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11 . Key question - Should the Sarajevo assassination be considered as an act of heroism or a crime? Could the assassination be justified by patriotic reasons? Topic Module is about Sarajevo Assassination, an event that marked the beginning of the Word War 1, and it is mentioned all around Europe. The main controversies of this topic are that it is differently presented in the textbooks in the region and in Bosnia itself. For some of them (5 assassinators are presented as heroes and for the other they are presented as terrorists who initiated the crises that lead into the war. Learning outcomes: • To learn about the Sarajevo Assassination, its causes and consequences based on the different perspectives. • Ability to ask clear historical questions; critical use of historical sources, historical interpretations and perspectives, are some of key elements for understanding the particular issue of Sarajevo Assassination • Students will evaluate historical sources in terms of reliability and different perspective • The students will develop empathy skills. Aims The aim of the workshop is to acquire a multi-perspective view over the presented topic, to see the opinion of the assassinators and position of the government. Students are supposed to learn more about ideas that led the assassinators to their act, and to see what were the consequences of this act. The aim of the workshop is to open a discussion about the acts in 136 Teaching guideline Class activity – part 1 The first part of the workshop is aimed to be performed as a trial simulation. The class should be divided into three groups: 1. Prosecution 2. Defense 3. Jury Teacher will be acting as a judge. Jury should be larger group of students (half of the class) since this group will receive all the sources – from Group 1 and Group 2. STEP 1. Word of the judge - In the beginning of the class the Teacher (Judge) gives an introduction to the topic, giving the main facts : what, where and when? Using the introduction text and sources from the introduction part. - 15 min STEP 2. Parallel group work- Each of the three Groups will receive their group of sources. Group 1 (Prosecution) and Group 2 (Defense) have to analyze their sources critically, to find the arguments to answer the key question from their point of view and to organize their presentation as prosecution or defense. Group 3 (Jury) will receive mixed sources for group w90 1 and group 2, with the task to review and sort them according to their own preference – minutes which sources would be for Prosecution and which would be used by the Defence. – 25 min STEP 3 Group presentations - Group 1 and Group 2 present their opinion and conclusions based on the arguments found in examined sources. They have to present their answer to the key question. Group 3 has to follow presentations carefully, in order to evaluate which group made better analysis, argumentation and presentation, and which group used the sources better. Based on the given presentation the Jury will make its own conclusion and present it (the final verdict). Jury has to present their findings and opinion principally based on presentations they saw; all the sources they saw are used to make the conclusion which side (prosecution or defense) has made a better presentation and to bring the verdict – the answer to key question. - 3x 15 minutes (Prosecution 15 minutes; Defense 15 minutes; Jury 15 minutes) STEP 4 Conclusion and discussion - Teacher and students will make final conclusion on general questions about the assassination and its wider consequences and impacts. Class activity – part 2 STEP 1. Students receive sources about erecting and displacing the monuments on the assassination spot during the 20th century. For the homework, they have to analyze the sources and make the elaborated proposal with concrete arguments based on the sources, about the monument that should mark the assassination place in Sarajevo today. STEP 2. Present the proposals and solutions for the monument at assassination place in Sarajevo and arguments for it. STEP 3. Discussion of the different proposals and role of the memorials in everyday life. 137 WORKSHOP PART 1 Word of the judge In the beginning of the class, the Judge (teacher) gives an introduction- Introduction contextualization to the topic, giving the main facts: what, where and when? (based on the following sources) Introduction After the annexation crisis caused by merging the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina into the Austro-Hungarian Empire (1908-1909) and Balkan wars (1912-1913), the relation between Serbia and Austro-Hungarian Empire got particularly sharpen. By annexing the Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Austro-Hungarian Empire penetrated deep into the Balkans, to the borders of Serbia – which significantly enlarged its territory in the Balkan wars. Events in the Balkans were closely followed by great forces in the sharp struggle for dividing the lands, while most prominent among them were Austro-Hungarian Empire, Germany and Italy, on the one side, France, Great Britain and Russia on the other side, getting involved through diplomatic interventions and getting ready for possible armed conflict. Along with these events, the youth movements are growing in south Slavic lands, advocating the ides of South-Slavic unity with the aim to destroy the Hapsburg monarchy and unify all South Slavic nations into one joint state under the leadership of Serbia. The activity of the youth was through groups and secret organizations, while the means were often assassinations to prominent representatives of the Monarchy. In the circumstances of deteriorated relations, the A-H Monarchy, as a demonstration of its power in the Balkans, organized military maneuvers in the summer of 1914, conducted by the Heir to the throne, the Archduke Franz Ferdinand himself. During his visit to Sarajevo on 28 June 1914, members of the organization Mlada Bosna (young Bosnia), Gavrilo Princip, Nedeljko Cabrinovic, Trifko Grabez, Vaso Cubrilovic, Cvjetko Popovic, Muhamed Mehmedbasic, Danilo Ilic and others, organized and performed the assassination of the Heir, killing him and his wife Sophia. The A-H Monarchy blamed Serbia for this event and soon after declared war to it. There followed declaring war and inclusion into the conflict by other European countries. The spark of assassination lit the great fire of the WWI. In historiography, the Sarajevo Assassination and involvement of Serbia were presented in different ways, while the act of assassination was often justified as a heroic act of the youth organization Mlada Bosna who wanted to get rid of foreign rule. Gavrilo Princip and other assassins were heroes for some, and criminals for the other, and their act was vigorously criticized. Source 1 Map of Austro-Hungarian Monarchy with Bosnia as a special part of the monarchy .Dresden V— vyvocuw RUSSIA GERMANY V & K)HM \ O ’.V G A O \ fiuinlwj WM e*H L I kmoptf 0 80°PtMA ( / * * V Stunprt RaoensOwg * o M fpw * p Ti 138 Source 2 Act of annexation r r DECLARATION Source 3 To the people of Bosnia and Herzegovina Cartoon from the French newspaper Le Petit Franz Joseph the First, Journal explaining the annexation crisis TO CITIZENS OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA: In the times of one generation ago, when our armies jumped over the border of your lands, you were given assurances that we were not LcLePetit Journal Petit5 CENTIMES SUPPLEMENT ILLUSTREJournal5 (KNTIIHI.S ABONNF.MENTS C-IAOLl JOUR fl PAOIS 5CENTIME! Lc Petit Journal auricolc. s Mill. La Mode du Petit Journal, io Mat. coming as enemies, but as friends with firm »ll*> *1 MINK-ftT-OISE 2 fr. 3 Ir. BO Adnioistnticc : 61. m Libyan Le Petit Journal illastre k li JtoHStt. 10 cut. DEPARTMENTS. au. 4 fr. • Us tuBDscrtU u Mat pis nabs s'jhcanf (TRALGER determination to remove all evils that were Cn sms Inis dins leus Us humus dt pcste .....a BO o fr. « pressing Your homeland for so long. Dix-oeuTiima Anuta DIMANCHE 18 OCTOBRE 1808 NuDjOro 935 (…) In order to raise Bosnia and Herzegovina to a higher degree of political life, I decided to allocate to both countries1 constitutional 1 institutions corresponding to their circum- stances and common interests, thus creating -N -fgfo s - legal basis for representation of their desires ‘ 'w. and benefits. mr # May your voice be heard, when decisions regarding your homeland are being made, 1 r ifa • though you remain to have a separate adminis- V. 8*a\ A H1 ra * tration as thus far. * (...)For that reason, and, bearing in mind the ties from ancient times between our disting- , k w - A' uished ancestors at Hungarian throne and ' < * these lands, We (I) extend the right of our V 3 7 sovereignty to Bosnia and Herzegovina and we /"7 I 'ÿW ' /i want to apply the order of inheritor that applies vlw -7 f! I for Our house. i It I Given in our royal, main and capital city of I Budim-Pest on 7 October 1908. / 1 FRANTZ JOSEPH (signed by hand) • pa o \ M. Arslanagić – F. Isaković, Istorija-Povijest, 1. Razred srednjeg usmjerenog obrazovanja, Sarajevo **t£FA~ 1991, 278 J LE REVEIL I)E LA QUESTION DORIENT La Bulgarie proelame son independanen. L'Autriche prend In Bosnie et I'Herzegovine 1 (referring to Austria and Hungary, as the Empire had bipolar — poli cal structure, whereas Bosnia a er annexing had a special status within the Monarchy and was administered by both Austria and Hungary, although predominantly by the Emperor’s http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bosnian_Crisis_1908.jpg , Treasury in Vienna – interpreter’s remark.) downloaded on 28.2. 2012. 139 WORKSHOP PART 1 Group I - Prosecution parallel group work MAIN TASK: Based on the received sources form the Austrian, Bosnian and international newspapers, government documents. The task is to analyze them critically, to find the arguments to answer the question why should Sarajevo assassination be considered as crime and to prepare presentation. "S r Evidence 1 Pictures from official government’s album of the visit * * iLLJi . v I J 3ÿ 9* . ' Wv V ,'j » A » >, Vÿrj s&i 5r7 l 1 Ti> 5ÿ . n ' M •‘ 7 ' ! I MV ' V * ii 1 1 I * SKf jf *»A :>•*>* r Ml ?3 •. Sarajevo Museum, Sarajevo during the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy 1914-1918, Display presentation, photo by author Tasks for sources 1. Find the correct sequence of photographs in order to reconstruct the event! 2. Analyze the photos, what they are showing; what was the atmosphere in the moment they were taken? 140 r Evidence 2 An article from Government’s newspapers published in Sarajevo during the times of Austro- Hungarian Monarchy, about the visit of Frantz Ferdinand to Sarajevo. [pri 127 Spoj Cetvrtak. 25. juna 1914. HeTBptaH. 12. jyaa Sod. XXXVII. To*. (…) The General Supervisor of the overall Austro- Hungarian army, the Heir to the throne, Archduke Santjevshi i biw«n„. List JIHCT Franz Ferdinand is coming to Bosnia and P'MptMa "* _ ,«d.r. npcTn/iara oa Booty u XapuaroowHy: HniiDXM cnauHaau OCR*iicaJeM M Ananana .. . " . - ’.."""'"“i"" W- 1C. •OHM IT— K. M M K. ••p»|* at yp. •« rape** y II. «oJy K* aiTtaaap**. __ Hemjovln.: llpcin.iira HIIIIBN BOCMC R Xepucroitmie: brojevima pocfl.n.ro |0 yptaoauiTU ynptM «p. 292. belera. J2JSS______?“«“ tin »- K M, M rn.wnry ST—— K. Tt.>t4>o» - - Herzegovina today. The Archduke closely follows »ÿ xc.iapa. rci ••Aocvaay y iryXy I wpyay ««*»ÿ l|n|f no|FARHMR Apolrnitaa 10 the developments in BaH and he is coming not only out of sense of duty, but also because he grew very fond of the country and its people in his heart. In order to clearly show that, he is coming Dobro nam dosao! not alone but with his wife, the Archduchess nadzomik ikupne c. austro-ugarskc vojskc prijestolo- i privrienost, sto je narod goji prama prijcstolonasljedniku, niti onu nasljednik nadvojvoda Franjo Ferdinand dolazi danas u i Njegovoga Franje h Bosnu radost, sto je osjeda povodom dolaska. Imc Ferdi- Sophia. nanda je duboko usjeCeno u srcima naroda kako ostalih, tako i ovih ku narod ic i Hercegovin radosno hvata, da sto zemalja monarhijc Habsburga. Jest, to je dokaz duboko uvrijezene p< vi u Visokom posjetniku odvjetka dinastiCkc ncusabnjive ljubavi i privrzenosti, koja resi i narod Bosne kude i bududega nosioca carske i kra- i Hercegovina: veza je to dvrsta i neraskidljiva, sto veze narod rvskc k monarhije H. ttburjra. s prejasnom dinastijont. Strong feelings of joy and happiness spread over Nadxojvoda p sljcdnik Franjo Ferdinand ovo po drugi lme Njegove carske i kraljevske Visosti prijestolonasljednika dolazi u ove zemljt. Pn*i put in Sv jom Visokom nadvojvodc Franje Ferdinanda usjcCeno je u srca naroda i radi svih rtom godim. 190< drugi put sada. onih vrlina, kojima se On odlikuje. I >voga pula Bosnia and Herzegovina, the people is getting narod G Sam visoko sprcman vojnik spartanac doaÿUfc najrad'tsniKrgj savjesno vrsi svoje duznosti. strog Njemu ready to use the lucky occasion to clearly display Clana v prama sebi, do skrajnosti suzdrzljiv, bududega vlada daje svijetao primjer i drugima. kakovi meniL. mu/i\m znacaj. b tnoraju da budu. jUzgto |je i njezan its patriotic dynastic feelings. At this occasion all duiervm darovc i stroke obrazovanje. suprug i otac. Obogaden 'prirodenim za wt Uprp° 1 pkrmenito. 0 darovima a Cvrsta znadaja postigao je the nation of BaH without exception, with all their Bududega nosioca mo£n€ vladaiaeke opsezno obrazovanje i On. danas u krune rcse we vriint. kojim; mora d; pedesetoj godini radom— i pripremama ic istite onaj. komu >sf na* ispunjenoga 'zivota. i po tim svojim hearts and exaltation exclaim: Good and happy da budt Oi.cn >podarom i vrlinama uziva kako istinsku ljubav vod‘jni miliiummj ir milijumma podamka. i privrienost naroda austro-ugarskejmo- Izmedu druge posjelc na- narhije. tako i , visoko stovanje okru- welcoming to Archduke and Heir! romjeni u Bosm i Her- njenili glava i ostalih; naroda. poloiaj jK»stao Radostan je dan, kada u svojoj riranjc zcmalj* sredini gledaino preodlidnoga dlana skoga ustava 02 novi period u srctiio vladajude dinasbje, nadvojvodu gospodar&tvcnoni kultumom razvoju i prijestolonasljednika s Njegovotn pre¬ od davnma kulturnih zcniaija, kojc m jasnom vojvotkinjom suprugoni. liapok do; kali davno Zdji Jeka radosti i veselja razlijeie. se da da done Bosnom i Hercegovinom, i narod se naibira/ii/i piodovt <1 Nil sprema, da upotrijebi sretnu zgodu. da soonosti naroda, kojt u nesinctaiu. f svojim dlnastidkim patriotskim osjeda- da M rifvipju pod oknljcin inudroin jjma dado vidua izraza. viadoni danas v utcwiga al dulmiu Na svakom koraku stisretade nad- I VOltOtll uvnek mJaueiiucki svic/.cga vojvodu prijcstolonaMjediUktt topla Iju- vludara. bav nujiskreniji narodnt osjeOaji. a bveUi napndaft ovll. /< llialja (p*ka/ulll kako ll|IIIM 1*11. i.iv.ik Njiguv 11 liosni 1 lleicegovmi ostmv ne/aboiavaii. Yisoki gost I {•ifitjo viada NMCOVO V « li.aiistvo I* da |t IIJIIM»V dal|li|i l||V sain Inti vidok naiodiioga iiduicvljenja i prkvrlvnosti. nariKlue pio.l. a I llujldj iilll'iy li 'll Itflll .III ii sklopu VHlk< 1 III* III • HID "'I.Minsii 1 l|iibii\i (prama I’KvisiiJcm priji'ulolju i Oitavoin vluda- hip ?A Malfstiufga jaiiislvo p njllmvc wicc'e 1 Imclu* imsli luCkis domii, s kojini 11111 jc na vijoke sret no vuian dobar tides i I'nj* vii«ii«i.a*JjMjiiik nadviijvoda I lanjn I cMimaiitl 111.11111111 Imdikiiosl. Naiml Hosn»- I llinccgovinc Je 1 jdosada n ra/niin pali ova| ra/vu) 1 li'furgoviiu, In 1111 «l*ila/i 11 |***' piigml.iina davao odn Sarajevski list (Dobro nam došao), br. 127, 25.juni 1914 – 12. juni ( From: Historical Archive Sarajevo) Tasks for sources 1. Analyze what were the feelings among the people regarding coming of the Heir? 141 Evidence 3 Foreign newspaper front pages Archduke Franc Ferdinand and his spouse, the Duchess of Domenica del Corrierre (Italian weekly Hohenbourg murdered while driving on the streets of published from 1899 to 1989), 29 July 1914. Sarajevo, Bosnia THE NEW YORK JIERALD LA:DOMENiea,*L(ORRIhKF, ARCHDUKE FRANCIS FERDINAND AND HIS CONSOfRT, THE DUCHESS OF HOHENBERG, ARE ASSASSINATED WHILE DRIVING THR GH STREETS OF SARAJEVO, BOSNIA ou< * ' --1N31 . . j] ' TSSBST«— H A !-* rtajR£*5=K - — *- \mmsm / 'It IpHKS 5 IUJ 1*->31 I lassascg-jg «3J| I J. f .r r “Catastrophe in Sarajevo. Assassination of V J Archduke Francis Ferdinand and Duchess of Hohenberg. With hand grenade and Browning. The Heir and his wife killed. Two assassinations. (…) Assassins arrested. Return of the Emperor.” Die Illustrierte Kronen Zeitung (the largest circulation http://previews.agefotostock.com/previewimage/ bajaage/510b7d637895591db19d6200dd4aa0f2/ Austrian daily paper, published since 1900), 29 DAE-11319783.jpg downloaded on 27 Feb. 2012) June 1914 The Hair to the Austrian throne murdered along with his wife OJW 1.M ntnffni by Bosnian youth, avenging the annexation of the country. THE WEATHER RroueiimMung 5 Sljje Jto jjfork Simÿ. *a.;tgsasa» E£*=SH3 r*CES- OSE CENT javcmau I .--raa. Houns. |FRDERAIS DESERT i f vi™ 1 HEIR TO AUSTRIA'S THRONE IS SLAIN pie Catastrophe VOD Sarajevo. *ÿÿ«««ÿ» W'“ ' HEY IN CUM. PARADE. | 1«U ll EnelMl* by £2“ÿ?“' Attentat auf Crzherzog franz raSHimll'l Fwtw. | NEXT SUNDAY'S TIMES. Francis Ferdinand Shot OUROUHSERÿr During State Visit und Herzogin non , to Sarajevo. ferdinand IÿSsTsSsr s™«" VJsassiJM's: r.. »ÿ*» t™ « M«W.. 1W0 ATTACKS IN A DAY Hohenberg. 'ÿ >~~' •““«-*•-lENYOYSTOLDOFBtStLNOTl- fc„lÿwtol PuarU Hit Bombe und Brownlns. ArtMuk. Sim Hll Ul« FVit jspssr-ÿ--- _ Der und seine Gcmalin SUIN IN SECOND ATTEMPT Ttironfolser uhelltOrulM Rod' —S-SsiSSS.MWsss -aassS- Cetyl. Relate (tea Town Has 1 ermordet. and XUS Both el Tbvn. if. Hie Contort the DeOieaeÿH*."!*ÿ<£ Zwei Attentate. anmm _Slain by Assassin's Bullets. in ntn riilonnti. bta ionite ttltito. m Die Attentater verfcaftcL pMii! SST Son Her empBrten fResnc blntifl imjrridjtet. vigacw Ruckkelir ticsKaisers. MfflBllllWl'' nil http://einestages.spiegel.de/hund-images/2009/11/16/96/ (New York Times (American daily paper published continuously e70e86700c4437f45762133de62765b5_image_document since 1851), 29 July 1914, Internet, http://blu.stb.s-msn.com/i/7B/ _large_featured_borderless.jpg , downloaded on 2 June 4992F9D19CEEE63507ADD6D4C2BE2.jpg, downloaded on 2 2013) June 2013 Tasks for sources 1. How was the event presented in foreign papers? 2. Why the event caused such attention and interest worldwide? 142 Evidence 4 Extracts from the foreign newspaper articles POLITISCHE CORRESPONDENZ (Vienna) Evidence 5 Newspaper article from Sarajevski list br. DIE ERMORDUNG DER HRONFOLGERS UND SEINER GEMAHLIN — number 11610 of 30 Jun 1914. 130, 29 June (16 June2) 1914 This news agency publishes what the Vienna papers wrote An article from Government’s newspapers on the second day after the assassination. published in Sarajevo during the times of Neuefreie Presse : The assassination was a Balkan murder, Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, about the a bloodthirsty act, similar to savage butchering. So, if this assassination should mean that your sovereigns and Heirs to assassination of Franz Ferdinand. the throne will always be welcomed like this in Sarajevo, then 2Julian calendar was used in the area un l 1918 – the only answer may be: ‘We are here and we stay here’. All interpreter’s remark heads of states must think about peace, but must not allow the Balkan plague to spread further, since crime is P°j '30 Broj floHeajeibaK jyHa contagious. 16. ___1914. Ponedjeljak____29. juna To*. XXXVII. God. Die Zeit: A heavy shadow falls on Serbia. Serbia is now given a great and noble opportunity to do good for itself and wpajeBCKHJlHCTf Sorajevshi List Prctplata in tUinnu its compatriots in our Monarchy. Serbia should take "*
Nikola Đ. Trišić, Sarajevski atentat u svjetlu bibliografskih Crni dani.
pkosa m jc prckidu, tom slomu najoi tnitijega •jo podataka, Veselin Masleša, Sarajevo 1980, 21. Ji I,u<|c vidokoin miravn Herccgovinc. Strahovit je to ud< •ita, akovc grijehc mora da da sa o mu ju jc Providnost namijemla? k Rrijch na iuao grudi. irod kao takav nije skrivio taj grij najzdravijcm tijdu stvara sc sir rana. Ali Iskoni je tu grijcli . taj gri jell inozc da klija. da sc Tasks for sources razvija na njivi narodnoj. jer taj iskoni grijch oji u najrazro/nijoj opreci s patriotskim mislj dinastiCkim osjc- Canjcm narodnim : sav narod ustajc kao jedan Covjck protiv takovog iskonog 1. How was the event presented in foreign papers? bczumnog grijelia. vjcran .'oine hubs- burskorn vladalaCkt domu i prijcstolju za sva vremena. Kao sto sc jc narod u danima idosti v. io oko svoga via- 2. Why the event caused such attention and interest dara. tako sc i sada u ovoj uajtc2oj tuzi narod okuplja oko Previsnjegu prijcstolj; ali i. ojadcn. sa- worldwide? Sijcdom vladaru, prokusanotn stanui kame prcko Oijc su glavc pro- i dogadaj kao i Casovi
di okrvavljciu kao nikadu. niko vji Poire arod Mill ven da Ii iduru dadue MI Evidence 6 podiic k< it /avila. Ljubav a naroda min narodu liii'i A voice from historiography – HISTORY OF ados l Inidmi s< mill da stojj Indiurtkv HOMIC ki iiakvnieiia pusvvtV krvlju 4» jednog. id in Hi I luhshiiigovat a. m/ali ASSASSINATIONS IjbiuJ Mi 4 dana* dulmko Ikabdi k« o ,,/i v l)U|u< i k< Vctit Mi |< li Mapoiui Ht *«I •0la Zerajic fired at the Country Administrator of BaH, General Varesanin, to point out to the authorities of A-H Monarchy that the youth in BaH saw through their intentions regarding opening of the Assembly (…) Luka Jukic attempted (on 8 June 1912) assassination of the “Those were the days of joy, days of thrill. Who royal commissary, Slavko Cuvaj, in order to show to the does not remember them? (...) People happily Hungarian the attitude of the national youth of Croatia that received them, as the visit was a decoration, Croatia is not Hungarian, but Croat. they hailed them when they suddenly appeared In determination of members of Yugoslav national- in Sarajevo, for people were exalted, looking revolutionary movement, primarily ‘Mlada Bosna’, to use their future ruler in the eyes. (…)And finally the assassinations as means of fight against foreign rule, national last day of their stay in Sarajevo came – and liberation and unification, there were the influence of certain suddenly the glass of joy was filled to the top political and social circumstances along with spiritual and with the worst bitterness. Joy and cheerfulness cultural-political ones, without which their historical image, suddenly vanished under the impression of moral and intellectual physiognomy cannot be explained. terrible God-forsaken act, taking precious lives of Archduke and Heir Frantz Ferdinand and Enver Redžić, Omladinski pokret I sarajevski atentat, Prilozi za Duchess Sophia of Hohenberg. (...) In the istoriju BiH, Posebna izdanja ANUBiH, LXXIX, Odjeljenje društvenih hearth of today deeply sadden Bosnia lies the nauka, knj. 17. Sarajevo 1987, 318-319. dead body of our hope and the pride of the whole Hapsburg monarchy. (…)“
Crni dani, Sarajevski list, br. 130, 29. juni (16.juni) Tasks for sources 1914. (From: Historical Archive Sarajevo) 1. Why were the assassinations organized before (Sarajevo Assassination)? 2. What was their goal?
143 j»Mr?
T 1J9VMIW
Evidence 7 Official document about nationalistic- revolutionary youth organization in Sarajevo r TRANSCRIPT NATIONAL GOVERNMENT Evidence 8 FOR BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA Picture of the trial Broj 5544 Pres. Sarajevo 9. jula 1914.
Existence of a nationalistic-revolutionary « organization in Sarajevo.
For some time now, most likely less than a year, in Sarajevo there is a youth organization with T -U- -P?" naïve-like name, “Serb-Croat nationalistic i ' f youth”. f This organization does not have a solid r i < .11 appearance, it is primarily an organization of » 14 students of School For teachers, secondary P |8 i school students, and there is a handful of youth from traders and craftsmen (social) class. It does not have any particular rules or own I office. Basics of their activity comprise of rs3 / statutes of notorious “Narodno f ujedinjenje” (National unification), or also \Y*£A r “Narodno jedinstvo” (National unity) from » Belgrade, where assassin Zerajic was a
member. The purpose and task of this < organization was that all the youth of the Slavic south is educated in a unified spirit, in the sense r of single, united Yugoslav state under the . Serbian dominance, i.e. explicit secession from Hapsburg throne (“the unbearable Hapsburg burden”). > Centers of this movement are in Belgrade, Zagreb and Sarajevo, and branches should Sarajevo Museum, Sarajevo during the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy gradually be formed in all secondary schools. 1914-1918
V. Bogičević, Mlada Bosna, Sarajevo 1954.
Tasks for sources Tasks for sources
Find the qualifications that the authorities 1. Analyze the photograph of assassins on trial. assigned to the ideas of a youth movement and their ties with assassination. 2. What emotions can you recognize on their faces?
Evidence 9 Newspaper article:„A memorandum on the results of the investigation“
Memorandum on the result of investigation in Sarajevo: Investigation the court in Sarajevo conducted over Gavrilo Princip and his associates regarding the performed crime of 15 June this year and accessory in it, thus far established the following: 1. The plan to assassinate Franz Ferdinand during his visit to Sarajevo was prepared in Belgrade, by Gavrilo Princip, Nedeljko Cabrinovic and Trifko Grabez, with help from Major Voja Tankosic. 2. Six bombs and four Browning pistols with ammunition, which the assassins used as weapons, were procured and given to Princip, Cabrinovic and Grabez by certain Milan Ciganovic and Major Tankosic, in Belgrade. 3. The bombs were hand grenades, originating from the weapons depot of Serb army in Kragujevac. 4. In order to secure a successful assassination, Ciganovic instructed Princip, Cabrinovic and Grabez in handling the grenades and shooting from Browning pistols in the woods near the Topcider shooting range. 5. In order to secure Princip, Cabrinovic and Grabez to cross the Bosnian border and to smuggle their weapons, Ciganovic organized a system of secret transporting. The passage of criminals and their weapons to Boania and Herzegovina was conducted by the border authorities of Sabac (Rade Popovic) and Loznica, along with customs officer Radivoj Grbic and others.
Politika, br. 3769, 12. jula 1914.
144 WORKSHOP PART 1 Group II - Defence MAIN TASK: Defense will receive the sources from the program documents of the paralel group work Youth organization, and their ideology, Serbian and international newspaper articles and reports, Memoirs, letters and personal documents from accessors. The task is to analyze them critically, find the arguments to answer the question whether Sarajevo assassination could be considered a heroic act justified by the patriotic reasons from their point of view, and to prepare arguments for the presentation of defense.
Evidence 1 Letter document Mlada Bosna, defining programe of the movement
YOUNG BOSNIA (Mlada Bosna) Bosnia is old Serb land. In its psychology, culture and whole life. Five centuries of slavery left deep scars on its soul. It has been hit, killed, it fell on its knees, always carrying some great faith within, some big, warm instinct. After torment and fall, it was refreshed with its heart, starting to live again, quiet, slow and closed. Its history in the last 100 years is full of bloodshed, fire and smoke. While parts of our nation in other areas were getting into the culture, rejecting many barbaric contributions of slavery times, we were whipped, remained primitive, undeveloped and naked. (...) The young Bosnian movement for renewal of their country must be based on deep and great love for own people and large creator’s fait in ourselves. No force must extinguish that love and no trouble should shake that faith. And thus, through slow and petit work the greatest process in the life of people will be executed, its liberation from the dungeon and its rising to spiritual freedom and moral independence. Our young country, broken and tormented, enslaved and dark, may continue only down that road. At times of spiritual and economic crisis, it rises towards new Sun, carries new faith and creates new life. What is given to it is just a small contribution to its revival, its great resurrection that is coming. . .
Vladimir Gaćinović, Calendar Prosvjeta, Sarajevo, 1911, 92-94, in: V. Bogičević, Mlada Bosna, pisma i Prilozi, Sarajevo 1954.
Tasks for sources Find in the text what were the goals and leading principles of members of Mlada Bosna.
Evidence 2 Stenoghraph notes, Gavrilo Princip about his Evidence 3 political beliefs Pamflet of the assesinators supporters
GAVRILO PRINCIP ABOUT HIS AND POLITICAL Let’s love our heroes: Jukic, Zerajic, Dojcic, Cabrinja, GOALS OF MLADA BOSNA Planinscak, Princip, for they are prophets of the nation, The ideal of youth: Unity of Yugoslav people, Serbs, for they are nation! Croats and Slovenians, but not under Austria. In some Sons of single Yugoslavia! form of a state, a republic, or something like that. He Don’t you feel, sons of Yugoslavia, that in that blood lies believed there would be a revolution if Austria gets into our life and that the assassination is the God of Gods of a difficult position. But for such a revolution a terrain the nation, for it proves that Mlada Bosna lives. There must be prepared, a mood created. There were lives the body pressed by the unbearable imperialist assassinations before, and assassins were heroes to burden, there lives the body ready to die! our youth. He did not mean to be a hero. He only (...) wanted to die for his idea. (...) In the blood is the life of a race, in the blood is the God of a nation! Death preceded Resurrection! Assassination (Excerpt from stenographic notes of Vienna psychiatrist, Dr is the resurrection of the Nation. (…) and death of the Martin Papenhajm; Princip o sebi, Zagreb 1926), in: V. two heroes is the Resurrection of our hearts. Bogičević, Mlada Bosna, pisma i Prilozi, Sarajevo 1954, 464-465. Oh glorious, oh great sons and prophets of Yugoslavia!
MANUSKRIPT found during the search of place of Mladen Stojanovic, student of final year of gymnasium in Tuzla, which he wrote on the day of Sarajevo assassination, 28 June 1914; V. Bogičević, Mlada Bosna, Sarajevo 1954. Tasks for sources
Find in the text what were the goals and leading Tasks for sources principles of members of Mlada Bosna. What argument for the defense may be drawn from the given texts?
145 Evidence 4 Evidence 5 Stenograph notes of Gavrilo Princip's Stenoghraph notes of Nedeljko Čabrinović 's testimony testimony
Gavrilo Princip Nedeljko Cabrinovic Pr.: State your opinion? Pr.: Were you ever a nationalist? Op.: I am a Yugoslav nationalist and I strive for Op.: Yes, but I kept my anarchist ideas. Pr.: Were the others like that? unification of Yugoslavs into any state form, to be Op.: The others were radical nationalists. freed from Austria (69). Pr.: What does it mean – radical nationalist? Pr.: What was the opinion about Austria among your Op.: Unification of all Serbs under one crown. circles? Establishing of old Dusan’s empire. Op.: We believed Austria was an evil in our nation, as Pr.: it is, and that it was not needed (70). Pr.: What was the opinion about Serbia, would it be beneficial for Bosnia to join Serbia? Op.: There was an opinion – idea to unify the Yugoslavs. It is understood, however, that Serbia, as a free part of Yugoslavs, would have a moral duty to aid this unification, to be what Piemont was in Italy (70). Pr.: What were Ilic’s political views? Op.: He is a nationalist like me, a Yugoslav. Pr.: So, of the same position like you? Op.: Yes, that all Yugoslavs need to unite. Pr.: Under Austria? Op.: God forbid. I did not favor dynasties. We did not go that far, we thought: Uniting, and then whatever the circumstances allow (81). Defender, Dr Premuzic: Do you believe in God, or you are an atheist? Op.: An ateist (105).
Bilješke iz stenograma sa procesa protiv zavjerenika u Sarajevskom atentatu 1914 g.) DAS, akv. br. 828. u: V. Bogičević, Mlada Bosna, Sarajevo 1954..
146 Evidence 6 £ iiispiiiii £ Narodna biblioteka Srbije, Online katalog Newspaper articles Politika,r
The bloody Sarajevo event made a great impression in all social layers in Belgrade. The impression is even deeper for we know, from the experience, that in reaction to this bloody act there will come a number of troubles for our people in the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. (…) (...) As accustomed, the Vienna press will pour accusations against Serbs and Serbia. The Serb nation will be blamed because the assassins Cabrinovic and Princip are Serb nationality. Serbia will be guilty because one of the assassins, as reported from Sarajevo, said at the hearing that he was earlier in Belgrade. Both accusations are absurd. Neither can the whole nation be responsible for the actions of one or two individuals, nor can Serbia be responsible for actions of a man, just because he used to live in Serbia. (...)
Politika, br. 3744, 17. 06 1914, w.
THE TRIAL IN SARAJEVO If I The Main discussion started against Princip, Cabrinovic and associates, for the murder of IBMMi'' Franz Ferdinand and his wife. The state prosecutor of Sarajevo court accused Princip and twenty two his associates for the treason and two pre-meditated murders. Apart from them, other three were accused • for accessory in hiding the weapons procured for execution of assassination. S
The prosecution states the procedure of a plot made in Belgrade, by members of National t Defense, and describes travelling of conspirators and smuggling of weapons to Bosnia, the way how they found accessories in Sarajevo and other details about assassination. Presenting the motives for the assassination, which was a first-degree political event, the prosecution described the irredentist plotting of Serb-nationalistic circles in Belgrade, reaching to the Royal Court itself, and a systemic work against Austro-Hungarian and Hapsburg dynasty in Serbia, Croatia and Bosnia, the work with the only goal to take
Croatia, Dalmatia, Istria, Bosnia, Herzegovina and south Hungary provinces, inhabited m with Serbs, from the A-U Monarchy and to join these lands to Serbia. The conspirators Princip and Cabrinovic admitted, as claimed in one telegram from Sarajevo, they were inspired by hatred towards the Monarchy and by Serb nationalistic feelings for the uniting of all Yugoslavs, destruction of Austro-HungaryM and creation of a great Serbian empire. That is why they made the plan to assassinate the Archduke Franz Ferdinand, which they realized. ' Politika, br. 3842, 6. 10. 1914, ,r
EVERYBODY CRYESii
A court scene prepared in Vienna genre. Vienna, 15 f|jj October. At the end of the process in Sarajevo, Cabrinovic concluded his statement with the following: We honestly did not know the deceased was a father, we only here heard he had children. We are most deeply touched by his last words, he spoke
to his wife: Don’t die! Live for your children (the whole courtroom cried).V It may be I am a villain, a murderer. Do with me
what you will; but I swear the God I only wish the old Emperor,II the children, in their souls to forgive us what we did wrong towards them. You, judges, send us to death immediately. We are not common criminals, we are only deceived boys. He could not speak further from crying. ! The presiding judge then asked the accused if anyone wanted to say something. Gavrilo Princip then stood, firm and determined (…), with blushing cheeks, but calm, showing the self-control, and said energetically: There were no foreign stimuli in this assassination. When Cabrinovic here said so, he lied, and also lied the state prosecutor who wanted to prove it. Nobody hired us! We loved our people, we knew the circumstances of living, we knew well all its troubles! That is the truth. Politika 3850, 14. 10. 1914. ; 'iM
“Gavrilo Princip, student of the final grade of Gymnasium, killed on the Day of St. Vid in Sarajevo the Austro-Hungarian Heir, Franz ,
1 Ferdinand, and his wife, Archduchess Sophia Hohenberg”, Politika 6 July 1914 – the only photograph published in Politika in 1914 (komentar u: Nikola Đ. Trišić, Sarajevski atentatu svjetlu fit bibliografskih podataka, VeselinMasleša, Sarajevo 1980) .
Tasks for sources
1. How the Serbian press reported about assassins and their trial? 2. What argument for the defense may be drawn from the given texts? 3. How to explain the reason that photo of Gavrilo Princip was the only photo published in Politika papers in 1914?
147 iiiljiiSfiS-ltiliijll'ii :;sj] 1 jipil i; j|i:I 1 WORKSHOP PART 2 What is the task? Answering the question: What type of the monument should mark the Sarajevo Assesination? Students receive sources about erecting and displacing the monuments on the assassination place during the 20th century. For the homework they have to analyze the sources and make the elaborated proposal with concrete arguments based on the sources of the monument that should mark the assassination place today in Sarajevo.
TV,
INTRODUCTION
Events that marked certain moments of history were marked not only in documents, books and memoirs, but on the spots where they took place, monuments are erected. The spot of Sarajevo assassination is one of places which attempted to be preserved from forgetting by erecting a monument that will speak to the following generations about what happened there on 28 June 1914.
Today, a hundred years after the assassination, we can talk about monuments that changed depending on the ideology of rulers and political frames that Bosnia and Herzegovina and Sarajevo went through in history.
In 1917, at the Latin bridge, on the murder spot, Austro-hungarian authorities erected monument to Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophia, titled “Monument to murder”. After the establishment of the Kingdom of SHS, later Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1918-1941), removing monuments related to Hapsburg Monarchy became a priority of the new authorities, so in March 1919 this monument was removed. A memoir plate was then placed for Gavrilo Princip and the assassins at the same spot. Parallel with that, on the graveyard, next to the church of St. Archangel Michael, at Kosevo, Sarajevo, a common tomb to all assassins where their bones were moved, was built in 1920, along with a memoir plate. The common tomb and a memoir chapel remained preserved to date. German occupation forces, after coming to Sarajevo in 1941, removed the memoir plate to Mlada Bosna members. After the liberation in 1945, the new authorities of the People’s Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which was a part of Socialist Yugoslavia (1945-1991) erected a new memoir plate to members of Mlada Bosna on the 6th of May 1945. Soon after (1956) the footsteps of Gavrilo Princip were cast on the pedestrian. The museum of Mlada Bosna was opened at the assassination spot in 1953, and the bridge over Miljacka River (former Latin bridge) was named bridge of Gavrilo Princip. In 1992, with the outbreak of war in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the siege of Sarajevo, the memoir plate and Gavrilo Princip’s footsteps were removed. After the war, by the and of 1995 the museum changed its name to Museum Sarajevo 1878-1918, and a new plate was placed with inscription in Bosniac and English language. The former bridge of Gavrilo Princip today bears the name (again) the Latin bridge.
By analyzing the monuments at the assassination spot we can follow the change of the remembrance to the Sarajevo assassination and its participants. >[ r i
Source 1 lari|t«o )f,* SVIlfll Pictures and information about the erecting monument to / 1 Franz and Sofia in Sarajevo 1917.
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„At this spot the Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his spouse, m; Duchess Sofia of Hohenberg, gave their lives and spilled blood for God and Homeland“ •» v - * Inscrip on from the monument of 191
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148 Source 2 Source 3 Pictures and information about building and Movie about moving the memorial plate to making tomb for the assassins in 1920 Gavrilo Princip by German Forces in Sarajevo, 1941 TODAY IN SARAJEVO (TELEGRAM TO ‘POLITIKA’) (Youtube) http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=zeHbpHye-jQ&feature=g- Sarajevo, June 6 hist&context=G23aececAHT009KAADAA Tomorrow, on St. John day, there will be a formal burial of bones o3.2( )653.8(V(A)74.(u)-0.2d775 TD[(b)-0.v )-173.7(d)-0.2(o0 00.2(l186.8(( )-114.6(S9cs .2(l142(V(A)74.(u)-0.2d770 0 .2(l191( )-173.7(d)-0.2(a)-0.2(y4-0.2(re)84.1(2(9)-0.8(A)76.9(a)5 0 ..2( )0.2(Ju)-0.2(n)-0.2(’310.2(re2 30.1.3(t)0.2(h)-0.2o(o)-0.2(n)-0.2,.)-50.2(.))54.2.1898 TD[(G)0.2r1(w)-0.2(i)-0.o(n)-0.2((f)0.2( )]TJ 9 0 0 9 0 0 Tm -0.6687 54.Pr1(w)-0.(Ju)-0.c1(w)-0.pe)-0.2(v)-690 .2(l10 040.2(I)0.eu)-0.2d775 TDe(w)-0.2(i)-0.(ra)-0.kore2 2(.))524.2C)-173.7(d)-0.b(b)-0.2(u)-0.2n775 TD[(b)-0.v(u)-0.2c,(o)-09.2(l19 Tm(Jara)-0.kore)-0.v(l1064.2(,)-1 0 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)-159.h(i)-0.2(h)-0.2(e1)-0.2(l1440.2L(o)-0.uu)-0.2j(i)-0.o(n2cs .2(l10)-0.N(i)-0.o(n)-0.vara)-0.k.2(f)0.2( )]TJ 9 0 0 9 0 0 Tm67.11111 78 )-159.1(w)-0.2(i)-0.2(550.2(re)830-0h(i)-0.o(n)-0.l775 TD )-8s .2(l146-0.a.)-90.2(.)-0)76.sp(i)-0.2(h)-0.898 TD[che)-0.2(v)-1cs .2(l170-0t)-218.1(f)0.w)-173.7(d)-0.rd(n)-0.2(e9.2(re360.)-101.3(t)0.2(370.2(.)-65s .p(h)-0.l)-173.7(d)-0.c2(ha)-9.2(l 7.3( )-159.h(i)-0.2(h)-0.2(ee360-0.2(Do Q.1898 TD[(G)0.2r1(w)-0.2(i)-0.o(n180-0.2(n690 .Pr1(w)-0.(Ju)-0.c1(w)-0.pe)-0.2.2(f)0.2( )]TJ 9 0 0 9 0 0 Tm67.2n6911 78k1(w)-0.2(i)-0.2(w)-0.eu)-0.2d77 7.0( )687.6(.2( )0r7(d)-0.2(o159.z)33.2( )61 7.1(.2( )0e(d)-0.rd(n)-0.1(w)-0.(Ju)-0.1u)-0.2n775 TD )-440.2(.)9709.1u)-0.2n775 TD )4w)55(,)-8 Tm.h(n)-0.1(w)-0.2(e3 .2(l107.2( )-159.1(w)-0.f2( )0e()-055(,)-940-0[(b)-0.2(29.2(l1750.2V(A)74.(u)-0.2d775 TD[(b)-0.v )-173.7(d)-0.2(o-0.2(v)90 .2(l10)-0..2( )0.2(1)-0..2( )0.2(9)-0..2(f)0.2( )]TJ 9 0 0 0)- 0 7m67.2n6911 78 898 TD[(-)]TJ -0.2( )]TJ 9 0 0 0)-9993m67.2n6911 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73.“H(i)-0.2(h)-0.2(a)-0.2(o)-0.2-0.2t)159..3(t)0.2(h)-0..2(n)0t)159.2u(w)-0.mp(i)-0.2(h)-0.t(o)-0.2-0.2m7(d)-0.2(o-0.2”.2(f)0.2( )]TJ 9 0 0 9 0 0 Tm6-0.6687 54.A)00.2(.)-27. .sp(i)-0.2(h)-0.c1(w)-0.(ri)-0.2()4cs .2(l1390t)-218.1(f)0.mbre2 0 .2(l1o3.2(.3(t)0.a(w)-0..2( 42(,)-1 03( )-215.1(-215.1(-215.n(o)-09.2(l12 Tm. )-219.3(b)-0.1(w)-0.2(i)-0.t8-9w)55(,)85.[(b)-0.2(30-0.2(e)4)-0.Ko(o)-0.s2(j)-0.2(e45-0.2(e)27.8(c2(h-0.2m2(h)-0.t(o)-02(h)-0.r2(a)-0.2(y))-0.2(en6905( )-159.h(i)-0.2(h)-0.2(eeo)-0.2(f)0.2( )]TJ 9 0 0 9 0 0 Tm61.65 Tm 68..)-101.3(t)0.2(h 7. .2(l)52.2(eeo)-0m7(d)-0.(u)-0.2n775 TDs(h 7. .2(l)51.2( )-112.f(l)51.2(2(-a)-4.1898 TD[(G)0.2r1(w)-0.2(i)-0.o(550.2(.)111.2(Pr1(w)-0.(Ju)-0.c1(w)-0.pe)-0 .2(l)76.1u)-0.2n775 TD 2(l)760-0h(i)-0.1(w)-0.2(e56-0.2(l)50.8(c.1(f)0.2(i)-0.2(w)-0.2(h)-0.[(m)-0.g)-219.3(b)-0.2(n)-0.2(e)-092(.))5243. )-159.1(w)-0.2(i)-0.2(-0-0.2(l)760-0 )-215.1(-215..2(f)0.2( )]TJ 9 0 0 9 0 0 Tm6cs 442m 68.p(h)-0.l)-173.7(d)-0.c2(h-0.2d775 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149 Evidence 5 Newspaper article about placing the Source 6 monument plate on the assassination spot (8 Picture of the new memorial plate erected 2002 May 1945) Uncovering of memoir plate to Gavrilo Princip !
As a part of the 1st Youth congress, on 7 April at 4:00 p.m. a great rally at Tsar Dusan’s park in Sarajevo opened the manifestation of uncovering the memoir plate to a great national hero and a martyr, a fighter for freedom and brotherhood of all nations of Yugoslavia, Gavrilo Princip. (...) After the speeches, a line was psas formed and went to the historical spot, ‘the Princip’s bridge’, where Gavrilo Princip’s bullet announced death to all those who attempt to impose slavery to our people. The new plate was put on the same spot where the previous one was standing in memory of 0N 28 JUm 1914 Gavrilo Princip, which was removed by the enemy in rASJlrI5LS™ACE‘""''"'WED THE HEIR the first days of occupation (…). Uncovering of the plate the present accompanied with words: “Glory to the undead national hero Gavrilo Princip and his colleagues”.
Oslobodjenje, 8 May 1945 Memoir plate at assassination spot placed in 2002, photo by author.
VIDEO MATERIAL
1. Short movie about assassination
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5_qvMyklN20
2. Movie about moving memorial plate to Gavrilo Princip by German Forces in Sarajevo 1941 (Youtube)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zeHbpHye-jQ&feature=g-hist&context=G23aececAHT009KAADAA
150