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Concursos-De-Delitos-Y-Problemas Universidad de Chile Facultad de Derecho Departamento de Derecho Penal CONCURSO DE DELITOS Y PROBLEMAS DE DETERMINACIÓN DE LA PENA EN LAS ESTAFAS “MASIVAS”: LECCIONES DE LOS CASOS “LA POLAR”, “FERMEX” Y “MADOFF” FRENTE A LA DOGMATICA PENAL MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO ACADÉMICO DE LICENCIADO EN CIENCIAS JURÍDICAS Y SOCIALES AUTOR: Sergio Alberto Maldonado Mella PROFESOR GUÍA: Vivian Bullemore Gallardo Santiago, Chile 2016 A mis padres, Sergio y Sonia, por su paciencia y apoyo constante en este largo camino de vida. A Victoria, por su compañía y ayuda a lo largo de estos años. A mis amigos Mario, Nicolás, Paula F. y Paula M por su apoyo fundamental en esta última etapa. A los profesores y amigos, Patricio Rosas O. y Francisco Moraga M., por todas sus enseñanzas dentro y fuera del aula. Y a todos quienes han aportado un granito de arena. TABLA DE CONTENIDOS Pág. INTRODUCCIÓN.................................................................................................... 1 CAPÍTULO I. EL CONCURSO DE DELITOS............................................................................. 8 1. Concepto .......................................................................................................... 2. Concurso Real o Material................................................................................14 2.1. Elementos del concurso real ..................................................................14 2.1.1. Unidad del sujeto activo ...................................................................15 2.1.2. Pluralidad de hechos .......................................................................16 2.1.3. Ausencia de sentencia condenatoria previa o intermedia................18 2.1.4. Ausencia de conexión entre los hechos ..........................................20 2.2. Tratamiento penal del concurso real ......................................................20 2.2.1. Sistema de la acumulación material o aritmética ............................22 2.2.2. Sistema de la acumulación jurídica o asperación ...........................23 2.2.3. Sistema de la absorción ...................................................................24 3. Concurso Ideal o Formal ................................................................................24 3.1. Clasificación ............................................................................................25 3.1.1. Concurso ideal homogéneo..............................................................25 3.1.2. Concurso ideal heterogéneo.............................................................26 3.2. Elementos................................................................................................27 3.2.1. Unidad de acción o hecho................................................................27 3.2.2. Unidad de sujeto activo ....................................................................29 3.2.3. Pluralidad de valoración jurídica.......................................................30 3.3. Tratamiento penal del concurso ideal, y sus consecuencias ..................31 4. Concurso Medial o Ideal Impropio..................................................................32 5. Concurso Aparente de Leyes..........................................................................34 5.1. Elementos del concurso aparente............................................................35 5.1.1 Unidad de sujeto activo......................................................................35 5.1.2. Unidad de acción..............................................................................36 5.1.3. Pluralidad (aparente) de tipos..........................................................36 5.2. Comparación.............................................................................................37 5.2.1. Concurso real- concurso aparente ..................................................37 5.2.2. Concurso ideal-concurso aparente...................................................37 5.2.3. Concurso medial-concurso aparente................................................38 5.3. Principios...................................................................................................38 5.3.1. Principio de especialidad..................................................................39 5.3.2. Principio de consunción....................................................................40 5.3.2.1. Los actos copenados anteriores..............................................41 5.3.2.2. Los actos copenados posteriores............................................42 5.3.2.3. Los hechos acompañantes......................................................43 5.3.3. Principio de subsidiariedad...............................................................44 5.3.4. Principio de alternatividad o accesoriedad.......................................46 6. Delito Continuado............................................................................................48 6.1. Teorías sobre la naturaleza jurídica del delito continuado .......................49 6.1.1. Teoría de la ficción jurídica o clásica................................................49 6.1.2. Teoría de la realidad natural o realista..............................................50 6.1.3. Teoría de la realidad jurídica.............................................................50 6.1.4. Teoría de la combinación..................................................................50 6.2. Elementos objetivos del delito continuado................................................51 6.2.1. Unidad de sujeto activo.....................................................................52 6.2.2. Pluralidad de hechos, unidad de acción...........................................52 6.2.3. Unidad normativa relativa (identidad de tipo)...................................55 6.2.4. Exclusión de bienes jurídicos personalísimos .................................56 6.2.5. Unidad o pluralidad de sujetos pasivos............................................59 6.3. Elementos subjetivos del delito continuado .............................................60 6.3.1. La unidad de propósito.....................................................................60 6.3.2. El dolo global.....................................................................................61 6.3.3. El dolo de continuación.....................................................................61 6.4. Tratamiento penal del delito continuado...................................................62 6.5. Críticas hechas a la doctrina del delito continuado..................................64 7. Delito Masa......................................................................................................65 7.1. Elementos objetivos del delito masa........................................................67 7.1.1. Pluralidad o unidad de acciones.......................................................67 7.1.2. Trascendencia social........................................................................68 7.1.3. Pluralidad de sujetos pasivos, sin vínculos entre sí......................... 7.1.4. Unidad de valoración jurídica y perjuicio análogo entre las víctimas ..........................................................................................................................69 7.2. Elementos subjetivos del delito masa.......................................................70 7.2.1. Unidad de plan criminal ...................................................................70 7.3. Tratamiento penal del delito masa............................................................70 7.4. Críticas a la doctrina del delito masa .......................................................71 CAPÍTULO II. EL DELITO DE ESTAFA ....................................................................................74 1. Introducción al estudio de la estafa..................................................................74 2. Concepto y características generales..............................................................76 2.1. Definiciones doctrinales de la estafa.........................................................78 2.2. El aporte de los anteproyectos recientes de Código Penal......................80 2.3. Definiciones de estafa en el derecho comparado.....................................81 3. Elementos objetivos del tipo.............................................................................89 3.1. El engaño...................................................................................................90 3.1.1. Criterio objetivo: el engaño como puesta en escena.......................93 3.1.2. Criterio subjetivo...............................................................................96 3.1.3. El engaño frente a la teoría de imputación objetiva.........................99 3.1.3.1. El engaño según la imputación objetiva de conducta............100 3.1.3.2. El engaño según la imputación objetiva de resultado............101 3.1.4. El engaño frente a los deberes de veracidad.................................104 3.1.5. El engaño por omisión....................................................................105 3.2. El error.....................................................................................................108 3.2.1. La ignorancia..................................................................................109 3.2.2. La capacidad para cometer el error................................................111 3.2.3. El error preexistente y el caso del agente provocador...................112 3.3. El acto de disposición
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