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A New Approach to Research Ethics A New Approach to Research Ethics A New Approach to Research Ethics is a clear, practical and useful guide to the ethical issues faced by researchers today. Examining the theories of ethical decision-making and applying these theories to a range of situations within a research career and process, this text offers a broader perspective on how ethics can be a positive force in strengthening the research community. Drawing upon a strong selection of challenging case studies, this text offers a new approach to engage with ethical issues and provides the reader with: • a broader view on research ethics in practice, capturing both different stages of research careers and multiple tasks within that career, including supervision and research assessments; • thoughts on questions such as increasing globalisation, open science and intensified competition; • an increased understanding of undertaking research in a world of new technologies; • an extension of research ethics to a multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary approach; and • an introduction to a ‘guided dialogue’ method, which helps to identify and engage with ethical issues individually and as a research community. A New Approach to Research Ethics allows for self-reflection and provides guidance for professional development in an increasingly competitive area. Full of valuable guidance for the researcher and ethical decision-maker, this is an essential text for postgraduate students, senior academics and developers of training courses on ethics for researchers. Henriikka Mustajoki has a career in professional ethics focusing on research ethics. Arto Mustajoki has a long career as a professor and scientific administrator. He has been department head, dean and vice-rector of the University of Helsinki. A New Approach to Research Ethics Using Guided Dialogue to Strengthen Research Communities Henriikka Mustajoki and Arto Mustajoki First published 2017 by Routledge First2 Park published Square, Milton2017 Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN by Routledge and by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 and by Routledge Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 © 2017 H. Mustajoki and A. Mustajoki Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business The right of H. Mustajoki and A. Mustajoki to be identified as authors of © 2017 H. Mustajoki and A. Mustajoki this work has been asserted by them in accordance with sections 77 and The78 of right the Copyright,of H. Mustajoki Designs and andA. Mustajoki Patents Act to 1988.be identified as authors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with sections 77 and All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, AllnowThe rights Openknown reserved. Access or hereafter version No part invented, of ofthis this book, includingbook available may photocopying be at reprinted www.taylorfrancis.com, andor reproduced recording, orhas utilisedin been any informationmade in any available form storage or under by any or a Creativeelectronic,retrieval Commonssystem, mechanical, without Attribution-Non or permissionother means, in nowwritingCommercial-No known from orthe hereafter publishers.Derivatives invented, 4.0 license. including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or writing from the publishers. registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and Trademarkexplanation notice without: Product intent or to corporateinfringe. names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data explanation without intent to infringe. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Names: Clarkeburn, Henriikka, author. | Mustajoki, Arto S. (Arto Samuel), Library1948- author.of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Names:Title: A newClarkeburn, approach Henriikka, to research author. ethics | Mustajoki, : using grounded Arto S. dialogue(Arto Samuel), to 1948-strengthen author. research communities / Henriikka Clarkeburn and Title:Arto Mustajoki. A new approach to research ethics : using grounded dialogue to strengthenDescription: research Abingdon, communities Oxon ; New / Henriikka York, NY Clarkeburn : Routledge, and 2017. Arto Mustajoki.Identifiers: LCCN 2016039038 (print) | LCCN 2016057482 (ebook) | Description:ISBN 9781138682214 Abingdon, (hbk Oxon : alk. ; New paper) York, | ISBN NY 9781138682221: Routledge, 2017. (pbk : alk. Identifiers:paper) | ISBN LCCN 9781315545318 2016039038 (ebk) (print) | LCCN 2016057482 (ebook) | ISBNSubjects: 9781138682214 LCSH: Research--Moral (hbk : alk. paper)and ethical | ISBN aspects. 9781138682221 | Research--Planning. (pbk : alk. paper)Classification: | ISBN 9781315545318 LCC Q180.55.M67 (ebk) C63 2017 (print) | LCC Q180.55.M67 Subjects:(ebook) | LCSH:DDC 174/.90014--dc23Research--Moral and ethical aspects. | Research--Planning. Classification:LC record available LCC atQ180.55.M67 https://lccn.loc.gov/2016039038 C63 2017 (print) | LCC Q180.55.M67 (ebook) | DDC 174/.90014--dc23 LCISBN: record 978-1-138-68221-4 available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016039038 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-138-68222-1 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-138-68221-4978-1-315-54531-8 (hbk)(ebk) ISBN: 978-1-138-68222-1 (pbk) ISBN:Typeset 978-1-315-54531-8 in Galliard (ebk) by Saxon Graphics Ltd, Derby Typeset in Galliard by Saxon Graphics Ltd, Derby Contents List of figures ix List of tables xi About the authors xiii For the reader xv Introduction: why research ethics is more important than ever before 1 1 Ethics by guided dialogue 7 Why ethical choices do not always lead to ethical behaviour 11 Recognising ethical questions 14 Identifying stakeholders 15 Understanding rights and responsibilities 16 Defining options 17 Making ethical choices 22 Notes 31 2 Doing research 32 Identifying stakeholders 35 Understanding rights and responsibilities 37 Defining options 38 Selecting the topic 39 Misconduct 42 Methodology and material 44 Case study 1: motivation for selecting the research topic 57 Case study 2: where are the limits of ‘sufficient’? 58 Case study 3: do the methods determine the value of research? 59 Case study 4: credibility of the research community 60 Notes 61 vi Contents 3 Publishing 63 Identifying stakeholders 65 Understanding rights and responsibilities 66 Defining options 67 Writing 68 Forms of publication 73 Authorship 78 Peer review 80 Case study 1: where to publish? 82 Case study 2: limits of vague expressions 83 Case study 3: who should be an author? 84 Case study 4: an ideal conference 86 Notes 87 4 Supervising students 88 Identifying stakeholders 90 Understanding rights and responsibilities 93 Defining options 96 Selecting students 98 Conventions in supervision 103 Process of graduating 105 Case study 1: choice of doctoral student 108 Case study 2: choice of supervisor 110 Case study 3: rights and responsibilities in the supervisor relationship 111 Case study 4: disagreement with supervisor 112 Notes 112 5 Recruiting academic staff 113 Identifying stakeholders 115 Understanding rights and responsibilities 116 Types of positions 118 Selection criteria 120 Phases of recruitment 123 Case study 1: Capital University recruitment 126 Case study 2: recruiting a professor of mockology 127 Case study 3: potential as a criteria 128 Case study 4: tenure track positions 128 Note 129 Contents vii 6 Funding research 130 Identifying stakeholders 131 Understanding rights and responsibilities 133 Forms of research funding 136 Writing an application 140 Making a funding decision 143 Case study 1: should I apply or not? 149 Case study 2: exploring the limits of honesty 150 Case study 3: contract research case 151 Case study 4: conflict of interest 152 Notes 153 7 Assessing research and researchers 154 Identifying stakeholders 156 Understanding rights and responsibilities 157 Defining options 158 Methods 160 Financing formulas and rankings 163 Social impact 166 Case study 1: proposals for enhancing research 171 Case study 2: efficiency index of academic staff 172 Case study 3: faculty assessment 174 Case study 4: dealing with control 175 Notes 176 8 Interacting with society 178 Identifying stakeholders 181 Understanding rights and responsibilities 182 Defining options 186 The media 187 Citizens 191 Public sector 193 Case study 1: plenty of invitations 195 Case study 2: which questions are scientifically significant enough? 196 Case study 3: limits between scientific knowledge and people’s own experience? 196 Case study 4: science blog 198 Case study 5: gaining public interest 198 Notes 199 viii Contents 9 Managing research careers 201 Identifying stakeholders 203 Understanding rights and responsibilities 203 Defining options 205 Career 207 Employment 208 Case study 1: allocation of time 209 Case study 2: allocation of tasks within a department 211 Case study 3: big career decisions 211 10 Conclusion 213 Egocentricity 217 The power of personal experience 218 Anchoring 219 Understanding otherness 220 Routines 221 Conformism 222 Frequently asked questions 224 Notes 226 Index
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