of Frere,' xxiv, 533, 534 ; comments to Chamber­ xn:i; the Transvaal trouble, lain upon Kruger's speeches at 110; on Frere's approval of the Rustenburg and Johannesburg, annexation of the Transvaal, 118 561; 562; despatcb May, 1899, Mashonaland, 352 577,584-588,596; on murder of Matabeleland, 35Z, 380; Transvaal Edgar, 585, 592; on p"sition of emigrants to, 420, 421 . British subjects, 591, 595 ; on the Merenski, Mr., 141 Raid, 592; on Uitlanders' peti­ Merriman, Mr., 168; on trial of tion, 593, 594: on necessity for rebels, 169-172; constitutional intervention in the Transvaal, fallacies, 174. 178, 200; spokes­ 597, 599: difficulties of the posi­ man for Cape deputation, 1880, tion In South Africa, 6cY7, 6OC), 256; speech at Graham's Town, 610,615; telegram to Cbamber­ 1885, on the Transvaal policy, lain for instructions on Bloem­ 292·294 i on Milner, 462, 518; fontein Conference, 615, 617, and the Bond, 495; letter to 618; despatches on Bloemfontein, Steyn, 1898, 518, SI9 i his char­ June 5,619, 620; July, on Fran­ acter, 527, 528; order given to chise, 007-630, 635-639, 653 i arm the natives, 670; his dis­ August 23, 622-668 ; refuses loyalty, 696 Kruger's pretended reforms, 001, Methuen, M., • Peace or \Var in 622,625; speech opening the Con­ South Africa,' 200 II. ference, 624 ; repudiates the sug­ Metternich, 385 II. gestion of arbitration, 626 ; offers Midlothian campaign: Mr. Glad­ a compromise on the franchise, stone's speech on Sir B. Frere, 643, 653. 654 i supported by 116; unworthy motives for the, loyalists in South Mrica, 644, 233, 235 ; 'peech on Transvaal, 645 ; reply to address from Cape 235; speecbes contrasted with Colony, 646 - 648; on warlike action in power, 238 i sinister measures in the Volksraad, 670; effect of, 241·249; pledged Glad­ telegrams to Steyn on the stone to repudIate the annexa­ neutrality of Orange Free State, tion of the Transvaal, 267 ; its 671, 677 - 679; his warning of success, 336 Afrikander disloyalty jnstified, Milner, Lord: his early career, xv, 673-675,688, 691, 695. 7°5,706 ; xvi, xviii, 460, 462, 472 i farewell interview with J- Molteno, 702; 742 LORD MILNER AND SOUTH AFRICA

forebodings on the War, 702, 703; Natal, despatch of Plesidenr, 1842, respect for Cape Con~titution, ix; shut up in the nonh, 32 n.; 706, 711-713; his conduct as as a British colony, 61; Sir Governor and High Commis­ John Grey on, 75; M. Keate, sioner, 708-710; ajournalist, 721; Governor of, 87; jealousy of Cape his exposition of our goal in Colony, 99, 101, 182; English South Africa, 722 troubles in, 94, 95; supported Missionaries at the Cape, 39-41 ; in Zulus against the Transvaal, 110, South Africa, 52 I II, 112 i reconstituted by Lord Molteno, Mr. (Sir John), Premier of Wolseley, III, liS; Dutch Re­ Cape Colony, 93 i Froude's con­ public, 127; without responsible duct with regard to, 96, log; government, 1848, 177 ; an anti­ his provincialism, 97 ; Froude's English party, 200; Witlless, verdict on his schemes, 102-104; edited by notorious Aylward, 202, on Sir Bartle Frpre, 114-116; sus­ 203; government in Cetewayo, picion of Lord Carnarvon, 117 ; 213; Bulwer, Governor of, 231 ; views of self-government in Cape Boers raiding, 1881,245; invaded Colony, 157, 173, 174; no states­ by Boers, 1880, 260; annexed man opposed to confederation in to England, 279. 503. 522; South Africa, 166, 167; ignored Mercury, 301; no hostIlity be­ Imperial questions, 168 - 170 ; t\\een Dutch and English before views on punishment of native December, 1895, 526, 327. 345 i rebels, 170; contention as to threatened by Transvaal, 677, position of the Governor, 176 i 679; invaded from Transvaal, seconds vote of thanks to Chelms. 681,690 ford, 178; inaccurate account of NationalReview, January, 1901,85; interview with Milner, 699-703 _ Sir A. Milner, 459, 460 Monopolies in Transvaal, 403; ex­ Nat ons, unionof Uitlander, formed, plosives, 545; profits of, 546 i 411,412 dynamite, 564 - Native question, in politics, 27, 28, Montsioa native tribE', Cronje's letter 94; in Trans\'aal, 135-138; in to thp, 1880, 263, 263 n.; Bara­ Cape Colony, 167, 169, 176, 181, longs, 295 n., 296 n., 31 I ; Boer 420 ; chiefs' re~entment at the re­ raid upon territory, 313; under trocession, 264-266; with the. British protection, 314, 315; de­ Afrikanders. 280; sale of liquor ceived by Joubert, 316 to, 347. ~ .. g;' and white races, Morley, Mr. John, xxx, 337, 462, 647, 686; colonial treatment 484 of, 705; Boer feeling on. 1901, lIforning Post, letter from P. S., 718 July 26, 1901,470,471 Netherlands Railway, 693 n. Moshesh, Basuto chief, 321 Newcastle, Duke of, xviii; at the Mugwumps, 333, 334 Colonial Office, 1854,71 ; opposed Munich, Mr., State Attorney in to federation in South Africa, Transvaal, a slave-owner, 137 83 n. Murray, Mr. C. W., 118 Newfoundland fisheries, 79 New Zealand, self-government in, Nachtigall, Rev. Dr., on slavery 97, 102, 121 ; autonomy in, 173- amongst the Boers, 138 175; population, 175 i Angli­ Nantes, Edict of, 123 cized, 283 Napier, Sir George, Governor of Niekerk, M. Van, 310 . Cape Colony, 60; proclamation Nineteent" Century, February, 188 I : when we annexed Natal, 522,523 Sir B. Frere on the Transvaal, • Napoleon I., on strategic value of 119 Cape Colony, 32, 257; Rhodes Norris, Mr. Newman, on Sir B. resembled, 332 ; at St. Helena, Frere's visit to the Boer camp, 645 229,230 INDEX 743

Olivier, Commandant. invited to Paardeberg, 249 invade British territory, 693- Pdarde Kraal, 503; Boer national 695 festival at, 276 Olivier. Jan, murdered by natives, Pakington, Sir John, at the Colonial 477 , and War Offices, 79 Om Land, 368, 369, 369 n., 446, Pall Mall Gazetle, 437 j Lord 446 n .• 511; Zuid African be­ Milner's connection with, xviii: comes, 199, 684; treason pub­ Statham, author of pro-Boer lished in, 494; Hofmeyr's paper, articles in, xxix; September 18, 684 n' 1884; on our relations with Cape Oppenheim, Baron, 403. 404, 693 Colony, 296 Oppermann, Field-Cornet of Ba­ Palmerston, Lord, 336 via'ln's River, 5; convened the Pamphlet, Dutch, anti-English, Dutch,7 found in Steyn's papers, 491, Orange Free State, England retired 492 (rom. 67, 70, 99. 227, 263, 408 : Panda, Zulu chief, 110, 144, 148 n. Republic of the, 71; Mr. M. W. Pantheon for African worthies, Pretorius President of, 72 : dia· 342 mond-fields and mineral \\ealth Paper money in the Transvaal, of, 84-90. 128, 685 : feeling in, 145 n. ' on the proposed f~deral union Paris, Treaty of, 38, 200 with the Cape, 90, 92, 339 j Parliament, Houses of, votes of good government of due to Brand, censure moved on Frere, 185, 113, 127,490,717: Zulu menace 186 to, 149: Kruger's mission to Parnell, Mr., 282; Home Rule Europe liberally assisted by, 159: Fund, Rhodes' contribution ta opposition to the annexation of the, 346, 353-355, 360; feeling ta the Transvaal initiated by, 195, the British Empire, 356 ; letters 275 : the effect of Gladstone's in­ to Rhodes on Home Rule, 357, consistency in, 245, 270; Boers 358-: speech of, at Navan, 358 : and, 256-258: Boer raids in, 259, on Justin McCarthy, 496 J09, 321 n., 322 ; Boer collision Paterson, Mr., 95; 199; on the an­ with, 478, 479; freedom from nexation of the Transvaal, 104 the Transvaal desired by, 48o; Peel, Sir Robert, in power, 1841, Afrikander Bond in, 293, 294: 59 : converted to the Repeal of good feeling between British and, the Corn Laws, 62, 64, 82 494 : Dutch in, 327 ; the alliance Philip, Dr" on slaves and hired of Transvaal with, 372, 470; its native~, 41, 42: on injustice to position in cas.. of war in South natives, 44; erroneous theory of Africa, 49t, 608, 609; Schreiner equality of man, 44-46 surprised by the aClion of, 606 ; Phillips, Lionel, 409, 424; indiffer­ refusal of neutrdlity, 1899, 671, ent to politics, 410 ; sentence on, 676, 677; English subjects ex­ 45 2 pelled from, 678, 679; placed on Pietermaritzbulg, protest from the a war footing, 682 Raad at, 15 O.bom, Mr., Secretary to the Pilgrim Father~, the, 12,.. 125 Transvaal, on noer encroach­ Pitt, 240, 336, 355 : the younger, a ments on n~tive territory, 13Z, champion of Imperialism, 78 133; on Kruger's attempt to get Police in Johannesburg, 546: in a general vote on the annexation, Transvaal, 592 205; letter dismissing Kruger Policies, Gladstone's, in South from service under English Africa, i, ii, iii, 270 Government, 206, 207 Portugal in South Africa, 345; Olto, M., on the Convention of slavery in, 38: arrangements re­ 1881,273 specting Delagoa Bay Railway Oxford UOIon Society, xvii, 472 in, 252 . 744 LORD MILNER AND SOUTH AFRICA

Potchefstroom, 134. 249; Boer­ Proclamation, British, to chief raid at, 7 I; old capital of Trans­ headmen and natives of the vaal,129; Boer meeting at, 1868, Transvaal, 1880, 263-266 136 n.; republic at, 408,478; in­ Programme of Afrikander Bond, vaded by Kruger, 1861, 479;­ 289 scene of .rebellion, 1863, 480 ; Public Meetings Act, 556, 557 Volksraad at, 1866,481 Punishment Record Book law in Potgieter, Commandant, 571 .South Africa, 16, 5 I Press Law, 1896, 1898, Transvaal, 612 Quarterly Review, July, 1900,3 Pretoria, 393; 1876, 118 ; railway Queen Victoria, native appeal to Delagoa Bay from, 131 ; ad­ to, 136; her interest in South dress to Lord Carnarvon, 1878, African affairs, 201; b",loved from, 164; fortified; 555; first in South Africa, 326, 489, 688 ; agricultural show at, 570 ; Raad Jubilee, 1897,447 ; conditions of meets at, 570, 57 I granting Convention, 533 ; ad­ Pretorius, Andreas, voortrekker, dress from British subjects in 129; President, 134 the Transvaal, 553-558, 596 Pretorius, Marthinus Wessel,224, 231,249,479,480; on the Nath'e Radical really ultra-Tory, 61; irony Question, 48; raid organized by, of approval of the Boers, 77 7 I ; President of the Transvaal, Rand Post on policy of England, 72, 87, 408, 481; President 552 Orange Free State, 127; ac­ Rawlinson, Sir Henry, 116 cepted Keate award, 129; a Reformers, anecdote of Boer, 423 slave-owner, 137; thanks Mr. Reitz, Mr. F. R., 'A Century of Gladstone, 237; on Conven­ Wrong,' by, ix; on the ~nnexa­ tion, 1881, 273 ; resigned presi­ tion, 144; claims to have founded dency South African Republic, Afrikander Bond, 276, 297, 298 ; 479; accepted that of Orange appeals' to Afrikanders on out­ Free State, 479 ; at Zoutspans- break of the war, 298, 446, 503, . burg, 481, 482 - 504, 690; pupil of Borcken­ Pringle, the poet, his character, 4 ; hagen, 335; quotes Russian account of, Bezuidenhout, 5, 6, Chancellor on England's policy, 21 ; account of Slagter's Nek, 8, 338, 389, 491~493; mental weak­ 9, 12, 14; narrative of a resi­ ness, 5 I' ,/ and Kruger over dence in South Africa, 14; a Rustenburg railway, 572; press Commissary, 32 views of Uitlander rights, 581 ; Prinsloo, Henrik, rebelled against proposal on franchise, August 19, English, 7 1899, 668; on the suzerainty Prinsloo, Joachim, 15, 16,503 question, 669; will make no free Prinsloo, Marthinus, 514, 515 concessions, 670, 67 I ; manifesto Prinsloo, Willem, murdered by to Free Staters after the invasion Makapan, 477 of British colonies, 1899, 687- Pro- Boer history, how written, 689 92; false ideas permeating lite­ Religion and practical life, 476, 477 rature, 116; assertion that no Rensburg, Mr. Van, 480 South African Republic was con­ Retief, Piet, murdered by Zulus, J' \ templated, 157 n. J • assertions on 22 n. the Great Trek, 57, English faith, 241; methods of 503 ; proclamation when he left meeting evidence, 298; treason Natal,522 expressed by, 470,471 ; slanders Revolution, French, 25; ideas that on Milner, 563, 595, 618, 620; produced it universal, 27 ; ideas misrepresentation of Chamber­ adopted in Holland, 31 ; mis­ lain, 618, 679; criticism of Cham­ . taken theory, 45 ; influences the berlain's despatches, 1889,681 Transvaal Boers, 211 n. INDEX 745

Rhodes, Cecil, scheme of Imperial nection with Schreiner, 524; federation, 168, J64, J67; raiding knowledge of Boer character, learnt from Kruger, 3og, 321, 641, 642; accused of control­ 435; in Bechuanaland, 1884, ling London press, 699 n.; and 311 -314; 1881, 345, J47; Prime Milntr on postponing the as­ Minister at the Cape, 327; his sembling of Cape Parliament, character, J29, 330, 332, 334. 337, 706 36J; deatb, 328; grav"" 342; Rhodes, Colonel Frank, 394, 395, homes, 3:Z9, J3O; affection for 4SZ Jameson, 330 "',339,395; home Rbodesia, 322, 329 life and generosity, 331, 332; Richelieu, 506 n. popularity in the Cape, 342, J43; Ripon, Lord, Colonial Office, 188; too English for the Dutch,347, despatch on Uitlander griev­ 363, J64; likeness to Napoleon I., ances, 415,429 33:Z; aversion to 'mugwumps,' Roberts, Lord, :Z04 333, J34; loyalty to England, Robinson, Sir Hercules, 262; his 335, 339, J40, 344-346, 349-352, proclamation to the native chiefs, 357, 361, 36:z, 369. 370; invited 263 n.; instructions to, 1880, to rule over South Africa, 335, 267; London Convention, 1884, 336, 338, 339; position of the letter on Boer raiders in Bechu­ colony when he entered Cape analand, 314, 315, J18; sympathy Parliament, 336, 337 ; his alliance with Cape aims in Bechuanaland, with Hormeyr, J4O. 342, 34.3. 323; forces in South Africa, 36:z, 444 i did not realize Arri­ 1889, 345 n.; Premier of the kander designs against England, Cape, 362 ; telegram to Bechua­ 342 ; pledged to thwart Kruger's naland to stop Jameson, 380; policy, 343, 344. 350, 368, 422 ; interview with Kruger on British speeches on Imperial policy at suhjects, 398 ; telegram to Cham­ the Cape, 345, 346, 369 n.,. duties berlain, 1895, 433, 435, 443; on British goods, 345, 3SZ. 35:Z n.; telegram to De Wet after the on liquor license, 347. 348; sub­ Raid, 437; lost nerve after the scription to Home Rule. 354, Raid, 442; his record, 457, 458 ; 357-359; letter to Parnell, 1888, and Kruger, 484 354 n., 355, 356; on politics at Robinson, Sir John A. L., in South the Cape, 359; conditional as­ Africa, 48, 522, 523 sistance to the Liberal party, Robson, Mr. W. S., 540; on Uit· 360. J61 ; preserved Cape route lander rights, 541; on Kruger's 50- to the North, 3620 419, 4:ZO; on called concessions to Uitlanders, hurry, 366; summary of his 659. 660 policy, 336, 337, 369. 370, 510; Roman policy in the colonies, 55; his connection with the Jameson Dutch laws in South Africa, 75, Raid, 37.3. 376, 378-381, 38.3. 686 fl.; Empire compared to 388- 39.3. 4:Z3 ; his efforts SO check Great Britain, 114, II 5 tbe Raid, 379, 381; on Uitlander Romilly, Lord, 348 grievances, 384, 394, 413 ; his Rosebery, Lord, depreciates Lord policy defensible respecting the Beaconsfield's Imperialism, 78, Raid, 385, 386, 391-394; patient 79; Milner banquet, 461 work for England in South Rose-Innes, K.C., Sir J., sym­ Africa, 419. 4:ZO; alliance with pathy with ex-British subjects the Afrikander Bond, 421, 495, become subjects of the Trans­ 496; attempts to obtain reform vaal, 217 n.~· antagonist of the from Pretoria, 422; on railway Bond, 495, 497; antipathy to to the gold-fields, 42:Z; leader of Rhodes, 526, 527 the South African League, 4<)6, Rouliot, Mr., 557, 559, 578; at 528; grasped the disloyalty of meeting Chamber of Mines, 1899, the Cape, 508, 509; his con- 564, 564 fl., 56S LORD MILNER AND SOUTH AFRICA

Russell, Lord John, on revolution, Schreiner, Mrs. Cronwright (Olive), 371; despatch on Garibaldi's a pro-Boer, 524, 525 raid paraphrased for Jameson, Schreiner, Mr. Theophilus, 297, 298, 386 ; - 388, 393 ' 52 5 Russia, 179; Boer ideas of, 469 Selati Railway Concession, 403-405 Rustenburg, ,Kru~er's address to Selborne, Lord, 376 burghers at, 558,; proposed rail­ Shepstone, Sir, T.xiv,2I1,212,403: way to the R:lnd near Krugers­ sent "to South Africa, 104-106; dorp, 572, 573 n. annexed the Transvaal, 119, 144, 151-153: decides upon the an­ Salisbury, Lord, 177, 415, 459, nexation, 118: accused of pre­ 685 n., 658; consulted Frere in cipitation, 119, 147, 150: reasons India, 115; most anxious to against delay, 108,147,482; letter avoid rupture with the Transvaal, to President Burgers, 1877, 146 ; " 1899,658; speech in the House to Mr. Herbert, 148: to Sir of Lords on Kruger's efforts to B. Frere, 149; to, Sir Hicks­ secureindependence,659: at the Beach before the annexation, Foreign Office, 710 164: in 1878, after the annexa­ Sardinia, King of, 387, 388 tion, 206 n., 208: to Mr; W. Pre· Sauer, 606, 607; mission to Dor­ toriu~, 209; Burgers' opinion of, drecht, 693-696 146, 147 ; an Afrikander in train­ Scheepers, Mr. F. C., the same ing, '58, 209 ; on Kruger's mis­ laws for black and white, 48 , sion to England, 159, ,60: no ~cherzer, Dr. Karl, 'Voyage of the coercion in the annexation, 160 ; Navarro,' on Sir George Grey, his tours through the Transvaal, and Cape Colony, 73 162, 163, 202, 203; his policy Schlickmann, Captain, 143 reversed, 191; attacks made Schmidt, George, Moravian mis- upon, 204; restoration of the sionary, 40 ' Transvaal to Kruger, 206, 207 ; Schoeman, President South African on playing with Zulu passions, Republic, resists Kruger, 479, 213 n.; not entirely responsible 480 for the annexation, 214,223; his Schoemansdal, Mr., 482 action approved by England, Schreiner, Mr. W. P., Afrikander 25 2 Bond described by, 284, 285: Sikukuni, natiye chief, robbed by another Gladstone, 284; his na­ Boers, I,~j-('Boer war with, 141' tionality, 286 ; on Cape Colonists' 144; allied with Cetewayo, 147 ; sympathy with "the Transvaal, war with, 213 287, 288, 322,688; on jameson's Simon's Bay, 278, 339, 504, 514 Raid, 285, 321 ; on Uitlander Simon's Town, 193 grievances, 405; evidence ,after Slagter's Nek inCident, 19: original the Raid, 289, 434 n., 435 n., 447 ; cause, 4, 7 ; fight between rebels a dupe of the Afrikander !;Iond,- and British troops at, 8; trial and 493, 495, 525, 606, 696, 707; a execution of rebels after, '10, 18; friend of Rhodes, 524, 526; 498; nothing to do with British prime Minister at the Cape, 537, Government, 12; Lord Charles 641 If.; deceived by Steyn, 610, Somerset's account of, 12 n.; a, 615,672 n.; approved of Kruger's lost despatch relating to, I2 n.; proposals, "1899, 652, 696, 71 I, Dutch authorities only dealt 712; on Kruger's obstinacy, 660 ; with, 12; Canon Knox-Little's Joyal to England, 691; speech sequel to the story of, 13; Cloete at Stellenbosch, 1897, 691,692 ; and Theal give prejudiced ac­ claims neutrality for Cape Colony, count of, 14; generous" treat­ 698,699 ment of rebels' families, 14, 15 ; Schreiner, Mr. Cronwright, 291: an the mythical injury by the British Afrikander, 525 an afterthought, 14-17,22; Froude INDEX 747

on, 18; Mr. Bryce on, 18; Voigt 706, 713; represented Cape on, 2%, 2J; political capital made Colony at Diamond Jubilee, 447 out of, 24. 249, 257, 515,689,690; Standard a"d Diggers' News, 505, persistence of legend, Conan 562, 601} II. Doyle, 717 Stanley, Lord, at Colonial Office, Slavery from the Boer point of 188; despatch referring to Natal, view, 28-30, 133, 134; prohibited December, 1842, 59-61; objec­ by tlte nations, 38 ; retained by tions made to last three clauses Spain, 1814, 38 ; Dr. Theal on, on natives, 61; retired from' 42,43 Colonial OffiCII, 62 Siooten, Rev. Diedrich von, appeal Star, Uitlander organ, 571 to America to end the war, 1902, Star of South Africa, diamond, 86 6<)0 If. Statham, Mr_ F. Reginald, 472, SmeUekamp, Mr., strange adven­ 473; letters, xxvii; • invited tures of, 57-59 Kruger to arm, xxvii; proposes Smidt, Mr. De, speech at dinner to to be editor of the ErpresJ, Sir B. Frere, 117 II. xxviii; pro-Boer articles in Eng­ Smith, Sir Harry, in South Africa, lish papers, xxix; on Kruger's 67-70 character, 476 Smuts, Mr.,educated at Cambridge, Steenkamp, Mrs. Anna, 49, 522 601} Steevens, Mr. George, letters from Soyman,. Theunis, 479; Com­ Burghersdorp .on Dutch politics, mandant at Mafeking, 311 1899, 501 n. Solomon, Sir R., not in sympathy Stegmafln, Sir Bartle Frere's inter­ with the Bond, 495, 497,641 ".,' preter, 218, 219 a loyalist, 526, 528 ; anupathy to Stephanus, history of an imposter, Rhodes, 527 473-476 Solomon, Mr. Saul, 178, 200, 526; Stephen, Mr. Leslie, on. Froude's on Froude's articles on the inaccuracy, 85 colonies, 95 Sternberg, Count, 152 n. Somerset, Lord Charles, Governor Stellaland, 290 n.; Dutch free­ of Cape Colony, 4, 19; the booters in, 296; Boer raids on Slagtel'6 Nek rebellion, Il, 14, British territory in, 309, 310,468; 17- 19,21 Boer intrigue in, 310, 311 ; dis­ SDul1t A/ncall News, 462, 652, 6<)6; trust of Britain .in, 312 ; Boers Steyn s proclamation,October Il, founded republic, 312 ".,' revolu­ 1899, in the, 684, 685 fl. tion in favour of incurporation of Southey, trrating for alliances with Bechuanaland with Cape Colony, natives, 97 . 317, 318; Rhodes on the ques­ Spain, 38, 385, 386; Reitz compared lion of, 345 England 10, 689 Stl!lIalander, letter to the, 1899, 551, SfJ~aker, 462 55 2 .Spectator, 361 "., 354 Stellenbosch, riot on slavery ques­ Speech, the Queen's, 1880, on the tion, 5 I ; theological seminary at, Transvaal, 248; 1881,259 195, 196 Sprigll', Sir Gordon, ll8, 496, 529 ; Steyn, Mr. J. C., President Orange on Lord Carnarvon's scheme of Free State, 372, 490, 494; conr.deration,95 ; asked to form cruelty to natives, 136; a pupil a Government by Sir B. Frere, of Borckenhagen, 335 ; a founder 177 ; measures in Cape Parlia­ of the Afdkander Bond, 491 ; ment, 178; a satisfactory Colonial treasonable pamphlet amongst Secretary, 178; opposes Frere's his papers, 491 ; his aversion to resignation, 186; on ammunition progress, 52 I ; duplicity to Eng­ pas>ed to the Orange Free State land, 602-608, 615 ; ambition to through Cape Colony, July, 1899, succeed Kruger, 608; applied to 6<)7; Ministry loyal, but timid, Transvaal for ammunition, 1899, LORD MILNER AND SOUTH AFRICA

6°3, 610, 698; telegrams to the Cape, 124, 125, 599; women Schreiner re Bloemfontein Con­ politicians in Maritzburg, 125 n.J ference, 1899, 615; re ammuni­ Pretorius and the Old Testa­ tion passed into Orange Free ment, 134; on the Boer .war with State, 1899, from Cape Colony, Sikukuni, 142 ; account of Boer' 697; despatch to Milner re vengeance on Makapan, 477, Bloemfontein Conference sup­ 478; on revolution of Potchet­ porting Transvaal claims, 673, stroom, 480, 481 675; refuses to guarantee neu­ Theron, Mr. T., 290 trality of Orange Free State, Thomas, Mr. C. H., on Afrikander 1899,671,672,676; but keeps up document, 279 j on the Hol­ delusion of neutrality, 678, 679 ; lander coterie (Transvaal), 492, protest against English troops in 493 Soutb Atrica, 679-681 ; imperti­ Thompson, Mr. G., II, 29 nent tone of despatch asking they Toit, Rev. S. J. Du, founded the should be withdrawn or not Afrikander Bond, 275, 276, 281 ; landed, 674 - 68o; mobilizes the' opposes confederation under Eng­ burghers on frontier, 676, 678; land, 278; desires the United proclamation to Orange Free South African Republic, 307; State, October 12, 1899, 685-687 ; on transferring Bechuanaland to attack on English Government, Cape Colony, 317; encouraged 685 n. J relied upon Cape dis­ Boer raids, 321 loyalty, 698 Transvaal State (South African Stiglingh, Mr., 505 Republic), xiv j its antipathy to Stockenstrom, Sir Andries, Land­ England ascribed to the native drost of Graaf Reinet, 4, 5 ; threat­ question, 47, 717, 718 ; first re­ ened by Dutch, 7; tried to quiet publican ideas in, 57; suggests rebellion, 8 j Lieutenant-Governor amalgamation with Orange Free of Cape Colony, 56; punishment State, 71 j claimed half the dia­ of rebels, 170-172 mond-fields, 88; Cape Colony Studenten Blad, Dutch students on and the, 99, 286, 325; enlists politics in the, 499-501 foreign sympathy, 150,227,304, Suzerainty over Transvaal to be 311 ; British annexation of, 104' retained, 1881, 262, 263 106, 108, 144, 159, 160, 194, 212- Swaziland, natives of, at war with 215,229, 243; its unsatisfactory Sikukuni, 141, 142 j Kruger's condition .. ..,hen annexed, 108, claim to, 466, 625, 626; Con­ 109, I 12;~ 145 n., 153, 162, 16;4, vention, 667 198, 251, 299, 300, 480-482; iD Sweden, 38; the tie between Nor­ 1861,479; protests against, 146, way and, 626 194, 211, .226; the annexation Syria, French designs upon, 34 justified, 129, 147, 151, 152,225 ; change of capital in the, 129; Table Bay, 307 its relations with neighbouring Te Water, suspicious letters to States, 133; gold taken from, Steyn, 1899, 529, 530,537; 538 n., 151; its position after the an­ 603-607,610,615; his disloyalty nexation, 154, ISS; Dutch lan­ unknown to Schreiner, 691, 696 guage allowed, 155; postpone­ Theal, Dr, an inaccurate his­ ment of promised reforms, 158, torian, 1-3, 17, 20, 482 ; on the 223, 224, 230, 233 ; black peril to Hottentot corps, 5, 6; Slagter's the, 158, 182 j educational d~ffi­ Nek, 7, 9, 10, 14, 17, 18; his culties in the, 162; annexatlon antipathy to missionaries, 39,41, well received in the, 161-1 63, 44, 53 n.J on slavery amongst the 2°3; agitation against annexa­ Boers, 42, 43, 51, 139; and Sir B. tion initiated by Cape Colony D'Urban, 53; on diamond-field and Orange Free State, 163,191, dispute, 86-89; early settlers at 195,197,208; annexation popular INDEX 749

with the natives, 152, 264; its Truter, curious story by, 473-475, independence restored, 191,206, 477 227, 236, 246,416,417 ; changed Tulbagh, Governor, 29, 30 name to South African Republic, 199; disloyalty to England in Uganda, slavery in, 28 n.; Moham­ the, 200, 201, 408, 409 ; Kruger's medan, 28, 29 work for the retrocession, '205, Uitenhage, trial of Slagter's Nek 206; Boer interpretation of free­ rebels at, 10, 18 dom in meetings and speech, Uitlanders, Boer, in Bechuanaland, 207, 208; population affected by 3 18 uncertainty of British policy, 217 ; Uitlanders in the Transvaal, 1899, neglects to aid Orange State 418, 542, 664; wages and ex­ against natives, 226; Gladstone's penses, 543, 544; grievances, inconsistency in the, 232-2]6, 288, 386,389-392;' in connection 238, z39t 243. 244, 2¢-248, 25 1, with the franchise, 401, 407, 415, 267,271 ; resolution of thanks to 558,559,560,579,620,622, 623, Gladstone, 237; authorities re­ 653. 660, 668; Rhodes on, 384; sist English views, 1881, 245, Lord Ripon on, 415; Milner on, 246. 250; position of loyalists 585-587; Reitz on, 689; proposed :after the retrocession, 248, 271, representation of the, in Volks­ l7Z, JOO; population, 1881, 252 ; raad, 618; Milner's efforts to the Wolf, 1881, 252, 253; terms obtain the, 643. 645-652; Council offered by England to, 262 ; re­ at Johannesburg on the proposed ligious freedom guaranteed in, law, 1899. 654; Kruger's object 263; adopted name of Transvaal, in postponing, 654; First Volks­ 263; poverty and sudden wealth, raad, eight seats offered to, 662, 282, 284; tried to evade treaty 668; Second Volksraad, eight obligations, 287-289; antagonism seats offered to, 662, 668; the - to Cape Colony, 290 "., 368; advised to become burghers, 664; claims paramountcy in South grievances in connection with Africa, 292, 293; attempts to taxation, 399, 401, 557; Sir H. throw off English suzerainty, 304. Loch on, 415 ; Rhodes on, 384. Jo6; Afrikanders support the, 386; Milner on, 586; conces­ 325 ; its policy, 1895, 327, 343 ; sions, 403. 404; .dynamite, 405, the position in 1888, 350; rights 545, 546 ; bribery, 404, 405, 57 1, of British subjects in the, 397- 572; police, 555, 556, 585; com­ 402. 531, HZ, 578, 579, 611 (see mandeered, 410, 411, 578 n., 670; Uitlanders); number of white Dutch education for children of, population, 1894, 414. 418; 611; in all, worse grievances than Government answer to the Uit­ caused rebellion of North Ameri­ landers, 580, 581 ; press laws in can colonists, 549; rights of, 394. the. 6n ; preparing for war, 670, 396, 53 1, 532, 539-541 ; efforts to 678, 682; ultimatum sent· to reduce grievances by constitu­ England by the, 682, 684; the tional mean~, 394. 407, 416, 417, oligarchy at Pretoria ruled the 55 1, 579-583. 656, 657; courses war, 719; Triumvirate Govern­ open to tbe, 18Qo, 411; the Raid ment in the, 263, 266; mission and the, 424; the position of to England, 171,225; interview the, after the Raid, 438,439, 562, with Sir B. Frere, 228; reply to 562, 563; Kruger's opportunity Colley, 245, 246; nltimatum to against,455; grievances admitted Sir O. Lanyon, 249; and the Con­ by Commission, 548; petition to vention~, 252, 276, 396, 398-400, the Queen, 1897, 553-558,596; 44S meeting to express confidence in TroJlope, Anthony, 128, 1]0, 133, Lord Milner, 650, 651; Star, 151-153 organ of the, 571; Transvaal Tromp, Theodore, 195 warlike preparations excused by 75 0 LORD MILNER AND SOUTH AFRICA

presence of, 1899, 681; had port the Express, xxviii, xxix; Kruger conceded civil rights, in­ Burger$ sent to Holland by, . dependence of the Transvaal 131; annexatiori and the. 151 ; would have been secured, 725 the petition to Queen Victoria Utica Morning Herald, Novem­ from the, May, 18n, 160; pr~­ ber 9, )899, 541, 542 tended protest a gainst annexa· Uys, Piet, case of, 57, 183 tion, 160, 161; answer to the Boer proclamation from Orange Vaal River, 396; . boundary of Free State, 259; terms of the British territory, 70; the dia­ ratification of the Convention, mond - fields, 86; Transvaal 1881, by the, 273, 274; confirma­ Government closed the fords of, tion of the Convention of Pretoria, 32 7 1884, by the Boer, 305 ; resolu­ 'Vaiter, Mr., editor of Rand Post, tion of thanks to the English, 661,662 1884, 307; address to deputation, Van Aards' Post, Great Fish River, 308; election method~, 413 ; at 7, 8 Potchefstroom, 1866,481 ; Krugt r Vanderkemp, Dr., London miSSIOn­ blames the, 562; members at Pre­ ary, 41 ; champion of the Kaffirs, toria, 570, 571 ; resolutions equal 45 to law, 585 ; Uitlander represen­ Vandeleur, General, punishes a tatives in the, 621, 622, 662,668; Boer for cruelty' to a native, 43 Franchise Bill in the, 652, 653, Van Dyk, Joseph, General, 479 656; desired. war, July 16, 1899 Van Wyk, Heeraad, dismissed from 662 . . office, 15 Volksstem, 203, 204, 47 I ; (Pretoria) Venezuela Question, 1896, between 18n, on Transvaal annexation, England and America, 710 195; on Sir Garnet Wolsele}'s Victoria. See Queen speech, 233; anticipated Beacons­ Vienna, Congress'of, 38, 70 field's overture, 239 ; on British Viljoen, Mr. B. J., on the flag, 290; Government, 1884, 308 ; procla.­ rebelled against 'Kruger, 1863, mation against the Convention, 480; treasonable circular to Afri· 310 kanders, used before the war, Vorster,Rev. Louis Petrus, 404, 1899, by, 497-499 405; on the Bloemfontein Con­ VilIiers, Sir J. H. de, 400; suggested ference, 501 as Special Commissioner to in· Vryheid, Re~,1blic founded by the quire into Transvaal affairs, 256; Boers, ,,22 on Transvaal policy, 514; on Reitz and the Cape Ministry's Waal, Mr. N. F. de, Secretary to notions of duties in ca;e of war, the Bond, 290, 291 n. 530 n.; July, 1899, 538; letter Walfisch B"y, Protectorate over, . to Steyn, Bloemfontein Confer· 168 n. ence, 1899. 600, 602; on fran­ Walt, Mr. Van der, at Krugers· chise, 601, 660 dorp, 502 Villiers, Mr. M. de, Chief Ju,tice, War, 1899, just and necessary, xx, 168, 262 ' xxi, 240, 338, 471 ; tax, 667 Vitzthum, Count, 388 'Warren, Sir Charles' letter to the Voigt, Dr. J. C.:' Fifty Years of Times on Boer contempt for the the History of the RepUblic in English, 295 ' South Africa,'a prejudiced writer, Watermeyer, Mr. Philip, 160 IS, 16; quotations from, 20; mis· Waterboer, Nicolas, claimed the representation of Bezuidenhout's diamond.fields, 86·89 conduct, 20; 'on Boer overtures 'Wealth of Nations,' Adam Smith to Gaika, 22 ; on Slagter's Nek, on the British colonies, 355 n., 22 . 356 n. Volksraad, 249, 567; asked to ~up· Weatherly, Colonel, 204, 205 n. INDEX 75 1

Webb, Mr. C. D., arrest of, 556 pos.ibilityoC deserting loyalists in Wedderburn,Sir David,1881,270n. Transvaal, 239; on Boer aspira­ Wentzel, Mr., on the fial!', 2<)C tions, 1899. 539. 540 Wessels, J. H. 'V., Chairman South Wood, Sir Evelyn, and Piet Uys, Alrican League, 277 ; OD indiffer­ 183; in Soutb Africa. 259; tele­ ence of capitalists in Transvaal gram to President Brand on his to politics, 1894,409,410; on the eff"ns for peace, 261, 262 franchise (or Uillanders, 651 WorsCold, Mr. B., 'South ACrica,' Westminlter Parliament copied at the free burgbers of Cape Colony, the Cape, 174 75. 121; tbeir report,· 122; on White, Mr. C. K., repre

THE END

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