DOCSLIB.ORG

Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics Applications of Longitudinally Coherent and Narrow Bandwidth Free-Electron Lasers

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics Applications of Longitudinally Coherent and Narrow Bandwidth Free-Electron Lasers Atomic, molecular and optical physics applications of longitudinally coherent and narrow bandwidth Free-Electron Lasers Carlo Callegaria,∗, Alexei N. Grum-Grzhimailob, Kenichi L. Ishikawae, Kevin C. Princea,∗, Giuseppe Sansonec, Kiyoshi Uedad aElettra Sincrotrone Trieste, 34039 Basovizza, Italy bLomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia cUniversity of Freiburg, Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany dInstitute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan eGraduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, and Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, and Research Institute for Photon Science and Laser Technology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan Abstract Short wavelength Free-Electron Lasers (FELs) are the newest light sources available to scientists to probe a wide range of phenomena, with chemical, physical and biological applications, using soft and hard X-rays. These sources include the currently most powerful light sources in the world (hard X-ray sources) and are characterised by extremely high powers and high transverse coherence, but the first FELs had reduced longitudinal coherence. Now it is possible to achieve good longitudinal coherence (narrow bandwidth in the frequency domain) and here we discuss and illustrate a range of experiments utilising this property, and their underlying physics. The primary applications are those which require high resolution (for example resonant experiments), or temporal coherence (for example coherent control experiments). The currently available light sources extend the vast range of laboratory laser techniques to short wavelengths. Keywords: FELs, AMO, short-wavelength coherence. 2010 MSC: 78A60, 81V45 PACS: 41.60.Cr Contents 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Historical background of FEL sources . 3 1.2 Introduction to Atomic, Molecular and Optical science with FELs . 5 1.3 Role of transverse and longitudinal coherence. 7 2 Methods 7 2.1 Seeded soft X-ray and XUV FELs. 7 2.2 Self-seeded soft and hard X-ray FELs. 9 2.3 Alternative light sources. 10 3 Optical experiments with FELs 10 3.1 SASE FELs as pumps for fully coherent X-ray FELs . 10 arXiv:2008.11024v1 [physics.atom-ph] 25 Aug 2020 3.2 Superfluorescence and related phenomena . 11 ∗Corresponding author Email addresses: [email protected] (Carlo Callegari), [email protected] (Alexei N. Grum-Grzhimailo), [email protected] (Kenichi L. Ishikawa), [email protected] (Kevin C. Prince), [email protected] (Giuseppe Sansone), [email protected] (Kiyoshi Ueda) Preprint submitted to Physics Reports August 26, 2020 4 Few photon, single ionization 12 4.1 Brief introduction to photoionization . 12 4.2 One-colour, two-photon ionization . 13 4.3 XUV/X-ray + Near Infrared ionization and Circular Dichroism . 14 4.4 Orbital Angular Momentum . 16 4.5 Towards two-dimensional XUV spectroscopy . 16 4.6 Coherent control of one-colour ionization via biharmonic ionization . 17 4.7 Experimental determination of optical phase . 19 4.8 Photoemission time delay . 19 4.9 Generation and characterization of attosecond pulse trains . 20 5 Few-photon sequential multiple ionization 24 5.1 Early studies . 24 5.2 Complete experiments on Ne . 24 5.3 The role of autoionizing resonances in double ionization . 25 5.4 Single-photon Laser Enabled Auger Decay . 26 5.5 Two-photon excitation leading to interatomic Coulombic decay . 27 5.6 Multiphoton XUV + Near Infrared ionization and Circular Dichoism . 29 5.7 Two-photon, double core ionization . 29 6 Multi-photon and multiple resonant excitation 30 6.1 Two-photon excitation of two electrons in atoms: Early studies . 30 6.2 Two-photon excitation of two electrons in atoms: Narrow-band studies . 31 6.3 Two-photon excitation of two electrons in dimers . 31 6.4 Multi-photon, site-specific, multiple excitation of clusters and droplets . 32 7 Pump-probe studies 32 7.1 The dynamics of photo-excited thymine . 33 7.2 Photo-excited acetylacetone . 33 7.3 Isomerization of thiophenone . 34 7.4 Dynamics of photo-excited He droplets . 35 8 Theoretical approaches 35 8.1 Amplitudes and description of physical quantities . 35 8.2 Time-dependent Schrödinger equation (TDSE) . 36 8.3 Solution of the TDSE on the space-time grid . 37 8.4 Expansion methods . 37 8.5 Perturbation theory . 39 8.6 Strong-field-type approximations . 40 8.7 Density matrix approach . 40 8.8 Real-time ab initio simulations: Time-dependent multiconfiguration self-consistent-field method . 41 8.9 Theoretical proposals for XFEL experiments . 43 9 Perspectives 45 10 Appendix: List of symbols 47 11 Acknowledgements 48 2 1. Introduction Free-Electron Lasers are modern light sources which use high energy beams of electrons moving in vacuum to generate radiation. Although there are many such sources producing infrared light, in this paper we focus on those producing ionizing radiation, that is, wavelengths from the Extreme Ultraviolet (XUV; 124–10 nm) to soft and hard X-rays (<10 nm). 1.1. Historical background of FEL sources The interaction of light with matter is governed by the Einstein coefficients, which describe the spontaneous emission, absorption and stimulated emission of light. Einstein’s recognition of the importance of stimulated emission was the basis for the invention (much later) of the maser (Gordon et al., 1954, 1955) and laser (Schawlow and Townes, 1958; Maiman, 1960). In atoms, molecules, and solids the electrons involved in the lasing process are all bound in specific orbitals or bands, that is, they reside in a strong electromagnetic field. The wavelengths which such lasers can emit is limited by the quantum transitions which are possible, so that it is not possible to tune over wide ranges. Long ago it was recognised that stimulated emission may occur in free electrons, that is, electrons moving in vacuum. The word “free” is perhaps slightly misleading, as an electron moving in field-free space cannot be stimulated to emit radiation. Rather, the electron is free in the sense that it is not confined to an atom or molecule but moves in an external field. Microwave devices, such as klystrons, are mostly based on electric fields, whereas short-wavelength devices are generally based on relativistic particle accelerator technology, where high-energy electrons are deflected, focused, and guided by magnetic fields. Since the electron energy and magnetic fields can be tuned continuously, the idea of using light from free electrons travelling through a periodic magnetic structure (Ginzburg, 1947; Motz, 1951) offered the possibility of a light source with continuously tunable wavelength (Motz et al., 1953). Let us note that because of the methods used to produce and accelerate the electrons, the latter are not uniformly distributed, but rather are grouped in packets (“bunches”). A strong distinction must be made between microwave emission at one end (where the bunch size can be externally controlled, and be shorter than the radiation wavelength) and X-rays at the other end (where the bunch size is much longer than the radiation wavelength). In the latter case one generally ignores the finite length of the bunch, and analyzes the periodic grouping of the electrons within the bunch. This grouping, which grows as part of the amplification process, is termed “microbunching” (Yu, 1984), and the short form “bunching”, is a confusing but accepted terminology. Motz (1951) recognized the importance of pre-bunching to make the radiation coherent, and even analyzed the case of an electron moving through an electromagnetic wave traveling in the opposite direction, but did not consider the process of stimulated emission and the associated bunching growth. This was later done by Madey (1971), who is generally credited as the father of the Free-Electron Laser; an analysis of the formal equivalence of the spontaneous and stimulated emission from electrons in atoms and that from quasifree electrons was later done by Friedman et al. (1988). There exist several reviews of the history of Free-Electron Lasers: Colson and Sessler (1985) trace the evolution of free-electron sources back to the 1940s, from non-relativistic electron tubes, and list a number of schemes suitable for long-wavelength operation (down to ∼ 5000 Å). Madey (2014) gives a personal account of how short-wavelength free-electron lasers are the result of a cross fertilization between the fields of electron tubes, masers/lasers, and particle accelerators, and borrow fundamental concepts from all these fields. The considered electron energies varied over a broad range, hundreds of keV to hundreds of MeV; modern FELs all utilise electron beams of GeV energies, and are thus highly relativistic devices (we recall that the rest energy of the electron is 0.511 MeV); a non-relativistic precursor – the “ubitron” – was built by Phillips (1960, 1988). Just as for optical lasers, long-wavelength FELs can be classified as oscillators or amplifiers, depending on the presence or absence of a resonant cavity (Colson and Sessler, 1985). Early FELs were conceived as low-gain ampli- fiers (Madey, 1971; Madey et al., 1973) and later as oscillators, for wavelengths where mirrors were available. The efficiency and tunability were seen as promising characteristics, and applied research on single-pass FELs was carried out, for example by the United States Office of Naval Research (Roberson and Sprangle, 1989a). The coherence properties of FELs were immediately recognised as important, and at long wavelength longitudinal coherence was not difficult to attain. There was clearly great interest in FELs as sources for short wavelength ranges, where no convenient alternatives were available; high harmonic generation from FELs operating as single-pass am- plifiers was recognized as a means of overcoming the limitations of mirrors in the UV region and beyond (Colson, 1981; Colson et al., 1985). Kondratenko and Saldin (1979, 1980) proposed a single-pass amplifier (in the infrared) 3 starting from noise, and Murphy and Pellegrini (1985) extended the concept to soft X-rays.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • International Research and Exchanges Board Records
    International Research and Exchanges Board Records A Finding Aid to the Collection in the Library of Congress Prepared by Karen Linn Femia, Michael McElderry, and Karen Stuart with the assistance of Jeffery Bryson, Brian McGuire, Jewel McPherson, and Chanté Wilson-Flowers Manuscript Division Library of Congress Washington, D.C. 2011 International Research and Exchanges Board Records Page ii Collection Summary Title: International Research and Exchanges Board Records Span Dates: 1947-1991 (bulk 1956-1983) ID No: MSS80702 Creator: International Research and Exchanges Board Creator: Inter-University Committee on Travel Grants Extent: 331,000 items; 331 cartons; 397.2 linear feet Language: Collection material in English and Russian Repository: Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. Abstract: American service organization sponsoring scholarly exchange programs with the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe in the Cold War era. Correspondence, case files, subject files, reports, financial records, printed matter, and other records documenting participants’ personal experiences and research projects as well as the administrative operations, selection process, and collaborative projects of one of America’s principal academic exchange programs. International Research and Exchanges Board Records Page iii Contents Collection Summary .......................................................... ii Administrative Information ......................................................1 Organizational History..........................................................2
    [Show full text]
  • Adams Adkinson Aeschlimann Aisslinger Akkermann
    BUSCAPRONTA www.buscapronta.com ARQUIVO 27 DE PESQUISAS GENEALÓGICAS 189 PÁGINAS – MÉDIA DE 60.800 SOBRENOMES/OCORRÊNCIA Para pesquisar, utilize a ferramenta EDITAR/LOCALIZAR do WORD. A cada vez que você clicar ENTER e aparecer o sobrenome pesquisado GRIFADO (FUNDO PRETO) corresponderá um endereço Internet correspondente que foi pesquisado por nossa equipe. Ao solicitar seus endereços de acesso Internet, informe o SOBRENOME PESQUISADO, o número do ARQUIVO BUSCAPRONTA DIV ou BUSCAPRONTA GEN correspondente e o número de vezes em que encontrou o SOBRENOME PESQUISADO. Número eventualmente existente à direita do sobrenome (e na mesma linha) indica número de pessoas com aquele sobrenome cujas informações genealógicas são apresentadas. O valor de cada endereço Internet solicitado está em nosso site www.buscapronta.com . Para dados especificamente de registros gerais pesquise nos arquivos BUSCAPRONTA DIV. ATENÇÃO: Quando pesquisar em nossos arquivos, ao digitar o sobrenome procurado, faça- o, sempre que julgar necessário, COM E SEM os acentos agudo, grave, circunflexo, crase, til e trema. Sobrenomes com (ç) cedilha, digite também somente com (c) ou com dois esses (ss). Sobrenomes com dois esses (ss), digite com somente um esse (s) e com (ç). (ZZ) digite, também (Z) e vice-versa. (LL) digite, também (L) e vice-versa. Van Wolfgang – pesquise Wolfgang (faça o mesmo com outros complementos: Van der, De la etc) Sobrenomes compostos ( Mendes Caldeira) pesquise separadamente: MENDES e depois CALDEIRA. Tendo dificuldade com caracter Ø HAMMERSHØY – pesquise HAMMERSH HØJBJERG – pesquise JBJERG BUSCAPRONTA não reproduz dados genealógicos das pessoas, sendo necessário acessar os documentos Internet correspondentes para obter tais dados e informações. DESEJAMOS PLENO SUCESSO EM SUA PESQUISA.
    [Show full text]
  • CURRENT EXPERIMENTS in PARTICLE PHYSICS Particle Data Group
    LBL-91 Revised UC-414 September 1996 CURRENT EXPERIMENTS IN PARTICLE PHYSICS Particle Data Group H. Galic Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA F. Lehar Centre d'Etudes Nucleaires de Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France V.I. Klyukhin, Yu.G. Ryabov Institute for High Energy Physics, RU-142284 Protvino, Moscow Region, Russia S.V. Bilak, N.S. Illarionova Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics, RU-117259 Moscow, Russia B.A. Khachaturov, E.A. Strokovsky Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, RU-141980 Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia C. M. Hoffman Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA P.-R. Kettle Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland A. Olin TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver BC V6T 2A3, Canada F.E. Armstrong (Technical Associate) Particle Data Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA Abstract - This report contains summaries of current and recent experiments in Particle Physics. Included are exper- iments at BEPC (Beijing), BNL, CEBAF, CERN, CESR, DESY, FNAL, Frascati, ITEP (Moscow), JINR (Dubna), KEK, LAMPF, Novosibirsk, PNPI (St. Petersburg), PSI, Saclay, Serpukhov, SLAC, and TRIUMF, and also several proton decay and solar neutrino experiments. Excluded are experiments that finished taking data before 1991. In- structions are given for the World Wide Web (WWW) searching of the computer database (maintained under the SLAC-SPIRES system) that contains the summaries. The publication of this report is supported by the Director, Office of Energy Research, Office of High Energy and Nuclear Physics, the Division of High Energy Physics of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review and Highlights of Publications by Cira Affiliates 2012-2019
    A REVIEW AND HIGHLIGHTS OF PUBLICATIONS BY CIRA AFFILIATES 2012-2019 May 2020 Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS Yale University SUMMARY About CIRA The Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS (CIRA) was established in 1997 and is currently New England's only National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) funded AIDS research center (P30MH062294, Paul D. Cleary). CIRA brings together scientists from three institutions including Yale University, The Institute for Community Research and the Institute for Collaboration on Health, Intervention, and Policy (InCHIP) at the University of Connecticut. The Center’s mission is to support innovative, interdisciplinary research that focuses on the implementation of HIV prevention and treatment and the elimination of HIV disparities. About this review There are 167 CIRA affiliates and 75 active research and training projects affiliated with the Center. The purpose of this bibliography is to serve as a broad guide to published research conducted by CIRA affiliates that addresses the HIV care continuum and pertinent areas of interest, and characterizes research expertise and activities in the U.S. and globally. The literature included in the bibliography is drawn from articles authored by CIRA affiliates that were indexed on PubMed between July 3, 2012 and December 31, 2019. The current bibliography, published in May 2020, is the fifth update of the review prepared by Ms. Dini Harsono, Assistant Director of CIRA’s Clinical and Health Services Research (CHSR) Core. Methods Articles listed in “What's new for CIRA Affiliates in PubMed” weekly emails between July 3, 2012 and December 31, 2019 were extracted into an EndNote library.
    [Show full text]
  • Interaction of Ships and Ocean Structures with Ice Loads and Stochastic Ocean Waves
    Interaction of Ships and Ocean Structures With Ice Loads and Stochastic Ocean Waves The influence of floating ice on the dynamic behavior of ships and offshore structures R. A. Ibrahim depends on many factors such as ice thickness and its relative speed with respect to the floating structure. The ice resistance to ship motion forms an essential problem in ship N. G. Chalhoub design and navigation. Furthermore, local or global ice loads acting on ocean systems are random and nonsmooth when impact interaction takes place. Impact loads on the Department of Mechanical Engineering, bow of a ship navigating in solid ice may be modeled by a Poisson law. The measured Downloaded from http://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/appliedmechanicsreviews/article-pdf/60/5/246/5441930/246_1.pdf by guest on 24 September 2021 Wayne State University, stress amplitudes on the ship frame at the bow follow an exponential distribution. The Detroit, MI 48202 nonhomogeneity and difference in ice microstructure, as well as the influence of salt and temperature, result in a great uncertainty in the ice strength. Therefore, the current review article aims at assessing the ice related problems encountered by offshore struc- Jeffery Falzarano tures as well as by ships during their navigation. It also discusses the impacts of local School of Naval Architecture, and global ice loads on floating structures and reviews their existing probabilistic mod- University of New Orleans, els. Moreover, this article covers the dynamic interaction of ice with flexible and rigid New Orleans, LA 70148 structures, and ships. In view of ice loads on marine systems, new design regulations have been introduced by international organizations that are involved in the design and building of ships as well as offshore structures.
    [Show full text]
  • EASIER DISTRIBUTION of TH.S DOCUMENT IS UNLIMITED Ii TABLE of CONTENTS
    LBL-91 Revised UC-414 August 1994 CURRENT EXPERIMENTS IN ELEMENTARY PARTICLE PHYSICS Particle Data Group H. Galic Stanford Linear Accelerator Cent'r, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA F.E. Armstrong (Technical Associate) Particle Data Group, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA B. von Przewoski Indiana University Cyclotron Facility, Bloomington , IN 47408'. USA V.I. Klyukhin, Yu.G. Ryabov Institute for High Energy Physics, RU-142284 Protvino, Moscow Region, Russia S.V. Bilak, N.S. Illarionova Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics, RU-117259 Moscow, Russia O. B. Van Dyck Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA R. Frosch Paul Schemer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland F. Lehar DPhPE-SEPh, CEN Saclay, F-91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France Y. Oyanagi Faculty of Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan Abstract - This report contains summaries of 568 current and recent experiments in elementary particle physics. Experiments that finished taking data before 1988 are excluded. Included are experiments at BEPC (Beijing), BNL, CEBAF, CERN, CESR, DESY, FNAL, INS (Tokyo), ITEP (Moscow), IUCF (Bloomington), KEK, LAMPF, Novosibirsk, PNPI (St. Petersburg), PSI, Saclay, Serpukhov, SLAC, and TRIUMF, and also several underground and underwater experiments. Instructions are given for remote searching of the computer database (maintained under the SLAC/SPIRES system) that contains the summaries. The publication of this report is supported by the Director, Office of Energy Research, Office of High Energy and Nuclear Physics, Division of High Energy Physics of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC03- 76SF00098, and by the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • CSR5), As Per Item 7.4(A) of the Agreement’S Action Plan, Shall Be Submitted to the 5Th Session of MOP in 2012
    AGREEMENT ON THE CONSERVATION OF Doc: AEWA/MOP 5.14 AFRICAN-EURASIAN MIGRATORY WATERBIRDS Agenda item: 13 Original: English Date: 26 March 2012 5th SESSION OF THE MEETING OF THE PARTIES 14 – 18 May 2012, La Rochelle, France “Migratory waterbirds and people - sharing wetlands” REPORT ON THE CONSERVATION STATUS OF MIGRATORY WATERBIRDS IN THE AGREEMENT AREA FIFTH EDITION Introduction Article IV of the Agreement text introduces the AEWA Action Plan, which is attached as Annex 3 to the Agreement. According to Paragraph 7.4 of the AEWA Action Plan, the Agreement Secretariat, in coordination with the Technical Committee and the Parties, shall prepare a series of international reviews on the implementation of the Action Plan. These reviews shall be prepared at different frequencies, as per paragraph 7.5, and shall be submitted to the Meeting for the Parties (MOP) for consideration. Amongst these seven international reviews is the Report on the Conservation Status of Migratory Waterbirds in the Agreement Area (aka Conservation Status Report – CSR). In accordance with paragraph 7.5, which determines the frequency of each international review, this report shall be produced for each Session of the MOP. The 5th edition of the Report on the Conservation Status of Migratory Waterbirds in the Agreement area (CSR5), as per item 7.4(a) of the Agreement’s Action Plan, shall be submitted to the 5th Session of MOP in 2012. The CSR has been produced regularly and submitted to each Session of the Meeting of the Parties so far. The fifth edition includes the calculation of trends of some populations in accordance with their range delineations and also a completely new fact sheet format for the main report summarising the information contained in the Annexes.
    [Show full text]