Course Notes
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
NORWAY LOCAL SINGLE SKY IMPLEMENTATION Level2020 1 - Implementation Overview
LSSIP 2020 - NORWAY LOCAL SINGLE SKY IMPLEMENTATION Level2020 1 - Implementation Overview Document Title LSSIP Year 2020 for Norway Info Centre Reference 20/12/22/79 Date of Edition 07/04/2021 LSSIP Focal Point Peder BJORNESET - [email protected] Luftfartstilsynet (CAA-Norway) LSSIP Contact Person Luca DELL’ORTO – [email protected] EUROCONTROL/NMD/INF/PAS LSSIP Support Team [email protected] Status Released Intended for EUROCONTROL Stakeholders Available in https://www.eurocontrol.int/service/local-single-sky-implementation- monitoring Reference Documents LSSIP Documents https://www.eurocontrol.int/service/local-single-sky-implementation- monitoring Master Plan Level 3 – Plan https://www.eurocontrol.int/publication/european-atm-master-plan- Edition 2020 implementation-plan-level-3 Master Plan Level 3 – Report https://www.eurocontrol.int/publication/european-atm-master-plan- Year 2020 implementation-report-level-3 European ATM Portal https://www.atmmasterplan.eu/ STATFOR Forecasts https://www.eurocontrol.int/statfor National AIP https://avinor.no/en/ais/aipnorway/ FAB Performance Plan https://www.nefab.eu/docs# LSSIP Year 2020 Norway Released Issue APPROVAL SHEET The following authorities have approved all parts of the LSSIP Year 2020 document and the signatures confirm the correctness of the reported information and reflect the commitment to implement the actions laid down in the European ATM Master Plan Level 3 (Implementation View) – Edition 2020. Stakeholder / Name Position Signature and date Organisation -
TCAS II) by Personnel Involved in the Implementation and Operation of TCAS II
Preface This booklet provides the background for a better understanding of the Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS II) by personnel involved in the implementation and operation of TCAS II. This booklet is an update of the TCAS II Version 7.0 manual published in 2000 by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). It describes changes to the CAS logic introduced by Version 7.1 and updates the information on requirements for use of TCAS II and operational experience. Version 7.1 logic changes will improve TCAS Resolution Advisory (RA) sense reversal logic in vertical chase situations. In addition all “Adjust Vertical Speed, Adjust” RAs are converted to “Level-Off, Level-Off” RAs to make it more clear that a reduction in vertical rate is required. The Minimum Operational Performance Standards (MOPS) for TCAS II Version 7.1 were approved in June 2008 and Version 7.1 units are expected to be operating by 2010-2011. Version 6.04a and 7.0 units are also expected to continue operating for the foreseeable future where authorized. 2 Preface................................................................................................................................. 2 The TCAS Solution............................................................................................................. 5 Early Collision Avoidance Systems................................................................................ 5 TCAS II Development .................................................................................................... 6 Initial -
Density Altitude
Federal Aviation Administration Density Altitude FAA–P–8740–2 • AFS–8 (2008) HQ-08561 Density Altitude Note: This document was adapted from the original Pamphlet P-8740-2 on density altitude. Introduction Although density altitude is not a common subject for “hangar flying” discussions, pilots need to understand this topic. Density altitude has a significant (and inescapable) influence on aircraft and engine performance, so every pilot needs to thoroughly understand its effects. Hot, high, and humid weather conditions can cause a routine takeoff or landing to become an accident in less time than it takes to tell about it. Density Altitude Defined Types of Altitude Pilots sometimes confuse the term “density altitude” with other definitions of altitude. To review, here are some types of altitude: • Indicated Altitude is the altitude shown on the altimeter. • True Altitude is height above mean sea level (MSL). • Absolute Altitude is height above ground level (AGL). • Pressure Altitude is the indicated altitude when an altimeter is set to 29.92 in Hg (1013 hPa in other parts of the world). It is primarily used in aircraft performance calculations and in high-altitude flight. • Density Altitude is formally defined as “pressure altitude corrected for nonstandard temperature variations.” Why Does Density Altitude Matter? High Density Altitude = Decreased Performance The formal definition of density altitude is certainly correct, but the important thing to understand is that density altitude is an indicator of aircraft performance. The term comes from the fact that the density of the air decreases with altitude. A “high” density altitude means that air density is reduced, which has an adverse impact on aircraft performance. -
FSF ALAR Briefing Note 3.2 -- Altitude Deviations
Flight Safety Foundation Approach-and-landing Accident Reduction Tool Kit FSF ALAR Briefing Note 3.2 — Altitude Deviations Altitude deviations may result in substantial loss of aircraft • The pilot-system interface: vertical separation or horizontal separation, which could cause – Altimeter setting, use of autopilot, monitoring of a midair collision. instruments and displays; or, Maneuvers to avoid other aircraft often result in injuries to • The pilot-controller interface: passengers, flight crewmembers and, particularly, to cabin crewmembers. – Communication loop (i.e., the confirmation/ correction process). Statistical Data Altitude deviations occur usually as the result of one or more of the following conditions: An analysis by the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and by USAir (now US Airways) of altitude-deviation events1 • The controller assigns an incorrect altitude or reassigns showed that: a flight level after the pilot was cleared to an altitude; • Approximately 70 percent of altitude deviations were the • Pilot-controller communication breakdown — mainly result of a breakdown in pilot-controller communication; readback/hearback errors such as the following: and, – Controller transmits an incorrect altitude, the pilot • Nearly 40 percent of altitude deviations resulted when does not read back the altitude and the controller does air traffic control (ATC) assigned 10,000 feet and the not challenge the absence of a readback; flight crew set 11,000 feet in the selected-altitude – Pilot reads back an incorrect altitude, but the window, or when ATC assigned 11,000 feet and the flight controller does not hear the erroneous readback and crew set 10,000 feet in the selected-altitude window. does not correct the pilot’s readback; or, Defining Altitude Deviations – Pilot accepts an altitude clearance intended for another aircraft (confusion of call signs); An altitude deviation is a deviation from the assigned altitude • Pilot receives, understands and reads back the correct (or flight level) equal to or greater than 300 feet. -
Altimetry for Mountaineers and Hikers a Brief Summary
Altimetry for Mountaineers and Hikers A brief summary • Understanding Altimetry How changes in weather can affect your pressure altimeter. How elevation effects your pressure altimeter How air temperature effects air density and your climbing performance By: Derek Taylor . WTS Senior Instructor . BMS Assistant Instructor . Aerosciences, Lockheed Martin Astronautics . Certified Flight Instructor (MEI, CFII) Altimetry – Why is Altimetry Important? You need to understand how to use an altimeter, but also what factors can effect its accuracy. Good mountaineering /hiking practice usually requires the use of an altimeter. Topography and Contour maps are very limited without knowing what your “correct” elevation is. A map & compass provides you with information about where you are horizontally. If you know exactly where you are on a map then you can determine your elevation. But an altimeter can “directly” provide you with elevation. Since we move about in a 3-dimenisonal world, then knowing how to use an altimeter, and what its limitations are, is just as important as knowing how to use a compass. – With an Altimeter you can Perform Bearing-Elevation Intersects: The point at which a compass bearing intersects an elevation contour line. Use your compass and altimeter collectively to locate your position. Perform Feature-Elevation Intersects: The point at which a known feature, such as a creek, road, or ridge intersects your known elevation. Use your altimeter/barometer to predict weather changes. High pressure systems are generally associated with stable, dry weather. Low pressure systems are the predictors of possible rain, snow, thunder activity, and cooler temperatures. Use your altimeter to estimate elevation gain per hour, and adjust your pace accordingly. -
ASA Private Pilot Syllabus
The Complete Pilot Series The Complete Private Pilot Syllabus Pilot Private Complete The The Complete Private Pilot Syllabus Fourth Edition The Complete Private Pilot Syllabus Fourth Edition Flight and Ground Training Private Pilot Certification Course: Airplane Meets 14 CFR Part 141 and Part 61 Requirements Includes Sport Pilot Certification Course: Airplane Aviation Supplies and Academics, Inc. 7005 132nd Place SE Newcastle, WA 98059-3153 The Complete Private Pilot Syllabus Fourth Edition © 1994–2011 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All rights reserved. Published 2011 This syllabus is designed to be used with the textbook, The Complete Private Pilot, by Bob Gardner. Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. 7005 132nd Place SE Newcastle, Washington 98059-3153 Email: [email protected] Visit the ASA website often, as any updates due to FAA regulatory and procedural changes will be posted there: www.asa2fly.com Printed in the United States of America 2014 2013 2012 2011 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ASA-PPT-S4 ISBN 1-56027-866-8 978-1-56027-866-5 03 ii The Complete Private Pilot Syllabus Contents Page Student Information ..............................................................................................................................................v Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................vii Private Pilot Course Hours .............................................................................................................................. -
Chapter: 2. En Route Operations
Chapter 2 En Route Operations Introduction The en route phase of flight is defined as that segment of flight from the termination point of a departure procedure to the origination point of an arrival procedure. The procedures employed in the en route phase of flight are governed by a set of specific flight standards established by 14 CFR [Figure 2-1], FAA Order 8260.3, and related publications. These standards establish courses to be flown, obstacle clearance criteria, minimum altitudes, navigation performance, and communications requirements. 2-1 fly along the centerline when on a Federal airway or, on routes other than Federal airways, along the direct course between NAVAIDs or fixes defining the route. The regulation allows maneuvering to pass well clear of other air traffic or, if in visual meteorogical conditions (VMC), to clear the flightpath both before and during climb or descent. Airways Airway routing occurs along pre-defined pathways called airways. [Figure 2-2] Airways can be thought of as three- dimensional highways for aircraft. In most land areas of the world, aircraft are required to fly airways between the departure and destination airports. The rules governing airway routing, Standard Instrument Departures (SID) and Standard Terminal Arrival (STAR), are published flight procedures that cover altitude, airspeed, and requirements for entering and leaving the airway. Most airways are eight nautical miles (14 kilometers) wide, and the airway Figure 2-1. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 14 Aeronautics and Space. flight levels keep aircraft separated by at least 500 vertical En Route Navigation feet from aircraft on the flight level above and below when operating under VFR. -
FAA-H-8083-15, Instrument Flying Handbook -- 1 of 2
i ii Preface This Instrument Flying Handbook is designed for use by instrument flight instructors and pilots preparing for instrument rating tests. Instructors may find this handbook a valuable training aid as it includes basic reference material for knowledge testing and instrument flight training. Other Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) publications should be consulted for more detailed information on related topics. This handbook conforms to pilot training and certification concepts established by the FAA. There are different ways of teaching, as well as performing, flight procedures and maneuvers and many variations in the explanations of aerodynamic theories and principles. This handbook adopts selected methods and concepts for instrument flying. The discussion and explanations reflect the most commonly used practices and principles. Occasionally the word “must” or similar language is used where the desired action is deemed critical. The use of such language is not intended to add to, interpret, or relieve a duty imposed by Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR). All of the aeronautical knowledge and skills required to operate in instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) are detailed. Chapters are dedicated to human and aerodynamic factors affecting instrument flight, the flight instruments, attitude instrument flying for airplanes, basic flight maneuvers used in IMC, attitude instrument flying for helicopters, navigation systems, the National Airspace System (NAS), the air traffic control (ATC) system, instrument flight rules (IFR) flight procedures, and IFR emergencies. Clearance shorthand and an integrated instrument lesson guide are also included. This handbook supersedes Advisory Circular (AC) 61-27C, Instrument Flying Handbook, which was revised in 1980. -
Density Is Directly Proportional to Pressure
Density Is Directly Proportional To Pressure If all-star or Chasidic Ozzy usually ballyragging his jawbreakers parallelises mightily or whiled stingily and permissively, how bonded is Sloane? Is Bradley always doctrinal and slaggy when flattens some Lipman very infrangibly and advertently? Trial Arvy theorised institutionally. If kinetic theory is proportional to identify a uniformly standard atmospheric condition is proportional to density is directly pressure. The primary forces which affect horizontal motion despite the pressure gradient force the. How does pressure affect density of fluid engineeringcom. Principle five is directly proportional or enhance core. As a result temperature and pressure can greatly affect your volume of brown substance especially gases As with mass increasing and decreasing the playground of. The absolute temperature can density is directly proportional to pressure on field. Is directly with their energy conservation invariably lead, directly proportional to density pressure is no longer possible to bring you free access to their measurement. Gas Laws. Chem Final- Ch 5 Flashcards Quizlet. The volume of a apology is inversely proportional to its pressure and directly. And therefore volumetric flow remains constant and long as the air density is constant. The acceleration of thermodynamics is permanent contact us if an effect of the next time this happens to transfer to the pressure to aerometer measurements. At constant temperature and directly proportional to density is pressure and directly proportional to fit atoms further apart and they create a measurement unit that system or volume of methods to an example. Pressure and Density of the Atmosphere CK-12 Foundation. Charles's law V is directly proportional to T at constant P and n. -
Introduction of RVSM in the Airspace of the Russian Federation and Adjacent Territories
12ATSBL06 November 2011 Introduction of RVSM in the airspace of the Russian Federation and adjacent territories Summary At 0001 UTC 17 November RVSM was introduced in the FIRs of the Russian Federation as well as those of Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Russian Federation, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan between FL291 FL510 FL410. FL490 FL470 Background Reduced Vertical Separation Minima (RVSM) operations are due to be intro- FL450 duced into the airspace of the FIR/UIRs of the following countries: Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Russian Federation, Tajikistan, Turkmeni- FL430 stan and Uzbekistan at 00:01UTC 17 November 2011. The changeover is a land- mark not only since it is geographically the largest RVSM changeover but also FL410 because it will see vertical positioning referenced as a Flight Level throughout FL400 the affected airspace (above transition altitude) rather than in metres. The excep- tion to this is in the Ulaanbataar FIR, (see 12ATSBL07 click here) which will FL390 continue to use metric references. The information contained in this briefing leaf- FL380 let is derived from information contained in AICs issued by the Russian Federal FL370 Air Transport Agency as well as data from the Kazakh Air Navigation Service FL360 Provider (ANSP) however the procedures described in the Russian AIC will be FL350 also applied in Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan FL340 and Uzbekistan. FL330 FL320 Normal procedures FL310 RVSM Flight Levels FL300 RVSM will be applied to airspace between FL290 (8,550m) and FL410 (12,500m) FL290 inclusive. It is important to note that above transition altitude assignments in the FL280 vertical plane will be given in FL. -
Aircraft Performance: Atmospheric Pressure
Aircraft Performance: Atmospheric Pressure FAA Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Chap 10 Atmosphere • Envelope surrounds earth • Air has mass, weight, indefinite shape • Atmosphere – 78% Nitrogen – 21% Oxygen – 1% other gases (argon, helium, etc) • Most oxygen < 35,000 ft Atmospheric Pressure • Factors in: – Weather – Aerodynamic Lift – Flight Instrument • Altimeter • Vertical Speed Indicator • Airspeed Indicator • Manifold Pressure Guage Pressure • Air has mass – Affected by gravity • Air has weight Force • Under Standard Atmospheric conditions – at Sea Level weight of atmosphere = 14.7 psi • As air become less dense: – Reduces engine power (engine takes in less air) – Reduces thrust (propeller is less efficient in thin air) – Reduces Lift (thin air exerts less force on the airfoils) International Standard Atmosphere (ISA) • Standard atmosphere at Sea level: – Temperature 59 degrees F (15 degrees C) – Pressure 29.92 in Hg (1013.2 mb) • Standard Temp Lapse Rate – -3.5 degrees F (or 2 degrees C) per 1000 ft altitude gain • Upto 36,000 ft (then constant) • Standard Pressure Lapse Rate – -1 in Hg per 1000 ft altitude gain Non-standard Conditions • Correction factors must be applied • Note: aircraft performance is compared and evaluated with respect to standard conditions • Note: instruments calibrated for standard conditions Pressure Altitude • Height above Standard Datum Plane (SDP) • If the Barometric Reference Setting on the Altimeter is set to 29.92 in Hg, then the altitude is defined by the ISA standard pressure readings (see Figure 10-2, pg 10-3) Density Altitude • Used for correlating aerodynamic performance • Density altitude = pressure altitude corrected for non-standard temperature • Density Altitude is vertical distance above sea- level (in standard conditions) at which a given density is to be found • Aircraft performance increases as Density of air increases (lower density altitude) • Aircraft performance decreases as Density of air decreases (higher density altitude) Density Altitude 1. -
Key Tips - Altimetry
Avoiding airspace infringements Key tips - Altimetry A significant number of airspace infringements are caused by pilots using an incorrect altimeter setting. The pilot may believe that they are remaining outside notified airspace, but they are actually flying higher or lower. QFE (the atmospheric pressure at aerodrome elevation) When QFE is set, your altimeter will indicate your height above the elevation of the aerodrome. This is useful in the visual circuit environment and in the ATZ. QFE should not be used elsewhere. QNH (the atmospheric pressure at mean sea level) When QNH is set your altimeter will indicate your altitude above mean sea level. When the Airfield QNH is set, the altimeter will indicate the elevation of the airfield correctly at the airfield reference point. QNH is essential for avoiding airspace which has a base defined as an altitude, and any Prohibited, Restricted or Danger Areas that have an upper limit defined as an altitude. When flying, remember to check (and update if necessary) the QNH value that you have set. This can easily be done by calling an ATSU or listening to ATIS or VOLMET broadcasts. airspacesafety.com Illustrations courtesy of NATS. Regional Pressure Setting (RPS) RPS is a forecast (not an actual) value of the lowest atmospheric pressure at mean sea level (MSL) within an Altimeter Setting Region (ASR). • When an RPS is set your altimeter will indicate your altitude above the forecast setting. • Aircraft using this setting will never be lower than the indicated altitude. RPS were introduced in the past to aid terrain clearance in large areas where there was no local QNH reporting station, or where communications were poor.