Diversity, Distribution and Species Composition of Odonates in Buffer Areas of Similipal Tiger Reserve, Eastern Ghat, India
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Behavior of the Amazonian Damselfly Chalcopteryx Scintillans Mclachlan
International Journal of Odonatology, 2014 Vol. 17, No. 4, 251–258, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13887890.2014.983189 Behavior of the Amazonian damselfly Chalcopteryx scintillans McLachlan (Zygoptera: Polythoridae) and comments on its morphological distinction from C. rutilans (Rambur) Rhainer Guillermo-Ferreiraa,b∗, Ulisses Gaspar Neissc, Neusa Hamadad and Pitágoras C. Bispob aFaculdade de Ciências Biológicas e Ambientais, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados/UFGD, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil; bDepartamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Ciências e Letras de Assis, Universidade Estadual Paulista/UNESP, Assis, São Paulo, Brazil; cInstituto de Natureza e Cultura - INC/BC, Universidade Federal do Amazonas/UFAM, Benjamin Constant, Amazonas, Brazil; d Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia/INPA, Coordenação de Biodiversidade/CBio, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil (Received 26 June 2014; accepted 28 October 2014) Polythorid damselflies are Neotropical stream dwellers, whose behavior has rarely been recorded. Here we describe the territorial and courtship behavior of Chalcopteryx scintillans McLachlan, an Amazonian damselfly with shiny copper-colored hind wings. Territorial behavior consists of aerial contests, when males engage in threat displays and mutual pursuits in ascending and rocking flights. During courtship, males hold their coppery hind wings still while hovering with their forewings, showing the hind wings to females, which hover in front of the male in response. After copulation, the male exhibits the courtship flight again by hovering over the oviposition resource (i.e. fallen tree trunk) on the stream. The females oviposit on the trunk while the males guard them by perching near and hovering around them con- stantly. We also present behavioral notes on reproductive and oviposition behavior, and comments on the differentiation between C. -
The Japanese Dragonfly-Fauna of the Family Libellulidae
ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift (Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift und Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift in Vereinigung) Jahr/Year: 1922 Band/Volume: 1922 Autor(en)/Author(s): Oguma K. Artikel/Article: The Japanese Dragonfly-Fauna of the Family Libellulidae. 96-112 96 Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr. 1922. The Japanese Dragonfly-Fauna of the FamilyLibellulidae. By K. Oguina, Sapporo. (With Plate 2.) Concerning our fundamental knowledge of the Japanese fauna of dragonflies, we owe to the works of De Selys-Longchamps. His first work appeared some thirty years ago under the title „Les Odonates du Japon“ *); in this monographic list the author enumerates 67 species, of which 27 are represented by Libellulidae. This publication was followed by a second paper entitled „Les Odonates recueillis aux iles Loo-Choo“ 2),* in which 10 additional species are described , and of these 6 are Libellulidae. Needham, Williamson, and Foerster published some studies on Japanese dragonflies in several papers. Quite recently Prof. Matsumura 3) des cribes the dragonflies from Saghalin together with other insects occuring on that island. An elaborate work on Libellulidae is in the course of publication4), by which our knowledge on this fauna is widely extended, though I find that many species of this family are yet spared in this work. So far as I am aware, in these works are represented those Japanese dragonflies which are hitherto known. They are 48 species in number. At present our empire is greatly added in its area, so that it is extended from the high parallel of 50° north to the tropic cancer, containing those various parts of locality which are almost not yet explored. -
Aquatic Insect and Factors Influencing Their Abundance in Temporary Habitats
Journal of Food Health and Bioenvironmental Science (May - August 2020), 13(2): 17-27 17 Journal of Food Health and Bioenvironmental Science Journal homepage : http://jfhb.dusit.ac.th/ Aquatic Insect and Factors Influencing their Abundance in Temporary Habitats Thanya Reunura & Taeng On Prommi* Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Liberal Arts and Science, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom, 73140 Thailand A r t i c l e i n f o A b s t r a c t Article history: Received : 05 July 2020 Temporary water habitats are usually inhabited by a diverse fauna of aquatic Revised : 10 July 2020 organisms such as aquatic and semiaquatic species and may include rare and Accepted : 19 August 2020 endangered species. In October and November 2016, aquatic insects were sampled Keywords: in selected four temporary sampling sites in Kasetsart University, central Thailand. Temporary Habitat, Aquatic Aquatic D-hand net was used to capture the aquatic insects. Water variables in each Insects, Water Variables habitat were simultaneously measured. A total of 4,820 aquatic insect belonging to 5 orders–Hemiptera (45.119%), Coleoptera (22.51%), Diptera (13.54%), Order Ephemeroptera (10.35%) and Odonata (8.42%) were collected. Eight families were recorded within the Order Hemiptera, with members of Family Notonectidae and the species Anisops bouvieri dominating. Five families were registered within Coleoptera, dominated by family Hydrophilidae, while order Odonata had 2 families dominated by family Libellulidae. Order Diptera was dominated by family Chironomidae. Order Ephemeroptera was dominated by family Baetidae. The values of the Shannon-Weiner index of diversity ranged from 2.118 to 2.487. -
Azimuth Orientation of the Dragonfly (Sy Mpetrum)
Azimuth Orientation of the Dragonfly (Sy mpetrum) MITUHIKO HISADA Hokkaido University ELATIVELY LITTLE IS KNOWN about the ies of the dragonfly (Sympetrum costiferum, R migratory behavior of the dragonflies. Kennedy, ref. 7, Cratilla calverti, ref. 8). Sole summer populations of Anax junius in However, the factor or factors determining Canada are thought to be maintained by mi- orientation are yet to be convincingly demon- gration from the southern range of their dis- strated. tribution (refs. 1 and 2). Other species, such While collecting the dragonfly Sympetrum as Sympetrum rubicundulum (ref. 3) in species in the field as an experimental mate- North America, and Sympetrum striolatum rial, we noted a peculiar tendency of the (ref. 4) and Aeshna mixta (ref. 5) in Eu- alighting individuals to take a particular rope, have been recorded as flying south in direction relative to the Sun. This phenom- early autumn. If these northward and south- enon attracted our attention because of possi- ward movements of the dragonflies are, as ble connection to the migratory behavior as they appear to be, unidirectional and well well as to the dorsal light reaction of the oriented, then it becomes of interest to find species that we have already partly described out the factor or factors determining the ori- (ref. 9). Cursory field observation revealed entation mechanism in migration. that the direction of orientation is different In the past only a few remarks have been at different times of the day as it appeared to made on the orientation of the settling dra- be somehow related to the displacement of gonflies. -
Mechanism of the Wing Colouration in the Dragonfly Zenithoptera Lanei
Journal of Insect Physiology 81 (2015) 129–136 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Insect Physiology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jinsphys Mechanism of the wing colouration in the dragonfly Zenithoptera lanei (Odonata: Libellulidae) and its role in intraspecific communication ⇑ Rhainer Guillermo-Ferreira a,b,c, , Pitágoras C. Bispo b, Esther Appel c, Alexander Kovalev c, Stanislav N. Gorb c a Department of Hydrobiology, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luis, km 235, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil b Department of Biological Sciences, São Paulo State University, Av. Dom Antônio 2100, Assis, São Paulo, Brazil c Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, D-24098 Kiel, Germany article info abstract Article history: Zenithoptera dragonflies are known for their remarkable bluish colouration on their wings and unique Received 29 July 2014 male behaviour of folding and unfolding their wings while perching. However, nothing is known about Received in revised form 14 July 2015 the optical properties of such colouration and its structural and functional background. In this paper, Accepted 15 July 2015 we aimed to study the relationship between the wing membrane ultrastructure, surface microstructure Available online 17 July 2015 and colour spectra of male wings in Zenithoptera lanei and test the hypothesis that colouration functions as a signal in territorial fights between males. The results show that the specific wing colouration derives Keywords: from interference in alternating layers of melanized and unmelanized cuticle in the wing membrane, Colour combined with diffuse scattering in two different layers of wax crystals on the dorsal wing surface, Optics Iridescence one lower layer of long filaments, and one upper layer of leaf-shaped crystals. -
Of Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary, Kerala, India
Rec. zool. Surv.lndia, 98(Part-l): 157-167,2000 ODONATA (INSECTA) OF PARAMBIKULAM WILDLIFE SANCTUARY, KERALA, INDIA K. G. EMILIYAMMA and C. RAoHAKRISHNAN Western ghats field Research Station, Zoological Survey of India,Calicut - 673 002 INTRODUcnON The Odonata (Insecta) fauna of India is known by 3 suborders, 17 families, 139 genera and 499 species and subspecies (Prasad and Varshney, 1995). A perusal of literature (Fraser, 1933, 1934, 1936,; Peters, 1981; Rao and Lahiri, 1983 and Mathavan and Miller, 1989) reveals that 112 species of Odonata occur in Kerala. Of these, however, only one species viz. : Epithemis mariae (Laidlaw) (synonym : Amphithemis mariae Laidlaw) is known so far in literature from the Parambikulam wildlife sanctuary (Fraser, 1936). The present study deals with 25 species and subspecies of Odonata belonging to 18 genera and 5· families collected from this sanctuary. Occupying 285 sq. km. area of the Parambikulam valley between Anaimalai and Nelliampathy hill ranges, the sanctuary lies in the Palakkad district of Kerala between 1O~ 1'-10°32' N lat. and 76°35,' -76°51 ' E long. The types of vegetation found in the sanctuary belong to tropical evergreen and semievergreen forests, moist teak-bearing forests, south Indian moist deciduous forests and riparian fringing forests. The rivers, Karappara, Parambikulam, Thekkadiyar and their tributaries fonn the drainage system in this sanctuary. The altitudes range from 459m to 1439m above msl. The material studied forms part of a general faunal collection procured during faunistic surveys conducted in the sanctuary area during 1995, 1996 and 1997. The specimens are deposited in the faunal depository of the Western Ghats Field Research Station, Zoological Survey of India, Calicut. -
A Note on the Altitudinal Distribution of Odonata Between Dumre and Khansar in Central Nepal M. Mahato Natural History Museum. A
A note on the altitudinal distribution of Odonata between Dumre and Khansar in central Nepal M. Mahato Natural History Museum. Anandakuti. Swayambhu, Kathmandu. Nepal Abstract — 34 spp. were collected at 21 locali- Lamjungand Mananglcf. Fig. I). In the distribu- ties between Dumre (alt 420 and Khansar tion of avail- m) taxa, the climate and the type of (alt. 3580 m). along the Marsayandi River, du- able aquatic habitats play the key role. The 1984. This subtro- ring September. range covers climate of Dumre (Tanahu) is subtropical and pical to alpine climatic zones. At higher eleva- that of Khansar (Mahang) is subalpine to al- commixtum tions only Sympetrum was re- pine. There is heavier rainfall in the southern corded. risi In Onychogomphus (Phalyak Sangu, part of the study area than in the North. the alt. 672 m) had not been the previously reported upper Manang(above 3352 m) most of pre- from Nepal. cipitation falls as snow (Anonymous, 1974). the trek from Along Dumre to Khansar 26 Introduction but sites were visited, dragonflies were found A collection made in dragonfly was September, only at 21 localities. The specimens are depo- 1984 along the Marsayandi River, between sited in the Natural History Museum. Kath- Dumre (alt. 420 m) and Khansar (alt. 3580 m). mandu. covering (from S to N) the districts of Tanahu. 122 Notul. Vol. 2, No, odonatol., 8, pp. 121-136, December I, 1986 lianum (Fabr.) A; — Isch- Fraser nura carpentieri $: K; — I. aurora(Brauer) S'- B; I.forcipata Morton Q\ E, H. Lestidae — Indolestes cya- neus (Sel.) H. Chlorolestidae — Mega- lestes major Sel. -
The Superfamily Calopterygoidea in South China: Taxonomy and Distribution. Progress Report for 2009 Surveys Zhang Haomiao* *PH D
International Dragonfly Fund - Report 26 (2010): 1-36 1 The Superfamily Calopterygoidea in South China: taxonomy and distribution. Progress Report for 2009 surveys Zhang Haomiao* *PH D student at the Department of Entomology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China. Email: [email protected] Introduction Three families in the superfamily Calopterygoidea occur in China, viz. the Calo- pterygidae, Chlorocyphidae and Euphaeidae. They include numerous species that are distributed widely across South China, mainly in streams and upland running waters at moderate altitudes. To date, our knowledge of Chinese spe- cies has remained inadequate: the taxonomy of some genera is unresolved and no attempt has been made to map the distribution of the various species and genera. This project is therefore aimed at providing taxonomic (including on larval morphology), biological, and distributional information on the super- family in South China. In 2009, two series of surveys were conducted to Southwest China-Guizhou and Yunnan Provinces. The two provinces are characterized by karst limestone arranged in steep hills and intermontane basins. The climate is warm and the weather is frequently cloudy and rainy all year. This area is usually regarded as one of biodiversity “hotspot” in China (Xu & Wilkes, 2004). Many interesting species are recorded, the checklist and photos of these sur- veys are reported here. And the progress of the research on the superfamily Calopterygoidea is appended. Methods Odonata were recorded by the specimens collected and identified from pho- tographs. The working team includes only four people, the surveys to South- west China were completed by the author and the photographer, Mr. -
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:ŽƵƌŶĂůŽĨdŚƌĞĂƚĞŶĞĚdĂdžĂͮǁǁǁ͘ƚŚƌĞĂƚĞŶĞĚƚĂdžĂ͘ŽƌŐͮϮϲ^ĞƉƚĞŵďĞƌϮϬϭϱͮϳ;ϭϭͿ͗ϳϳϵϱʹϳϴϬϰ Ù¦ÊÄ¥½®ÝÄÃݽ¥½®Ý;/ÄÝã͗KÊÄãͿʥ㫠ÄÊÙã«ÝãÙÄÙ¦®ÊÄʥĦ½Ý«ó®ã«¥®òÄó®ã®ÊÄÝ ãÊã«KÊÄã¥çÄʥĦ½Ý« ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) ^«ÊÙãÊÃÃçÄ®ã®ÊÄ D͘<ĂǁƐĂƌ<ŚĂŶ KWE^^ Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh [email protected] ďƐƚƌĂĐƚ͗KĚŽŶĂƚĂǁĞƌĞƐƵƌǀĞLJĞĚŝŶŽŶĞƌĞƐĞƌǀĞĨŽƌĞƐƚ͕ƚǁŽŶĂƟŽŶĂů KĚŽŶĂƚĂ;ĚƌĂŐŽŶŇŝĞƐĂŶĚĚĂŵƐĞůŇŝĞƐͿĂƌĞŐŽƌŐĞŽƵƐ ƉĂƌŬƐ͕ ŽŶĞ ĐŽ WĂƌŬ͕ ŽŶĞ ůĂŬĞ ĂŶĚ ŽŶĞ hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ĐĂŵƉƵƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĂƋƵĂƟĐ ŝŶƐĞĐƚƐ ĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƚĞĚ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚ ƚŚĞ ǁŽƌůĚ͘ ŶŽƌƚŚĞĂƐƚĞƌŶƌĞŐŝŽŶŽĨĂŶŐůĂĚĞƐŚĨƌŽŵDĂƌĐŚϮϬϭϰƚŽDĂƌĐŚϮϬϭϱ͘ ƚŽƚĂů ŽĨ ϲϰ ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ ŽĨ ŶŝƐŽƉƚĞƌĂ ĂŶĚ LJŐŽƉƚĞƌĂ ďĞůŽŶŐŝŶŐ ƚŽ ϰϭ KĚŽŶĂƚĞƐ ĂƌĞ ŚŝŐŚůLJ ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐ ƚŽ ƚŚĞŝƌ ŶŝĐŚĞ͕ ĚĞƉĞŶĚ ŐĞŶĞƌĂƵŶĚĞƌƐĞǀĞŶĨĂŵŝůŝĞƐǁĞƌĞƌĞĐŽƌĚĞĚ͘ŵŽŶŐƚŚĞŵϰϱƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ heavily on water bodies for feeding and breeding and and 19 genera were new records for the study area. Two species of ŶŝƐŽƉƚĞƌĂ͕ŝ͘Ğ͕͘Anax indicus>ŝĞŌŝŶĐŬ͕ϭϵϰϮĂŶĚGynacantha khasiaca ĂƌĞ ĞdžƚƌĞŵĞůLJ ƐĞŶƐŝƟǀĞ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĂůƚĞƌĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ůŽĐĂůĞ DĂĐ>ĂĐŚůĂŶ͕ ϭϴϵϲ͕ ĂŶĚ ƚŚƌĞĞ ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ ŽĨ LJŐŽƉƚĞƌĂ ŝ͘Ğ͕͘ Matrona ;ƌŽǁůĞLJΘ:ŽŚŶƐŽŶϭϵϴϮ͖ƵƚůĞƌϮϬϬϴ͖^ŝůǀĂĞƚĂů͘ϮϬϭϬͿ͘ nigripectus Selys, 1879, Agriocnemis kalinga EĂŝƌ Θ ^ƵďƌĂŵĂŶŝĂŶ͕ ,ĞŶĐĞ͕ ĚƌĂŐŽŶŇŝĞƐ ĂŶĚ ĚĂŵƐĞůŇŝĞƐ ĂƌĞ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚ ϮϬϭϰ͕ĂŶĚ Prodasineura laidlawii &ŽƌƐƚĞƌ͕ϭϵϬϳǁĞƌĞƌĞĐŽƌĚĞĚĨŽƌƚŚĞ ĮƌƐƚƟŵĞĨƌŽŵĂŶŐůĂĚĞƐŚ͘ indicators of wetland health. Besides, they are important elements of the food chain; many birds feed <ĞLJǁŽƌĚƐ͗ Agriocnemis kalinga, Anax indicus, ŶŝƐŽƉƚĞƌĂ͕ĂŶŐůĂĚĞƐŚ͕ -
Zoo Og Cal S Ryey of I Dia
M l CELLANEOUS P BLI ATIO~ OCCA (0 AL PAPER O. 20 I ecords of the Zoo og cal S ryey of I dia FIELD ECOLOGY, ZOOGEOGRAPHY AND TAXONOMY OF THE ODONATA OF WESTERN HIMALAYA, INDIA By ARUN KUMAR AND MAHA8IR PRASAD Issued by the Director Zoo1ogical Survey of India, Calcutta RECORDS OFTHE Zoological Survey of India MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATION OCCASIONAL PAPER NO. 20 FIELD ECOLOGY, ZOOGEOGRAPHY AND TAXONOMY OF THE ODONATA OF WESTERN HIMALAYA, INDIA By AruD Kumar and Mababir Prasad Northern Regional Station, Zoological Survey of Inelia, Dellra D,u, Edited by the Director, Zoological Survey of India, ('a/cult" 1981 © Copyright 1981. Government of India Published in March, 1981 PRICE: Inland: Rs. 40.00 Foreign: £ 4.50 $ 12.00 Printed in Indi~ at SAAKHHAR MUDRAN 4 Deshapran Shasmal Road Calcutta 700 033 and Published by the Controller of Publications. Civil Lines, Delhi 110006 RECORDS OFTHE Zoological Survey of India MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATION Occasional Paper No. 20 1981 Pages 1-118 CONTENTS Page No. INTRODUCTION 1 GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES, DIVISIONS AND CLIMATE OF WESTERN HIMALAYA 4 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF TYPICAL OOONATA BIOTOPES IN WESTERN HIMALAYA 5 PHENOLOGY 8 KEY TO THE ODONATA OF WESTERN HIMALAYA 9 CHECK-LIST OF OOONATA OF WESTERN HIMALAYA WITH NOTES ON FIELD ECOLOGY 32 ZOOGEOGRAPHY OF ODONATA OF WESTERN HIMALAYA 67 SUMMARY 72 REFERENCES 98 FIELD ECOLOGV, ZOOGEOGRAPHY AND TAXONOMY OF THE ODONATA OF WESTERN HIMALAYA, INDIA By ARUN KUMAR AND MAHABIR PRASAD": Northern Regional Station, Zoological Survey of India, Dehra Dun (With 13 Text figures, 1 Plate and 3 Tables) INTRODUCTION Within the Indian sub-region, the Odonata Fauna of Himalaya has so far been studied most extensively. -
INSECT DIVERSITY of BUKIT PITON FOREST RESERVE, SABAH
Report INSECT DIVERSITY of BUKIT PITON FOREST RESERVE, SABAH 1 CONTENTS Page SUMMARY 3 1. STUDY AREA & PURPOSE OF STUDY 4 2. MATERIALS & METHODS 7 2.1 Location & GPS points 7 2.2 Assessment using Google Earth programme 7 2.3 Assessment by DIVA-GIS 8 2.4 Insect sampling methods 8 2.4.1 Light trap 8 2.4.2 Sweep net & manual collection 9 2.4.3 Insect specimens and identification 10 3. RESULTS & DISCUSSION 11 3.1 Overall insect diversity 11 3.1.1 Butterfly (Lepidoptera) 12 3.1.2 Moth (Lepidoptera) 12 3.1.3 Beetle (Coleoptera) 12 3.1.4 Dragonfly (Odonata) 12 3.1.5 Other insects 12 4. CONCLUSION 12 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 13 REFERENCES 14 PLATES Plate 1: Selected butterflies recorded from Bukit Piton F.R. 16 Plate 2. Selected moths recorded from Bukit Piton F.R. 17 Plate 3. Beetles recorded from Bukit Piton F.R. 18 Plate 4. Odonata recorded from Bukit Piton F.R. 19 Plate 5. Other insects recorded from Bukit Piton F.R. 20 APPENDICES Appendix 1: Tentative butterfly list from Bukit Piton F.R. 22 Appendix 2: Selected moths from Bukit Piton F.R. 22 Appendix 3: Tentative beetle list from Bukit Piton F.R. 24 Appendix 4: Tentative Odonata list from Bukit Piton F.R. 24 Appendix 5: Other insects recorded from Bukit Piton F.R. 25 Photo (content page): Wild Honeybee nest, Apis dorsata on Koompassia excelsa. 2 INSECT DIVERSITY OF BUKIT PITON FOREST RESERVE, SABAH Prepared for the District Forestry Office, Ulu Segama-Malua Forest Reserves Principal investigators: Arthur Y. -
Endemic Odonata of India
Rec. zool. Surv. India: 100 (Part 3-4) : 189-199,2002 ENDEMIC ODONATA OF INDIA TRIom RANJAN MITRA Zoological Survey of India, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata-700 053 INTRODUCTION The Order Odonata, popularly known as dragonflies and damselflies, is a primitive group of insects and occurs in different ecosystems. In India about five hundred species and subspecies occur. India has a landmass with an area of approximately 32,67,500 sq. km. including the arcuate chain of Andaman and Nicobar Islands; the Laccadives (Lakshadweeps) and Minicoy islands in the Arabian sea. The main landmass is divided into the Himalayan mountain chain in the North, isolating the country from the rest of Asia; this is followed by the monotonous highly populated Indo-Gangetic plain which ends in the Bay of Bengal. The last is a triangular plateau of old peninsular upland. ZOO-CENTRES AND ENDEMISM Endemics occur only in a particular area. According to Roonwal and Verma (1977) endemic species have evolved locally; and Hutchinson (1957) has considered that endemics remain confined in their 'fundamental niche' where they can survive for indefinite period. According to Emerson (1955) endemic genera occur in a vast zoogeographic area. Indian odonate fauna although largely borrowed from Malaysian subregion but some forms viz. Zygonyx of Ethiopian region and Hemicordulia of Australian region have made their way to India. Kiauta (1984) has opined that members of the family Chlorocyphidae have reached India from their place of origin at Malaysian subregion. India has also zoo-centres of its own (Mitra 2000b). For example according to Lieftinck (1984) members of the genus Calicnemia Strand have originated and radiated from the Himalayan regIon.