Academic Journal of Entomology 5 (1): 54-61, 2012 ISSN 1995-8994 © IDOSI Publications, 2012 DOI: 10.5829/idosi.aje.2012.5.1.62116

Diversity, Distribution and Composition of Odonates in Buffer Areas of Similipal Tiger Reserve, Eastern Ghat, India

Sunit Kr. Das, Rahim A. Ahmed, S.K. Sajan, Nibedita Dash, Pradeep Sahoo, Pankajini Mohanta, H.K. Sahu, S.D. Rout and S.K. Dutta

Department of Wildlife and Conservation Biology, North Orissa University, Sriram Chandra Vihar, Takatpur-757003, Baripada, Orissa, India

Abstract: Odonates diversity in buffer area of Similipal Biosphere Reserve was observed, where we recorded 58 species. was the richest family with 31 species and Orthretum was the most common genera. The sub-order Zygoptera was represented by 23 species and 35 species represents sub-order Anisoptera. Perennial river system with different habitat types provides good opportunities to these wonderful groups to flourish and survive. Mostly odonates were aggregated due to habitat specific nature and random distribution indicates availability of resource utilization to survive. But, in the buffer area high anthropogenic disturbances were observed which creates high biotic pressure on forest. A detailed list of odonates recorded from buffer area is presented.

Key words: Similipal Buffer Area Diversity Human Disturbance Conservation

INTRODUCTION rules the area also provides good opportunities to lesser fauna. Among which odonates are one of most important Biodiversity conservation and management are insect group. The area is full with perennial as well as worldwide concern [1], where determining the level of temporary water bodies and creates the environment to diversity of indicator groups of ecosystem should permit provide to the odonates further opportunity of existence. the prediction of other taxa to be present [2] and recently They show some preferences to specific habitats and their the importance and appropriateness of using invertebrate distribution are very much involved in various group was well recognized [3]. In the invertebrate world microhabitats [9]. In the present study we tried to explore odonates ( and ) are always attract the buffer area of the reserve, where we find out diversity the human beings for their variety of colour, powerful and species composition of Odonates in relation to flight and extraordinary sense of vision. Globally 5,740 different selected habitats. species of odonates are known of this 470 species in 139 genera and 19 families exist in India [4]. They are valuable MATERIALS AND METHODS as indicators of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystem health [5] and also play a vital role as prey and predator to Study Area: In Eastern Ghat, India Similipal Tiger Reserve maintain the balance of tropic levels of food chain. (STR) is one of the major conservation areas extended They are also an important and widespread component of over an area of 2750 km2 is located in central part of freshwater ecosystems, being top predators [6]. The prey Mayurbhanj District of Orissa, where the buffer zone of the adults consists mostly of the harmful of covers an area of 1555.25 km2 [10]. crops, orchards and forest and thus has a regulatory Similipal is one of the most flourishing and valuable impact on agro-forestry [7]. Odonata occupy almost all forests of the state with unique habitat of mixed tropical kinds of habitats along the habitat permanent gradient forests in the northern plateau which is dominated by sal ranging from permanent running waters and lakes to small forest (Shorea robusta) with hilly terrain ranges from temporary rain pools [8] and in Similipal, where big 500m and 600m, with outer areas 1,000-1,100m MSL. moist mammals like Elephant, Gaur and big cats such as Tigers and dry deciduous forest and harbors a wide variety of

Corresponding Author: Sunit Kr. Das, P.G. Department of Wildlife and Conservation Biology, North Orissa University, Sriram Chandra Vihar, Takatpur-757003, Baripada, Orissa, India. 54 Acad. J. Entomol., 5 (1): 54-61, 2012

Fig. 1: Map of Study Area, Similipal Tiger Reserve flora and fauna. It is covered with a rich canopy of mostly of Odonates from different habitats. In this method tropical moist deciduous forest, semi evergreen patches target species or group of species observed and grasslands harbours a rich floral and faunal visually and it is a very effective method for day flying composition of 1,124 plant species including 64 species of butterflies, moths, dragonflies and damselflies [13]. cultivated plants and 93 species of orchids, 42 species of Mostly species were photographed, but some were also mammals, 264 species of birds, 37 species of reptiles collected with insect catching nets for the proper and 13 species of amphibians [11]. The geological identification. Collected and photographed species were formation an assemblage of volcano-sedimentary rocks identified with the help of standard identification manuals consisting of an alternating sequence of quartzites and [4,14]. spilitic lavas [12] gives immense water holding capacity to the land. The diverse topography and soil conditions Analytical Methods: Two components mainly coupled with climatic variation resulted in the rich -diversity (diversity within habitat) and -diversity diversity of the reserve (Fig 1). People in and around the (between the habitats) were calculated. Measures of reserve mainly dominated by tribal community such as -diversity widely used Fisher’s -diversity and Kharia, Bhumija, Santal, Kolha, Bhatudi and Mankadia. Shannon’s diversity indices were calculated, because it is well accepted that all species at a site within and across Field Methods: Odonata sampling was carried out from systematic groups contributes equally to its biodiversity July 2010 to January, 2012. We used direct searching and [15]. For analysis of data Biodiversity-Pro software observation method with opportunistic sample collection version [16] was used.

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RESULTS Species Diversity and Abundance Pattern: During the study Shannon, Simpson and Hills indices were calculated Odonata Species Composition: A total of 58 species as a measure of diversity in different habitats of multiple representing 37 genera from 9 family were recorded from use areas. The Shannon diversity index indicated that the multiple use area of the reserve. (Table 1) Libellulidae riverine forest is relatively diverse (1.613) followed by sal was the dominant family with 31 species, followed by forest (1.424) and grassland (1.363). The Simpson and Coenagrionidae (11), (3), Hills indices also revealed almost the same order (3), Protoneuridae (2), Lestidae (2), Chlorocyphidae (2), (Table 2). Species were also ranked according to their Gomphidae (2) and Aeshnidae (2). was found abundance (Fig. 2). Common species were displayed on to be the most species rich genera with 7 species. the left and rare species are on the right.

Table 1: List of Odonates recorded Family Common Name Scientific Name Coenagrionidae PIGMY DARTLET Agriocnemis pygmea (Rambur,1842) Coenagrionidae MILKY DARTLET Agriocnemis lacteola, Selys,1877 Coenagrionidae COROMANDEL MARSH DART Ceriagrion coromandelianum (Fabr.1798) Coenagrionidae ORANGE-TAILED MARSH DART Ceriagrion cerinorubellum Brauer,1865 Coenagrionidae RUSTY MARSH DART Ceriagrion olivaceum Laidlaw,1914 Coenagrionidae GOLDEN DARTLET Ischnura aurora (Brauer,1865) Coenagrionidae SENEGAL GOLDEN DARTLET Ischnura senegalensis (Ramb.1842) Coenagrionidae BLUE GRASS DARTLET Pseudagrion microcephalum (Rambur,1842) Coenagrionidae SAFFRON-FACED BLUE DART Pseudagrion rubriceps Selys,1876 Coenagrionidae BLACK MARSH DART Onychargia atrocyana (Selys,1865) Coenagrionidae PALE SLENDER DARTLET Aciagrion pallidum Selys, 1891 Protoneuridae BLACK-WINGED BAMBOOTAIL Disparoneura quadrimaculata (Rambur,1842) Protoneuridae COORG BAMBOOTAIL Caconeura ramburi(Fraser,1922) Lestidae BROWN SPREADWING Lestes umbrinus Selys, 1891 Lestidae EMERALD SPREADWING Lestes viridulus Rambur,1842 Calopterygidae STREAM GLORY chinensis (Linnaeus,1758) Calopterygidae CLEAR-WINGED FOREST GLORY gracilis (Rambur,1842) Calopterygidae BLACK-TIPPED FOREST GLORY Selys,1873 Platycnemididae PIED BUSHDART ciliate (Selys,1863) Platycnemididae BLUE BUSH DART Copera vittata Selys,1863 Platycnemididae YELLOW BUSH DART Copera marginipes Rambur, 1842 Chlorocyphidae RIVER HELIODOR Libellago Lineata (Burmeister,1839) Chlorocyphidae STREAM RUBY Rhinocypha bisignata Hagen in Selys,1853 Gomphidae COMMON CLUBTAIL Ictinogomphus rapax Rambur,1842 Gomphidae COMMON HOOKTAIL Paragomphus lineatus (Selys,1850) Aeshnidae BLUE-TAILED GREEN DARNER Anax guttatus (Burmeister,1839) Aeshnidae BLUE DARNER Anax immaculifrons Rambur,1842 Libellulidae TRUMPET TAIL Acisoma panorpoides Rambur,1842 Libellulidae SCARLET MARSH HAWK Aethriamanta brevipennis (Rambur,1842) Libellulidae LITTLE BLUE MARSH HAWK Brachydiplax sobrina(Rambur,1842) Libellulidae DITCH JEWEL Brachythemis contaminata (Fabr.1793) Libellulidae GRANITE GHOST Bradinopyga geminata (Rambur,1842) Libellulidae EMERALD-BANDED SKIMMER lineata Foerster,1903 Libellulidae RUDDY MARSH SKIMMER Crocothemis servilia (Drury,1770) Libellulidae GROUND SKIMMER Diplacodes trivialis (Rambur,1842) Libellulidae BLACKTIPPED GROUND SKIMMER Diplacodes nebulosa Fabricius, 1793 Libellulidae FULVOUS FOREST SKIMMER Neurothemis fulvia (Drury,1773) Libellulidae PIED PADDY SKIMMER Neurothemis tullia (Drury,1773) Libellulidae CRIMSON-TAILED MARSH HAWK Orthetrum pruinosum (Rambur,1842)

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Table 1: Continue Family Common Name Scientific Name Libellulidae GREEN MARSH HAWK Orthetrum sabina (Drury,1770) Libellulidae BLUE-TAILED FOREST HAWK Orthetrum triangulare (Selys,1878) Libellulidae BLUE MARSH HAWK Orthetrum glaucum Brauer, 1865 Libellulidae TRICOLOURED MARSH HAWK Orthetrum luzonicum Brauer, 1868 Libellulidae BLUE-TAILED FOREST HAWK Orthetrum triangulare (Selys,1878) Libellulidae TAINEOLATE MARSH HAWK Orthetrum taeniolatum (Schneider,1845) Libellulidae BLUE-TAILED YELLOW SKIMMER sexmaculata Fabricius,1787 Libellulidae WANDERING GLIDER Pantala flavescens (Fabr.1798) Libellulidae YELLOW-TAILED ASHY SKIMMER Potamarcha congener (Rambur,1842) Libellulidae RUFOUS MARSH GLIDER Rhodothemis rufa (Rambur,1842) Libellulidae COMMON PICTURE WING Rhyothemis variegate Linn.1763 Libellulidae CORAL-TAILED CLOUD WING Tholymis tillarga (Fabr.1798) Libellulidae BLACK MARSH TROTTER Tramea limbata Desjardins,1832 Libellulidae RED MARSH TROTTER Tramea basilaris Kirby,1889 Libellulidae CRIMSON MARSH GLIDER Trithemis aurora (Burmeister,1839) Libellulidae BLACK STREAM GLIDER Trithemis festiva (Rambur,1842) Libellulidae LONG-LEGGED MARSH GLIDER Trithemis pallidinervis Selys,1889 Libellulidae RUDDY MEADOW SKIMMER Neurothemis intermedia (Rambur,1842) Libellulidae GREATER CRIMSON GLIDER Urothemis signata (Rambur,1842)

Table 2: Alpha Diversity indices for different habitat types Sl No. Habitats Shannon(H') Shannon(J) Simpson(D) Simpson(1/D) Hills No(H0) 1 Sal Forest 1.424 0.842 0.058 17.349 49 2 Riverine Forest 1.613 0.915 0.03 33.361 58 3 Grassland 1.363 0.829 0.061 16.387 44

Table 3: Distribution profiles of Odonata Fauna in Buffer Area of Similipal Tiger Reserve Species (Scientific Name) Variance Mean Chi-sq d.f. Probability Aggregation Agriocnemis pygmea 290.333 40.667 14.2787 2 0.000935 Aggregated Agriocnemis lacteola, 472.333 29.667 31.8427 2 5.00E-07 Aggregated Ceriagrion coromandelianum 2144.333 52.667 81.4304 2 0 Aggregated Ceriagrion cerinorubellum 136.333 19.333 14.1034 2 0.001013 Aggregated Ceriagrion olivaceum 94.333 12.667 14.8947 2 0.000706 Aggregated Ischnura aurora 5658.333 87.333 129.5802 2 0 Aggregated Ischnura senegalensis 9.333 3.3333 5.6 2 0.059177 Random Pseudagrion microcephalum 76.333 13.333 11.45 2 0.003465 Aggregated Pseudagrion rubriceps 4 19 0.4211 2 0.812551 Random Onychargia atrocyana 32.333 4.667 13.8571 2 0.001134 Aggregated Aciagrion pallidum 32.333 12.333 5.2432 2 0.070788 Random Disparoneura quadrimaculata 0.333 0.6667 1 2 0.612401 Random Caconeura ramburi 1.333 1.3333 2 2 0.369441 Random Lestes umbrinus 157 20 15.7 2 0.000491 Aggregated Lestes viridulus 884.333 83.333 21.224 2 4.32E-05 Aggregated 277.333 13.333 41.6 2 0 Aggregated 426.333 14.333 59.4884 2 0 Aggregated Vestalis apicalis 74.333 9.3333 15.9286 2 0.000443 Aggregated Copera ciliata 160.333 12.667 25.3158 2 7.60E-06 Aggregated Copera vittata 13 3 8.6667 2 0.013063 Aggregated Copera marginipes 410.333 21.333 38.4688 2 0 Aggregated Libellago Lineata 54.333 8.333 13.04 2 0.001652 Aggregated Rhinocypha bisignata 341.333 10.667 64 2 0 Aggregated Ictinogomphus rapax 67 12 11.1667 2 0.00396 Aggregated Paragomphus lineatus 2.333 1.3333 3.5 2 0.1714256 Random Anax guttatus 30.333 5.667 10.7059 2 0.00492 Aggregated Anax immaculifrons 57.333 8.333 13.76 2 0.00118 Aggregated

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Table 3: Continue Species (Scientific Name) Variance Mean Chi-sq d.f. Probability Aggregation Acisoma panorpoides 197.333 19.333 20.4138 2 6.13E-05 Aggregated Aethriamanta brevipennis 121 13 18.6154 2 0.00013 Aggregated Brachydiplax sobrina 1.333 1.667 1.6 2 0.54707 Random Brachythemis contaminata 430.333 60.667 14.1868 2 0.00097 Aggregated Bradinopyga geminata 1504.333 27.667 108.747 2 0 Aggregated 9 4 4.5 2 0.10303 Random Crocothemis servilia 1192.333 43.333 55.0308 2 0 Aggregated Diplacodes trivialis 2726.333 57.333 95.1047 2 0 Aggregated Diplacodes nebulosa 272.3333 22.333 24.3881 2 1.13E-05 Aggregated Neurothemis fulvia 446.3333 41.667 21.424 2 3.97E-05 Aggregated Neurothemis tullia 9 3 6 2 0.048449 Random Orthetrum pruinosum 1265.333 36.333 69.6514 2 0 Aggregated Orthetrum sabina 1244.333 116.666 21.3314 2 4.13E-05 Aggregated Orthetrum triangulare 63 11 11.4545 2 0.00345 Aggregated Orthetrum glaucum 58.333 9.6667 12.069 2 0.00259 Aggregated Orthetrum luzonicum 152.333 13.667 22.2927 2 2.73E-05 Aggregated Orthetrum triangulare 3 1 6 2 0.0484 Random Orthetrum taeniolatum 50.333 6.333 15.8947 2 0.00044 Aggregated Palpopleura sexmaculata 19 6 6.3333 2 0.04103 Random Pantala flavescens 1623 83 39.1084 2 0 Aggregated Potamarcha congener 972.333 23.667 82.169 2 0 Aggregated Rhodothemis rufa 158.333 12.667 25 2 8.70E-06 Aggregated Rhyothemis variegate 122.333 16.333 14.9796 2 0.00068 Aggregated Tholymis tillarga 637 19 67.0526 2 0 Aggregated Tramea limbata 36.333 13.667 5.3171 2 0.06820 Random Tramea basilaris 81 29 5.5862 2 0.05958 Random Trithemis aurora 553 16 69.125 2 0 Aggregated Trithemis festiva 265.333 11.333 46.8235 2 0 Aggregated Trithemis pallidinervis 1362.333 33.333 81.74 2 0 Aggregated Neurothemis intermedia 124 17 14.5882 2 0.00081 Aggregated Urothemis signata 112 15 14.9333 2 0.00069 Aggregated d.f. = Degrees of Freedom

Abundance Plot 200

Sal Dominated Forest 150

100 Riverine Forest Abundance

50

Grassland

0 1 10 100 Rank Fig. 2: Species rank abundance plot for three different habitats of Buffer Area

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Habitat Preference and Species Distribution: previously 16 species of odonates reported [26] and 31 Distributions of Odonates in different habitats of buffer species recorded from Baripada forest division [27]. area were assessed and result revealed that 22.4% were Recently Odonata diversity of Orissa and Eastern Ghat randomly distributed and 77.6% were aggregated. was well documented and information on 92 species The aggregated distribution indicated the habitat collected from Similipal [14]. In the present study we preference where random distribution indicates the mainly focused on the diversity of this magnificent insect available resource use and suitability to survival group in buffer area of the reserve including multiple use (Table 3). areas and we recorded 58 species. We found that riverine forest is diverse in comparison to sal forest and grassland DISCUSSION habitat. Their distribution profile indicates that mostly they are aggregated. In all seasons odonates are widely The need to prepare an inventory of an asset arises distributed, mostly in monsoon. But in other seasons the because of its perceived value [17] and it is applicable distribution not so much affected due to available water incase of also. It is a well known fact that mapping sources throughout the year. Odonates are mainly aquatic and monitoring of biodiversity is the first step in insect group and their part of lifecycle completed through systematic conservation planning [18] and a thorough aquatic environment. In Similipal numerous streams of knowledge of living forms of a Conservation area is very small and big flowing over the entire reserve and join into essential for proper management [19]. For designing, the perennial water system mainly represented by the implementing and evaluating the success of any major rivers like Burhabalanga, Palpala Bandan, Salandi, conservation programe, it is imperative to monitor the Kahairi, East and West Deo. All rivers with the riparian status, distribution and trends in the population of target zones, perennial streams and meadows form key areas of species [20]. Information on Odonates from different parts the reserve and provide best opportunity to the odonates of India is well documented [21-25, 4]. From Similipal to flourish.

Fig. 3: Images of Dragonflies (suborder-Anisoptera A-C) and Damselflies (suborder-Zygoptera D-F) A. Palpopleura sexmaculata, B. Anax immaculifrons, C. Orthetrum triangulare, D. Disparoneura quadrimaculata E. Neurobasis chinensis, F. Copera ciliate (Photo by Sunit Kr. Das-A,C,E; Pradeep Sahu-B; S.K. Sajan-D and Rahim A. Ahmed-F).

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Odonates are predatory in nature, but also a good 2. Oliver, I. and A. Beattie, 1993. A possible method for source of energy to different animals, especially for birds the rapid assessment of biodiversity. Conservation and other insects such as spiders. Being as indicators of Biol., 7: 562-568. environment odonates are sensitive towards their 3. Pearson, D.L., 1994. Selection of Indicator taxa for the surroundings and changes in their ambience may lead to quantitative assessment of biodiversity; Phil. Trans. the changes in their status. Recent studies in the Western R. Soc. Lond., 345: 74-79. Ghat of India have indicated that change in land use 4. Subramanian, K.A., 2009. Dragonflies of India-A Field patterns leads to change in odonates community structure Guide, Vigyan Prasar, India Offset Press, New Delhi. [14]. During our study we observed that the buffer area of 5. Brown, K.J.S., 1991. Conservation of neotropical Similipal is highly disturbed. Species such as environments: insects as indicators; pp: 349- 404. In: Brachythemis contaminate mainly sighted in so many N.M. Collins and J.A. Thomas (eds.). The places near to the human settlements and its presents Conservation of insects and their Habitats. Academic clearly indicates the poor water quality of that area. But Press, New York. presents of species mainly from Gomphidae family also 6. Corbet, P.S., 1962. A biology of dragonties, Witherby, indicates the undisturbed and good water and forest London. quality in some parts. The Tiger reserve is represented by 7. Mitra, T.R., 2002. Geographical Distribution of three villages inside the core and sixty one villages in the Odonata (Insecta) of Eastern India. Memories of the buffer area. Due to low level of skills, lower educational Zoological Survey of India. 19(1): 17. levels, socio-cultural traits local peoples in and around the 8. Corbet, P.S., 1999. Dragonflies: Behaviour and reserve heavily depend upon the forest products and in Ecology of Odonata. Harley Books, Horkesley, the absence of sustainable livelihood opportunities day Colchester. by day forest areas become degraded very rapidly. 9. Sheldon, G. and K.E. Walker, 1998. Spatial Activities such as woodcutting, looping and cattle distribution of littoral invertebrates in the lower grazing with sporadic forest fire incidents were very Murray-Darling River System. Australia. Marine common scenario which creates most severe effects on Freshwater Res., 49: 171-182. forest. We found people are mostly engaged in these 10. Similipal Tiger Reserve, 2010. http://www. activities because they have no other livelihood similipal.org/tiger_reserve.php. opportunities. Awareness programmes on community 11. Swain, D., 2009. Role of India’s tiger reserves in the participation in wildlife conservation and to encourage protection of origin/catchment of water courses: A them towards sustainable livelihood opportunities such case study of the Similipal Tiger Reserve. XIII World as Eco-Tourism is needed to change their attitude, Forestry Congress, Buenos Aires, Argentina, pp: 13. thinking and level of dependency on forest resources. 12. Mahalik, N.K., 1997. Geology and geomorphology of ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Similipal Biosphere Reserve. In Similipal: A natural habitat of unique biodiversity, (eds.) Tripathy, P.C. We are grateful to Similipal Biosphere Reserve and Patro, S.N. Orissa Environmental Society, authority for their support, especially Field Director, Bhubaneswar, pp: 21-27. Similipal Tiger Reserve and other staff for their constant 13. Sutherland, W.J., 1996. Ecological Census support during data collection to complete this research Techniques. University Press, Cambridge. work. Finally we are thankful to our all classmates of 14. Nair, M.V., 2011. Dragonflies and Damselflies of Wildlife and Conservation Biology Department and Orissa and Eastern India, Wildlife Organisation, Zoology Department for their valuable suggestions to Forest and Environment Department, Government of improve the manuscript. Orissa, pp: 254. 15. Ganeshaiah, K.N., A. Chandrasekhar and A.R.V. REFERENCES Kumar, 1997. A new measure of biodiversity based on biological heterogeneity of the communities. Current 1. Ramesh, T., K. Jahir Hussain, K.K. Satpathy, M. Science India, 73(2): 128-133. Selvanayagam and M.V.R. Prasad, 2010. Diversity, 16. Neil McAleece, P.J., D. Lambshead and G.L.J. Distribution and Species Composition of Ants fauna Peterson, 1997. Biodiversity Pro (Version- 2). The at Department of Atomic Energy(DAE) Campus Natural History Museum, London. Kalpakkam, South India; World J. Zoology, IDOSI 17. Divyabhanusinh, C., 2005. The story of Asia’s Lions. Publication, 5(1): 56-65. Marg Publication, pp: 259.

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