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Odonata: Zygoptera

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Odonata: Zygoptera SISTEMÁTICA FILOGENÉTICA Y BIOGEOGRAFÍA DE LOS REPRESENTANTES NEOTROPICALES DE LA FAMILIA PROTONEURIDAE (ODONATA: ZYGOPTERA). Autor: LIC. PABLO PESSACQ Director: DR. JAVIER MUZÓN Codirector: DR. GUSTAVO R. SPINELLI UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE LA PLATA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS NATURALES Y MUSEO 2005 Agradecimientos Todo mi gratitud a mis directores de tesis, Dr. Javier Muzón y Dr. Gustavo Spinelli, quienes me iniciaron pacientemente en el camino de la Sistemática y de la Entomología. Al Dr. Rosser Garrison, su ayuda desinteresada contribuyó mucho en el avance de esta tesis. Al Dr. Oliver Flint, siempre dispuesto a enviar preciados ejemplares. Al la Dra. Janira Martins Costa, el Dr. Juerg De Marmels y el Dr. Frederic Lencioni, por la ayuda prestada y buena predisposición. A Javier, por la amistad, los mates y los viajes compartidos. A mis compañeros de ILPLA: Analía, Eugenia, Juliana, Lia, Lucila (en especial por su habilidad en la repostería), Soledad, Federico, Leandro y Sergio. Hacen que el trabajo y los viajes sean más placenteros todavía. A mi tío, Carlos Grisolía, quien incentivó en mi desde muy chico el interés por los artrópodos. A Mariela Theiller, amiga y artista de trazo firme! a Favio Zulli, amigo que me sacó de más de un apuro técnico. A Valeria, por su paciencia en tiempos de tesis. A mis padres, Susana y Otto, y a mi hermana Verónica, para ellos no hace falta un motivo en especial de agradecimiento. Abstract Protoneurids (Odonata, Zygoptera, Coenagrionoidea) are slender, small to medium size insects. They can be recognized by their reduced venation and metallic colours. They occur in small, dense vegetated streams. This pantropical family contains about260 species in 25 genus. In the neotropical region there have been described 85 species in 15 genus. The present work comprises a cladistic analisis of neotropical Protoneuridae type species, based on external morphological characters. 48 characters and 35 terminal taxa were included in the data matrix. Acanthagrion ablutum and Telebasis willinki (Coenagrionidae) waere choose as outgroup. The ingroup was composed of the following neotropical protoneurids: Amazoneura ephippigera, Epipleoneura lamina,E. letitia, E. manauensis, E. venezuelensis, Epipotoneura nehalennia, Forcepsioneura sancta, Idioneura ancilla, Junix novilla, Lamproneura lucerna, Microneura caligata, Neoneura billinearis,N. denticulata, N. gaida, N. sylvatica Peristicta gauchae, P. aeneoviridis, P. forceps, P. sp 1, P. sp 2, P. sp. 3, Phasmoneura exigua,Protoneura amatoria,P. capillaris, P. tenuis, Psaironeura remissa y Roppaneura beckeri. In the ingroup were also included paleotropical protoneurids (i.e., Elattoneura glauca, Nososticta salomonis, Prodasineura autumnalis) Selysioneura capreola (Isostictidae) and Platystictidae (i.e., . Coelicia loogali, Copera ciliata). Heuristic parsimoni analyses were carried out with TNT program, with and without implied weightning searchs. The implied weightning searchs produced one minimun length tree (138 steps), unweighted search found 27 equally parsimonious trees (138 steps). The following clades were sustended: Platycnemidoidea, Protoneuridae (incl. Selysioneura), Disparoneurinae and Protoneurinae. Protoneuridae and their neotropical taxa were considered preliminary monophiletics (Protoneurinae, stat. rest., Fraser, 1957). Three subfamily squeme is preliminarly proposed: Protoneuridae = Isostictinae + Disparoneuninae + Protroneurinae. Genital ligula, epiprocts, cercus and paraproct characters were foun to sustend clades inside Protoneurinae, showing low homoplasy. Wing characters were found very homoplasic. The cladogram shows a series of basal taxa (i.e., Neoneura, Junix, Microneura y Protoneura), defined by plesiomorfic coloration pattern and cercus characters. Based on genital ligula, epiproct and cercus characters, three derivated groups were defined (i.e., Epipotoneura + Epipleoneura; Amazoneura + Roppaneura + Psaironeura + Lamproneura + Forcepcioneura; Idioneura + Phasmoneura + Peristicta). Neoneura, Epipleoneura, Phasmoneura and Peristicta are considered monophiletic genus. Protoneura and Psaironeura are not. Amazoneura, Forcepsioneura and Lamproneura relations and monophily must be still clarified. Peristicta Hagen in Selys, is revised, three new species are described. P. misionera Jurzitza was found as P. aeneoviridis Calvert sinonim. P. force p s last instar larvae is described and P. aeneoviridis holotype is redescribed. Finally, keys for the neotropical genus, Peristicta species and argentinian species are presented. Índice Resumen..................................................................................................................................3 1. Objetivos e Introducción ...............................................................................................6 1.1. Objetivos .........................................................................................................................6 1.2. Odonata ...........................................................................................................................6 Morfología................................................................................................................................7 Historia y filogenia del grupo.................................................................................................10 1.3. Zygoptera........................................................................................................................11 Historia y filogenia del grupo.................................................................................................12 1.4. Protoneuridae................................................................................................................14 Morfología..............................................................................................................................15 Historia y filogenia del grupo ................................................................................................15 Lista de Protoneuridae neotropicales .....................................................................................17 2. Material y Métodos...........................................................................................................21 2.1. Material examinado y acrónimos ................................................................................21 2.2. Taxa incluidos en el análisis cladístico.........................................................................29 2.3. Morfología de las estructuras con caracteres diagnósticos .......................................32 2.4. Caracteres analizados....................................................................................................36 2.5. Análisis cladístico...........................................................................................................50 3. Resultados..........................................................................................................................51 3.1. Cladogramas obtenidos ................................................................................................51 3.2 Los clados obtenidos, resultados y discusión................................................................51 Platycnemidoidea................................................................................................................... 52 Platycnemididae......................................................................................................................53 Protoneuridae + Selysioneura.................................................................................................54 Disparoneurinae .....................................................................................................................56 Protoneurinae stat. rest. .........................................................................................................57 Selysioneura-Isostictinae .......................................................................................................59 Las relaciones filogenéticas dentro de Protoneurinae............................................................60 Los géneros de Protoneurinae ...............................................................................................63 Amazoneura Machado............................................................................................................64 1 Epipleoneura Williamson.......................................................................................................67 Epipotoneura Williamson.......................................................................................................70 Forcepsioneura Lencioni .......................................................................................................73 Idioneura Selys ......................................................................................................................76 Junix Rácenis .........................................................................................................................79 Lamproneura De Marmels ....................................................................................................82 Microneura Selys ...................................................................................................................85 Neoneura Selys ......................................................................................................................88 Peristicta Hagen in Selys .......................................................................................................91
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