Mongols:

Russia: Defeated Kievan Rus Capital: Sarai Batu -Mouth of the River – caravan route – Ruled from a distance

Led Orthodox Church from a distance – granted privileges Russian princes ruled through Mongols Golden Horde – get as much tax revenue as possible

Prince Alexander of Novgorod helped Mongols – conquest of Russia -Novgorod and Moscow – favored Ruled by Prince Alexander’s Brother Mongol devastation of countryside Result: Moscow became the new center of Russian civilization

Some historians: Mongols – negative impact on Russia Economic depression and cultural isolation Other historians: Kiev already in decline before Mongols: Over-taxation and Structure of Russian government did not change much under Mongol rule

Ivan III “Ivan the Great” ended Mongol rule (1480) Title = tsar “Ivan the Great” (1462-1505) 1st Russian Czar. Created a strong, unified Russian state. Ended tribute to Mongols (1480). Built strong government (absolute rule). Czar – Russian term for emperor.

New States:

Europe divided between Papacy’s political offices and Roman Emperor Frederick II -Threatened with excommunication unless he helped with military campaigns of capturing Jerusalem. -Conspired with the Mamluks in Egypt

Eastern Europe: Especially Hungary and Poland – faced Mongol attacks alone

Mongols: Generals led Mongols, Turks, Chinese, Iranian and Europeans Drove to outskirts of Vienna -Mongols withdrew in 1241: Reason: Mongols needed to choose successor to deceased Great Ogodei

Europeans: wanted diplomatic and trade with Mongols. Contact increased 13th Century Geography Natural resources Commerce Science Technology Math

Bubonic Plague: Mongol invasions caused Europeans to question beliefs

13th – 14th Centuries: Increase in stronger centralized states

Lithuania: Control over Poland

Anatolia: route between Islam and Europe Ottoman Turks invaded Constantinople in 1453 Expanded eastward. Threat from Timurids

Yuan Empire: 1279-1368 Khubilai Khan – Chinese tradition of government continued Beijing: Capital Summer Capital: -Riding and Shooting practice

China was fragmented politically Mongols unified states – restored and preserved the system of Chinese government Mongol: Tax farming Western Asian Moslem officials Hierarchy: Determine by race and function; where a person was born

Pax Mongolica – Mid-1200s to mid-1300s, when Mongols imposed stability and law and order across most of Eurasia.

Kublai Khan, ’s grandson, founded . a. Created navy. b. Failed to invade Japan two times.

c. Divided People into 4 groups: i. Mongols – treated the most favorable. ii. Other non-Chinese (Moslems) – hired by Mongols. iii. Northern Chinese – lower-level governmental positions. iv. Southern Chinese (majority) – distrusted, resisted conquest.

2. Marco Polo, Venetian trader, visited China for 17 years (1275-1292). a. Publicized his adventures.

Confucius – weak role Merchants and doctors – elevated status Cities and ports: Increases in economy, trade, merchants formed corporations Chinese gentry moved to cities: urban, literature, mandarin dialect developed

Rural areas: Hainan Island – cotton, spinning, weaving. = Diffused to China

Mongols encouraged irrigation

Yuan overtaxed and brutalized Dams and dikes – neglected

China’s Population decreased by 40% (although Yangtze increased)

Reason: Warfare, Yellow River Flooding

North-South migration Bubonic plague in 1300s Other diseases

Tried to protect farmers – too late

Science, technology, math – and China exchanged ideas (good relations) China imported Il-khan science and technology Il-khans imported Chinese scholars and texts Iranian astronomy, algebra, and trigonometry, Medical texts, seeds, formulas – to China

Fall: 1368: Zhu Yuanzhang established Ming Empire Mongols still in Mongolia, Central Asia, Turkestan Disrupted trade and Ming Ming threatened in Northeast by Jurchens in Manchuria