The World Bank's PAD1203

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The World Bank's PAD1203 Document of The World Bank FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Public Disclosure Authorized Report No: PAD1203 INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT PROJECT APPRAISAL DOCUMENT ON A PROPOSED LOAN IN THE AMOUNT OF EURO 460 MILLION Public Disclosure Authorized (US$504 MILLION EQUIVALENT) TO THE REPUBLIC OF POLAND FOR A ODRA-VISTULA FLOOD MANAGEMENT PROJECT July 1, 2015 Public Disclosure Authorized Water Global Practice Central Europe and the Baltic Countries Country Unit Europe and Central Asia Region This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Public Disclosure Authorized Bank authorization. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (Exchange Rate Effective May 31, 2015) Currency Unit = Polish Zloty (PLN) €1 = PLN 4.11263 €1 = US$1.096 GOVERNMENT’S FISCAL YEAR January 1 – December 31 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS AAD Annual Average Damages CEB Council of Europe Development Bank CPS Country Partnership Strategy DA Designated Account DG Directorate General (a unit in the EC) EC European Commission EMF Environmental Management Framework EMP Environmental Management Plan ERR Economic Rate of Return EU European Union FD Flood Directive FIDIC Fédération internationale des ingénieurs consultants (International Federation of Consulting Engineers) FM Financial Management ICB International Competitive Bidding ICR Implementation Completion Report IFR Interim Financial Report (un-audited) IMGW Instytut Meteorologii i Gospodarki Wodnej (Institute of Meteorology and Water Management) IMGW-PIB Państwowy Instytut Badawczy (IMGW National Research Institute) IT Information Technology IWRM Integrated Water Resources Management KZGW Krajowy Zarząd Gospodarki Wodnej (National Water Management Authority) LA Loan Agreement MAD Ministry of Administration and Digitization M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MIS Management Information System MoE Ministry of Environment MoF Ministry of Finance NCB National Competitive Bidding NFEP&WM Polish National Fund for Environmental Protection and Water Management (NFOSiGW) NFOSiGW Narodowy Fundusz Ochrony Środowiska i Gospodarki Wodnej NGO Nongovernmental Organization NIK Najwyższa Izba Kontroli (Supreme Audit Chamber) O&M Operation and Maintenance ONDR Office of Natural Disaster Recovery OP Operational Policy PCU Project Coordination Unit PDO Project Development Objective PIU Project Implementation Unit PLN Polish Zloty (Currency of Poland) POM Project Operational Manual RAP Resettlement Action Plan RBMP River Basin Management Plan RZGW Regionalny Zarząd Gospodarki Wodnej (Regional Water Management Authority) RPF Resettlement Policy Framework SBD Standard Bidding Documents SMOK Hydrometeorological Monitoring, Forecasting and Warning System SOE Statement of Expenditures TA Technical Assistance Voievode Provincial Governor WFD Water Framework Directive (of the European Union) ZMiUW Zarząd Melioracji i Urządzeń Wodnych Województwa (Board of Land Reclamation and Waters) Regional Vice President: Cyril Muller Country Director: Mamta Murthi Senior Global Practice Director: Junaid Kamal Ahmad Practice Manager: Dina Umali-Deininger Task Team Leader: Winston Yu REPUBLIC OF POLAND Odra-Vistula Flood Management Project TABLE OF CONTENTS Page I. STRATEGIC CONTEXT .................................................................................................1 A. Country Context ...........................................................................................................1 B. Sectoral and Institutional Context ................................................................................1 C. Higher Level Objectives to which the Project Contributes .........................................3 II. PROJECT DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVE ..................................................................4 A. PDO..............................................................................................................................4 B. Project Beneficiaries ....................................................................................................4 C. PDO Level Results Indicators ......................................................................................5 III. PROJECT DESCRIPTION ..............................................................................................6 A. Project Components .....................................................................................................6 B. Project Financing .........................................................................................................8 C. Lessons Learned and Reflected in the Project Design .................................................8 IV. IMPLEMENTATION .....................................................................................................10 A. Institutional and Implementation Arrangements .......................................................10 B. Results Monitoring and Evaluation ...........................................................................11 C. Sustainability..............................................................................................................12 V. KEY RISKS AND MITIGATION MEASURES ..........................................................12 VI. APPRAISAL SUMMARY ..............................................................................................14 A. Economic Analysis ....................................................................................................14 B. Technical ....................................................................................................................15 C. Financial Management ...............................................................................................16 D. Procurement ...............................................................................................................17 E. Social (including Safeguards) ....................................................................................18 F. Environment (including Safeguards) .........................................................................19 G. Other Safeguards Policies Triggered .........................................................................20 Annex 1: Results Framework and Monitoring and Evaluation ..............................................22 Annex 2: Detailed Project Description .......................................................................................27 Annex 3: Implementation Arrangements ..................................................................................64 Annex 4: Implementation Support Plan ....................................................................................77 Annex 5: Economic and Financial Analysis ..............................................................................80 Annex 6:Maps IBRD 41244 and IBRD 41363 .............................................................................92 . PAD DATA SHEET Poland Odra-Vistula Flood Management Project (P147460) PROJECT APPRAISAL DOCUMENT . EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA 0000009087 Report No.: PAD1203 . Basic Information Project ID EA Category Team Leader(s) P147460 B - Partial Assessment Winston Yu Lending Instrument Fragile and/or Capacity Constraints [ ] Investment Project Financing Financial Intermediaries [ ] Series of Projects [ ] Project Implementation Start Date Project Implementation End Date July 24, 2015 June 15, 2023 Expected Effectiveness Date Expected Closing Date October 15, 2015 December 15, 2023 Joint IFC No Practice Senior Global Practice Country Director Regional Vice President Manager/Manager Director Dina Umali-Deininger Junaid Kamal Ahmad Mamta Murthi Cyril Muller . Borrower: Republic of Poland Responsible Agency: Ministry of Administration and Digitization Contact: Mr. Stanislaw Huskowski Title: Secretary of State Telephone No.: 48222455846 Email: [email protected] i Responsible Agency: Ministry of Environment Contact: Mr. Stanislaw Gawlowski Title: Secretary of State Telephone No.: 48223692377 Email: [email protected] . Project Financing Data (in USD Million) [ X ] Loan [ ] IDA Grant [ ] Guarantee [ ] Credit [ ] Grant [ ] Other Total Project Cost: 1,317 Total Bank Financing: 504 Financing Gap: 0.00 . Financing Source Amount Borrower 210 International Bank for Reconstruction and 504 Development Borrower European Union (EU) Funds 219 Council of Europe Development Bank (CEB) 329 Polish National Fund for Environmental 55 Protection and Water Management (NFEP&WM) Total 1,317 . Expected Disbursements Fiscal Year 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Annual 9 42 63 84 105 84 76 36 5 Cumulative 9 51 114 198 303 387 463 499 504 . Institutional Data Practice Area (Lead) Water Contributing Practice Areas Cross Cutting Areas [ X ] Climate Change [ ] Fragile, Conflict & Violence [ ] Gender ii [ ] Jobs [ ] Public Private Partnership Sectors / Climate Change Sector (Maximum 5 and total % must equal 100) Major Sector Sector % Adaptation Mitigation Co- Co-benefits % benefits % Water, sanitation, and flood General water, 100 100 protection sanitation, and flood protection sector Total 100 I certify that there is no Adaptation and Mitigation Climate Change Co-benefits information applicable to this project. Themes Theme (Maximum 5 and total % must equal 100) Major theme Theme % Environment and natural resources Water resource management 100 management Total 100 . Proposed Development Objective(s) The project development objectives are to increase access to flood protection for
Recommended publications
  • The Oder-Neisse Line As Poland's Western Border
    Piotr Eberhardt Piotr Eberhardt 2015 88 1 77 http://dx.doi.org/10.7163/ GPol.0007 April 2014 September 2014 Geographia Polonica 2015, Volume 88, Issue 1, pp. 77-105 http://dx.doi.org/10.7163/GPol.0007 INSTITUTE OF GEOGRAPHY AND SPATIAL ORGANIZATION POLISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES www.igipz.pan.pl www.geographiapolonica.pl THE ODER-NEISSE LINE AS POLAND’S WESTERN BORDER: AS POSTULATED AND MADE A REALITY Piotr Eberhardt Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warsaw: Poland e-mail: [email protected] Abstract This article presents the historical and political conditioning leading to the establishment of the contemporary Polish-German border along the ‘Oder-Neisse Line’ (formed by the rivers known in Poland as the Odra and Nysa Łużycka). It is recalled how – at the moment a Polish state first came into being in the 10th century – its western border also followed a course more or less coinciding with these same two rivers. In subsequent cen- turies, the political limits of the Polish and German spheres of influence shifted markedly to the east. However, as a result of the drastic reverse suffered by Nazi Germany, the western border of Poland was re-set at the Oder-Neisse Line. Consideration is given to both the causes and consequences of this far-reaching geopolitical decision taken at the Potsdam Conference by the victorious Three Powers of the USSR, UK and USA. Key words Oder-Neisse Line • western border of Poland • Potsdam Conference • international boundaries Introduction districts – one for each successor – brought the loss, at first periodically and then irrevo- At the end of the 10th century, the Western cably, of the whole of Silesia and of Western border of Poland coincided approximately Pomerania.
    [Show full text]
  • The Historical Cultural Landscape of the Western Sudetes. an Introduction to the Research
    Summary The historical cultural landscape of the western Sudetes. An introduction to the research I. Introduction The authors of the book attempted to describe the cultural landscape created over the course of several hundred years in the specific mountain and foothills conditions in the southwest of Lower Silesia in Poland. The pressure of environmental features had an overwhelming effect on the nature of settlements. In conditions of the widespread predominance of the agrarian economy over other categories of production, the foot- hills and mountains were settled later and less intensively than those well-suited for lowland agriculture. This tendency is confirmed by the relatively rare settlement of the Sudetes in the early Middle Ages. The planned colonisation, conducted in Silesia in the 13th century, did not have such an intensive course in mountainous areas as in the lowland zone. The western part of Lower Silesia and the neighbouring areas of Lusatia were colonised by in a planned programme, bringing settlers from the German lan- guage area and using German legal models. The success of this programme is consid- ered one of the significant economic and organisational achievements of Prince Henry I the Bearded. The testimony to the implementation of his plan was the creation of the foundations of mining and the first locations in Silesia of the cities of Złotoryja (probably 1211) and Lwówek (1217), perhaps also Wleń (1214?). The mountain areas further south remained outside the zone of intensive colonisation. This was undertak- en several dozen years later, at the turn of the 13th and 14th centuries, and mainly in the 14th century, adapting settlement and economy to the special conditions of the natural environment.
    [Show full text]
  • Pobierz BEZPŁATNIE W Wersji
    THE FOUNDER >> ISSN 1231-8841 >> eISSN 2450-534X PUBLISHER OF THE FOUNDATION World of he Foundation of the Cracow University of Economics, in addition ŚWIAT NIERUCHOMOŚCI >> 108 (2/2019) Tto its statutory purposes which include, among others: Conducting broad educational activity for the academic circles in social, economic and technical sciences, REAL ESTATE Initiating actions supporting the European integration and developing contacts and cooperation among societies, Funding scholarships and other kind of material assistance to students URBAN AND from poor families, including, in particular, students of the Cracow University of Economics coming from the country, REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT Improvement in the social and living conditions of disabled students and in the accessibility of classes organized by the Cracow University of INVESTMENTS Economics, it decides to enrich its economic activity by the following scope of services: Conference offer Providing financial services in conference budget Developing the programme of an event and coordination during it Full scope of accommodation and catering services Preparing detailed post-conference reports Publishing offer Publishing books and albums Professional graphic design Typesetting and proof services Quick print according to individual guidelines Advisory offer Preparing strategy of operations for companies and functional strategies Preparing economic and financial analyses Asset and enterprise valuation Feasibility studies of investment projects ul. Rakowicka 27 Carrying out, developing market and marketing research 31-510 Kraków tel. 12 293 74 63 We provide our services comprehensively or only within a selected scope. fax 12 293 74 89 Starting cooperation with us, not only do you have a guarantee of excellent service but also a unique possibility to support the Foundation in the area of the academic society.
    [Show full text]
  • Probabilistic Approach of the Upper and Middle Odra Basin Daily Rainfall Modeling
    E3S Web of Conferences 17, 00096 (2017) DOI: 10.1051/e3sconf/20171700096 EKO-DOK 2017 Probabilistic approach of the Upper and Middle Odra basin daily rainfall modeling Marcin Wdowikowski1,*, Andrzej Kotowski2, Paweł B. Dąbek3, and Bartosz Kaźmierczak2 1Institute of Meteorology and Water Management – National Research Institute, 01-673 Warsaw, Podlesna Street 61, Poland 2Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland 3Institute of Environmental Protection and Development, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Poland pl. Grunwaldzki 24, 50-363 Wroclaw, Poland Abstract. The aim of this study was to obtain the maximum daily rainfall descriptions based on 9 probability distributions in 12 meteorological stations located in Upper and Middle Odra river basin. Analysis included long-term period from 1961 to 2010. Regarding to AIC and BIC informational criterions Gamma distribution that appeared to be best fitted probability distribution to measurement rainfall data series. For several stations, Pareto, Weibull and generalized exponential distributions were also possible to use. For practical purposes it is necessary to carry out a similar analysis for much shorter rainfall intervals. The final evaluation of the suitability of individual probability distributions for constructing maximum rainfall probabilistic models requires further research. 1 Introduction The reliability of urban drainage systems is not fully achievable due to the random nature of precipitation. However, it must be designed in the way that fulfill the contemporary standards of drainage, which is defined as the adaptation of the system to receive the maximum (predicted) storm water streams with a frequency of appearance equal to the acceptable (socially acceptable) frequency of spillage into the terrain [1].
    [Show full text]
  • HT Rozdzial 2 Pressto.Indd
    ISSN 2450-8047 nr 2016/1 (1) http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/ht.2016.1.1.03 s. 19-41 MULTICULTURAL HERITAGE OF THE MEMORY OF LOWER SILESIA. A STUDY OF SELECTED SITES OF MEMORY Violetta JULKOWSKA Adam Mickiewicz University Poznan ABSTRACT Th e topic of text is the problem of Prussian cultural heritage of Lower Silesia, seen from two diff erent perspectives. First, the historical moment of this heritage appearing is introduced and second, the way of its contemporary presence and connected cultiural problems. As a key study were discussed from both perspectives: evangelical church in Karpacz so-called Wang Temple (brought in fi rst half of XIX-th century by Prussian king Wilhelm III from Norway) – nowadays under protection of polish evangelical parish; also: life and charity work of Marianna Orańska – owner of the castle in Kamieniec Ząbkowicki and neighbourhood grounds – nowadays touristic route leading on the borderland of Poland and Czech Republic, following in Marianna’s steps and history of evangelical community from Tyrol, brought to Mysłakowice by Prussian king Wilhelm III – nowadays Tyrol’s House lead by Zierthall commune from Austria. KEYWORDS: sites of memory; cultural identity; heritage; church Wang; Marianna Orańska; evangelical community from Tyrol; Lower Silesia; cultural tourism. 19 THE PRESENCE OF THE PAST HISTORICAL COMPLEXITY OF THE STUDIES INTO THE 19TH-CENTURY HERITAGE OF MEMORY OF LOWER SILESIA Lower Silesia is a region unusually saturated with objects of multicultural herit- age, making it stand out among the historical regions of Central Europe. Th is relatively small area had a turbulent past, while the location at the intersection of major European routes, the fame of natural resources, and good farming conditions att racted several waves of sett lement.
    [Show full text]
  • Strategia Rozwiązywania Problemów Społecznych Gminy Zawichost Na Lata 2016-2020
    Załącznik do Uchwały nr Rady Miejskiej Zawichost z dnia STRATEGIA ROZWIĄZYWANIA PROBLEMÓW SPOŁECZNYCH GMINY ZAWICHOST NA LATA 2016-2020 2016 Strategia Rozwiązywania Problemów Społecznych Gminy Zawichost na lata 2016-2020 SPIS TREŚCI WPROWADZENIE ............................................................................................................... 3 I. UWARUNKOWANIA TWORZENIA STRATEGII ................................................................... 5 1. PODSTAWY PRAWNE .............................................................................................................. 5 2. UWARUNKOWANIA STRATEGICZNE I PROGRAMOWE........................................................... 6 II. DIAGNOZA SYTUACJI SPOŁECZNEJ W GMINIE ............................................................... 15 1. DANE PODSTAWOWE O GMINIE .......................................................................................... 15 2. INFRASTRUKTURA TRANSPORTOWA I KOMUNIKACYJNA .................................................... 17 3. STRUKTURA DEMOGRAFICZNA I ZASOBY MIESZKANIOWE .................................................. 17 4. STRUKTURA GOSPODARCZA I SYTUACJA NA RYNKU PRACY ................................................ 23 5. EDUKACJA I WYCHOWANIE .................................................................................................. 29 6. ŻYCIE KULTURALNE I INFRASTRUKTURA SPORTOWO-REKREACYJNA .................................. 31 7. OPIEKA ZDROWOTNA I PROBLEM NIEPEŁNOSPRAWNOŚCI................................................
    [Show full text]
  • LOKALNY PROGRAM REWITALIZACJI MIASTA ZAWICHOST Na Lata 2016-2022
    LOKALNY PROGRAM REWITALIZACJI MIASTA ZAWICHOST na lata 2016-2022 Lokalny Program Rewitalizacji Miasta Zawichost na lata 2016-2022 jest opracowywany w ramach projektu dofinansowanego z Programu Operacyjnego Pomoc Techniczna 2017 r. 1 SPIS TREŚCI 1. WPROWADZENIE ............................................................................................................................. 3 2. POWIĄZANIA PROGRAMU Z DOKUMENTAMI STRATEGICZNYMI I PLANISTYCZNYMI .................. 6 3. DIAGNOZA CZYNNIKÓW I ZJAWISK KRYZYSOWYCH ORAZ CHARAKTER POTRZEB REWITALIZACYJNYCH ............................................................................................................................. 16 3.1. Położenie gminy ......................................................................................................................... 16 3.2. Środowisko naturalne................................................................................................................. 21 3.3. Sfera przestrzenna ...................................................................................................................... 23 3.4. Sfera społeczna ........................................................................................................................... 34 3.5. Sfera gospodarcza ...................................................................................................................... 50 3.6. Wnioski z konsultacji społecznych .............................................................................................. 54 3.7
    [Show full text]
  • Digital Transformation of the Etymological Dictionary of Geographical Names
    applied sciences Article Digital Transformation of the Etymological Dictionary of Geographical Names Tomasz Kubik Faculty of Electronics, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze˙ Wyspia´nskiego27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland; [email protected] Abstract: This article aims to contribute to the methodology of the structuring of etymological dictionaries of geographical names and the popularization of knowledge regarding the origin of Silesian toponyms. It is based on experiences gathered during the digitization and publication in an electronic form of the SENGS´ (“Etymological Dictionary of Geographical Names of Silesia”) and addresses the problems encountered. The article discusses the rules applied in the compilation of the SENGS´ and presents two information models used during the digitalization of this dictionary: a relational model and a graph model. The first one corresponds to standard approaches when designing electronic versions of dictionaries. The second allows the creation of solutions conforming to the idea of Linked Open Data, which are deployable as parts of the Semantic Internet. An important aspect also considered was the linking of historical materials listed in the dictionary entries with the corresponding records maintained in digital repositories. This association was realized using the AZON platform (“Atlas of Open Scientific Resources”). Keywords: etymological dictionary digitization; information model; geographical names; topono- mastics 1. Introduction Citation: Tomasz, K. Digital One of the major challenges accompanying the development of human civilization Transformation of the Etymological is knowledge management. Dictionaries, as collections of words of a language compiled Dictionary of Geographical Names. together with informative descriptions, play an important role in this. Dictionaries can be Appl.
    [Show full text]
  • Droughts in the Area of Poland in Recent Centuries
    https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2019-64 Preprint. Discussion started: 11 June 2019 c Author(s) 2019. CC BY 4.0 License. 1 Droughts in the area of Poland in recent centuries 2 3 Rajmund Przybylak1 ORCID: 0000-0003-4101-6116, Piotr Oliński2 ORCID: 0000-0003-1428- 4 0800, Marcin Koprowski3 ORCID: 0000-0002-0583-4165, Janusz Filipiak4 ORCID: 0000-0002- 5 4491-3886, Aleksandra Pospieszyńska1 ORCID: 0000-0003-2532-7168, Waldemar 6 Chorążyczewski2 ORCID: 0000-0002-0063-0032, Radosław Puchałka3 ORCID: 0000-0002- 7 4764-0705, and Henryk P. Dąbrowski5 ORCID:0000-0002-8846-5042 8 1 Department of Meteorology and Climatology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, 9 Poland 10 2 Department of Medieval History, Institute of History and Archival Sciences, Faculty of History, Nicolaus 11 Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland 12 3 Department of Ecology and Biogeography, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus 13 University, Toruń, Poland 14 4 Department of Meteorology and Climatology, Institute of Geography, Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, 15 University of Gdansk, Poland 16 5 Dendroarchaeological Laboratory, Archaeological Museum in Biskupin, Biskupin, Poland 17 18 Correspondence to: R. Przybylak ([email protected]) 19 20 Abstract: The paper presents the main features of droughts in Poland in recent centuries, including their frequency of 21 occurrence, coverage, duration and intensity. For this purpose both proxy data (documentary and 22 dendrochronological) and instrumental measurements of precipitation were used. The reconstructions of droughts 23 based on all the mentioned sources of data covered the period 996–2015. Examples of megadroughts were also chosen 24 using documentary evidence, and some of them were described.
    [Show full text]
  • Of Silesia Vol
    Cuius regio? Ideological and Territorial Cohesion of Silesia vol. 5 eds Lucyna Harc, Przemysław Wiszewski, Rościsław Żerelik Online access: http://www.bibliotekacyfrowa.pl/publication/78119 Joanna Nowosielska-Sobel, Grzegorz Strauchold, Przemysław Wiszewski Permanent Change. The New Region(s) of Silesia (1945-2015) ed. Przemysław Wiszewski Wrocław 2015 The book was published with funds of the program Cuius regio. Analiza sił spajających i destrukcyjnych w obrębie regionu określających przynależność osób (grup społecznych) oraz spójność społeczną jako zjawisko historyczne / Cuius regio. An analysis of the cohesive and disruptive forces destining the attachment of (groups of) persons to and the cohesion within regions as a historical phenomenon, decision of the Polish Minister of Science and Higher Education No. 832/N-ESF-CORECODE/2010/0. Peer review: Małgorzata Ruchniewicz Translated by: Matthew La Fontaine, Paweł Ausir Dembowski, Anna Lidia Błaszczyk, Piotr Szutt Language proofreading: Matthew La Fontaine, Judson Hamilton © Copyright by Authors and Uniwersytet Wrocławski Cover design: Marcin Fajfruk Typesetting: Aleksandra Kumaszka, Tomasz Kalota ISBN 978-83-942651-2-0 Publishing House eBooki.com.pl ul. Obornicka 37/2 51-113 Wrocław tel.: +48 602 606 508 email: [email protected] WWW: http://www.ebooki.com.pl Table of Contents Przemysław Wiszewski A time of transformation. New Silesia under construction (1945-2015) ............ 9 Joanna Nowosielska-Sobel Administrative changes....................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Social Groups of Medieval Silesia Examined in the Context of Their Political Activity (From the Last Decades of the 12Th Century to the 15Th Century)
    Przemysław Wiszewski University of Wrocław Region-integrating or region-disintegrating? The social groups of medieval Silesia examined in the context of their political activity (from the last decades of the 12th century to the 15th century) Abstract: Activities of social groups, which develop relations between the members of a society, constitute a crucial aspect of every region’s character. Did the political and social elite of the Odra region in the period from the latter part of the 12th century to the latter part of the 15th century engage in inten- tional and coordinated activity? Or did they, after being forced by external factors to take such action, continue to coordinate their activities after these external factors ceased to be operative? Yet another question is whether the members of this political elite considered the notion of a unified, territorial unit called “Silesia” in their activities? Various political undertakings of the Odra region’s elite in the Middle Ages makes establishing a uni- fied model of the formation of regional unity unfeasible. Joint political actions undertaken by the dukes maintained an awareness of Silesia’s unity despite their and their courts’ tendency to focus on the im- portance of their particular duchies. The dukes, via conventions and confederations, focused their activities on building a sense of regional community. Despite extensive cooperation on various issues which crossed the borders of individual duchies, separatist tendencies were still visible in the latter part of the 14th and early 15th centuries. Silesian society, forged through the political activities of its elite, was by nature a network which reacted dynamically to influences from its external environment.
    [Show full text]
  • Jerzy Wyrzykowski the Position of Lower Silesia on Domestic and International Tourist Market
    Jerzy Wyrzykowski The Position of Lower Silesia on Domestic and International Tourist Market Ekonomiczne Problemy Turystyki nr 4 (28), 417-429 2014 SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL NO. 836 ECONOMIC PROBLEMS OF TOURISM VOL. 4 (28) 2014 Jerzy Wyrzykowski* University of Business in Wrocław ThE Position of Lower Silesia on Domestic AND INTERNATIONAL TOURIST MARKET Abstract The article presents the position of Lower Silesia on the domestic and international tourist market. The data used here concern the potential of tourist value, the volume of tourist accommodation, the number of domestic and international tourists making use of the accommodation and the number of their stays. The perspectives of tourism development in Lower Silesia are also presented. Keywords:Lower Silesia, tourist group accommodation facility, domestic tourism, international tourism, tourist market Introduction Lower Silesia as a historic region may, as a certain simplification, be identi- fied with the Lower Silesian Voivodeship, which occupies about 19.9 thousand km²,i.e. 6.4 % of Poland’s territory. The voivodeship is connected with a few large geographic regions: the Silesian Lowland, the Silesian-Sorbian Lowland, the Sudetean Foothills and the Sudetes. Lower Silesia, especially the Sudetes, belong to the most attractive areas in Poland boasting a long tourist tradition. This appeal comes from, among others: landscape values (two national parks, over a dozen landscape parks), natural wonders (caves, waterfalls, river breaks, picturesque rock formations), numerous spa towns, good skiing areas, rich * Email address: [email protected]. 418 Jerzy Wyrzykowski and multinational cultural heritage and the location on the crossroads of impor- tant European routes as well as bordering the Czech Republic and Germany.
    [Show full text]