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Eremanthus Erythropappus, Asteraceae) Pesquisa Florestal Pesquisa Florestal Brasileira Brasileira Brazilian Journal of Forestry Research PBF www.cnpf.embrapa.br/pfb Nota Científica Floral biology of candeia (Eremanthus erythropappus, Asteraceae) 1Fábio de Almeida Vieira, 2Cristiane Gouvêa Fajardo, 3Dulcinéia de Carvalho 1Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Unidade Acadêmica Especializada em Ciências Agrárias, RN 160, KM 03, CEP 59280-000, Distrito de Jundiaí, Macaíba, RN, Brasil 2Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Centro de Biociências, Depto de Biologia Celular e Genética, Lagoa Nova, 3000, Via Costeira, CEP 59078-970, Natal, RN, Brasil 3Universidade Federal de Lavras, Laboratório de Melhoramento Florestal e Recursos Genéticos, CP 3037, CEP 37200-000, Lavras, MG, Brasil *Autor correspondente: Abstract - Floral biology and pollinators of candeia (Eremanthus erythropappus) were [email protected] analyzed in a natural population. We studied anthesis, flower morphology, stigmatic Termos para indexação: receptivity, pollen viability and floral visitors. The small flowers (10.17 mm in length) Antese are pink, hermaphrodites and organized in dense capitula (mean = 29 flowers). We Viabilidade de pólen observed a large percentage of viable pollen (77.25%) and relatively scarce nectar Visitantes florais availability for floral visitors (0.63 μL). The beesApis mellifera and Trigona sp. were Óleo essencial the most frequent visitors. The length of the bud, style and flowers varied significantly Index terms: among plants. Anthesis Pollen viability Biologia floral da candeia (Eremanthus erythropappus, Floral visitors Essential oil Asteraceae) Resumo - O objetivo deste trabalho foi examinar e documentar a biologia floral e os Histórico do artigo: polinizadores da candeia (Eremanthus erythropappus) em uma população natural, sendo Recebido em 24/06/2012 estudados a antese, a morfologia floral, a receptividade estigmática, a viabilidade de pólen Aprovado em 22/11/2012 e os visitantes florais. As flores pequenas (10,17 mm de comprimento) são cor de rosa, Publicado em 28/12/2012 hermafroditas e organizadas em densos capítulos (média = 29 flores). Foi observada doi: 10.4336/2012.pfb.32.72.477 alta porcentagem de pólen viável (77,25%) e relativamente pouca disponibilidade de néctar para os visitantes florais (0,63 μL). As abelhasApis mellifera e Trigona sp. foram os visitantes mais frequentes. Os comprimentos dos botões, estiletes e flores variaram significativamente entre plantas. Eremanthus erythropappus (DC.) MacLeisch (Oliveira Filho & Fluminhan Filho, 1999). The species (Asteraceae), commonly known as “candeia”, is an is found predominantly in the states of Bahia, Minas important timber and essential oil tree with antimicrobial Gerais and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. properties (Bohlmann et al., 1981). Besides the quality Due to its economic value, Eremanthus erythropappus of its wood (Scolforo et al., 2004), the extraction of the has been subjected to intensive and unrestricted α-bisabolol oil from the tree for pharmaceutical and exploitation (Souza et al., 2007). To avoid the negative cosmetic industries gives the species a high economic effects of such exploitation, sustainable management plans value (Lopes et al., 1991). This species is an abundant are needed, such as the inclusion of genetic improvement pioneer tree forming dense populations in fields and practices and in situ and ex situ conservation. For open pastures, known as candeal, after forest disturbance effective management planning programs, information 478 F. A. Vieira et al. about the floral biology of the species from natural micro-capillaries and the PIPETMAN® Micro-Volume populations are necessary (Maués, 2002). Kit (Gilson Inc., Middleton, WI, USA). The volume of Asteraceae plants present flowers on a common the accumulated nectar was estimated between 08h00- receptacle delimited by bracts, forming inflorescences 09h00, when anthesis began. We did not estimate the at the terminal capitulum (Barroso, 1991). In general, concentration of the accumulated nectar due to the they are pollinated by several insect groups (Philipp scarce quantity. & Nielsen, 2010; Powell et al., 2011). However, data Pollen viability was estimated from the flowers in about the floral biology and visiting insect species of anthesis of four individuals, using the acetocarmine E. erythropappus are rare (Freitas & Sazima, 2006). staining technique (1.2%) under an optical microscope Therefore, this work aims to document the floral biology (Kearns & Inouye, 1993). The percentage of viable of E. erythropappus in a natural population in Lavras, pollen was obtained by calculating the number of viable Minas Gerais state, Brazil, in order to provide this basic, grains divided by the total number of pollen grains but significant information about the species. counted (Kearns & Inouye, 1993). The occurrence of The study was carried out in the Biological Reserve dichogamy and secondary pollen presentation was not of Parque Quedas do Rio Bonito (21°19’ S and 44°59’ evaluated. W), at altitude ranging from 950 m to 1,200 m. The Floral visitors activity was recorded over three local climate, according to Köppen classification, is days of field observations (between 08h00 to 17h00) transitional between Cwb and Cwa, or temperate, with during mass flowering, thus enabling the recording of dry winters, average annual precipitation of 1,529.7 mm approximately 27 hours of focal observations. For all and annual temperature of 19.4 °C (Oliveira Filho visitors, resource gathering and movements resulting in & Fluminhan Filho, 1999). At the study site, the contact with stigma were recorded. Individuals of each candeal is a forest formation with predominantly E. visitor morphospecies were captured for identification erythropappus individuals. Such formations normally and recorded by photographs. Photos were taken occur in the transition zones between forests and more using a 0.01 m to ∞ super macro lens (Olympus open landscapes, particularly mountain grassland. We America Inc., Center Valley, PA, USA). Floral biology sampled all 20 identified reproductive plants within a and morphometrics were analyzed using univariate 50 m × 200 m plot. Plant height was recorded and flowers statistics of position and dispersion measurements. The (n = 40) preserved in 70% ethanol for morphological differences in floral morphology between individuals study. The reproductive phenological periods (absence were evaluated by Kruskal-Wallis (H) analysis of or presence) were recorded, from June to November variance and the mean values compared using the Dunn 2006, to describe initial anthesis and final seed dispersal test (Ayres et al., 2007). via anemochory. E. erythropappus flowering and fruiting occur from We counted the number of inflorescences per branch July to November. Flowering occurs in the drier and (just the final 50 cm of the branch) and the number of colder period (July-September) and fruiting coincides flowers per inflorescence (capitulum), at ten individuals. with increasing temperatures and wind intensity (August- Buds and newly opened flowers (i.e., when anthesis November). Reproductive plants have irregular and short had started) were collected randomly (n = 40) from trunks with a mean height of 4.09 m (ranging from 1.8 m individuals in the population (Figure 1A) and measured to 7.1 m). This species presents hermaphrodite flowers. with digital calipers to record the dimensions of the Capitula are purple at the extremities of the branches. style and all flower length. Fruits and seeds were also The flowers (10.17 mm length) are organized in dense measured. Stigmatic receptivity was determined through inflorescences (mean = 29 open flowers in total; Table 1). the peroxidase activity technique (Kearns & Inouye, Anthesis started in the early morning and flower opening 1993), in ten trees, from 08h00 to 17h00. occurred during the day. The flowers are odorless. Nectar volume (µL) was measured randomly from Morphometric flower characteristics differed ten trees; inflorescences were bagged at the bud stage significantly among plants: bud length (H = 13.95, P to prohibit visitors. We chose 26 random flowers = 0.003); style length (H = 20.53, P = 0.0001); and (µL. flower-1) to quantify the nectar using graduated flower length (H = 13.97, P = 0.003), suggesting genetic Pesq. flor. bras., Colombo, v. 32, n. 72, p. 477-481, out./dez. 2012 Floral biology of candeia (Eremanthus erythropappus, Asteraceae) 479 variation among plants. Asymmetry (S) was generally was not part of this study. In many habitats the observed positive (asymmetric distribution to the right), showing bees (e.g. A. mellifera) have been associated with plant that the characteristics with smaller values were most and inflorescence densities (Dick et al., 2003; Vieira common in the analyzed sample (Table 1). For the et al., 2010) which is consistent with the large number number of capitula, kurtosis (K > 3) indicates little of E. erythropappus flowers per capitulum (mean = variation from the mean (Table 1). This could be used in 29±1.74) observed in this study, and high number of future studies as a marker in phylogenetic relationships capitula produced by individuals (personal observation). with sympatric species that occur in the study site: Mating system studies revealed that E. erythropappus Eremanthus glomerulatus Less. and Eremanthus incanus is predominantly allogamous, with high multiloci (Less.) Less. outcrossing rate, tm = 0.963 (Barreira et al., 2006). Data E. erythropappus have a large
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