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Applications of Electroactive Polymer in Electronics and Mechatronics International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 9, Issue 2, February-2018 ISSN 2229-5518 21 APPLICATIONS OF ELECTROACTIVE POLYMER IN ELECTRONICS AND MECHATRONICS Komal Powar, Prasad Vengurlekar Abstract - Electroactive polymer emerged in recent years with great potential to enabling unique mechanism. Mechatronics and electronics devices and system based on electroactive polymers are fast-growing area for research and development. Electroactive polymers are capable of changing size and shape with varying electric field. They possess unique properties such as high mechanical flexibility, low density, structural simplicity, no acoustic noise, low cost etc. Electroactive polymers are involved in various field of engineering including robotics, automation, energy harvesting, development of actuators and sensors, aviation technology. This paper represents introduction and overview of electroactive polymers in different areas of application. Key word: Electroactive polymer, actuator, sensor, aviation, artificial muscle, electronic EAP, ionic EAP 1 Introduction cases, lowcosts. Owing to their functional and structural properties, electromechanical transducers based on these materials are EAP materials have properties that make them usually refereed to as EAP artificial muscles very attractive for a wide variety of applications. As polymers, EAP materials are typically classified in two EAP materials can be easily formed in various major classes:ionic EAPs and electronic EAPs. shapes, their properties can be engineered, and The former are activated by an electrically they can potentially be integrated with sensors induced transport of ions and/or solvent, while to produce smart actuators the latter are activated by electrostatic forces. Ionic EAPs comprehend polymer gels, ionic A growing number of organizations are polymer metal composites, conducting exploring potential applications for EAP polymers, and carbon nanotubes. Electronic materials, and cooperation across many EAPs compre-hend piezoelectric polymers, disciplines is helpingIJSER to overcome the related electrostrictive polymers, dielectric challenges. The mechanisms and devices that elastomers, liquid crystal elastomers, and are being considered or developed are carbon nanotube aerogels. applicable to aerospace, automotive, medical, robotics, exoskeletons, articulation mechanisms, entertainment, animation, toys, clothing, haptic and tactile interfaces, noise 2 Classification control, transducers, power generators, and smart structures. 2.1 ELECTRIC EAP The activation mechanism of such polymers 2.1.1 Ferroelectric polymer include electric, chemical, pneumatic, optical, Ferroelectric materials are analogous to and magnetic. Electrical excitation is one of ferromagnets, where the application of an the most attractive stimulators that can electric field aligns polarized domains in the produce elastic deformation in polymers. The material. Permanent polarization convenience and the practicality of electrical exists even after the removal of the field, and stimulation and the continual improvement in the curie temperature in ferroelectric materials, capabilities make the EAP materialsEAPs similar to ferromagnetic materials, disrupts the show unique properties, such as sizable permanent polarization through thermal energy electrically driven active strains or stresses, [1]. Poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) high mechanical flexibility, low density, (P(VDF-TrFE)) is commonly used structural simplicity, ease of processing and ferroelectric polymer. Local dipoles are scalability, no acoustic noise and, in most created on the polymer backbone due to the IJSER © 2018 http://www.ijser.org International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 9, Issue 2, February-2018 ISSN 2229-5518 22 high electronegativity of fluorine atoms. constants and application of high electric fields Polarized domains are generated by these local leads to large forces and strains. To reach the dipoles aligning in an electric field. The required electric field levels, one needs to alignment is retained even after the removal of either use high voltage and/or employ thin electric field, and the reversible, films. Dielectric EAP actuators require large conformational changes produced by this electric fields (-100 V/prn) and can induce realignment are used for actuation [1]. significant levels of strain (10-200%). The polymers have a Young’s modulus of Overall, the associated voltages are close to nearly 1–10 GPa, which allows high the breakdown strength of the material, and a mechanical energy density to be obtained. Up safety factor that lowers the potential needs to to 2% electrostatic strains were obtained with be used[3] the application of a large electric field (~200 MV/m) which is nearly equal to the dielectric 2.1.3 Electrostrictive Graft Elastomers breakdown field of the material [2]. Up to a In 1998, a graft-elastomer EAP was developed 10% strain as observed in ferroelectric at NASA Langley Research Center exhibiting polymers during the transition from the a large electric field induced strain due to ferroelectric phase to the paraelectric phase. electrostriction [Su, et al, 1999]. This electrostrictive polymer consists of two 2.1.2 Dielectric EAP components, a flexible backbone Polymers with low elastic stiffness and macromolecule and a grafted polymer that can high dielectric constant can be used to induce form crystalline. The grafted crystalline polar large actuation strain by subjecting them to an phase provides moieties to response to an electrostatic field. This dielectric EAP, also applied electric field and cross-linking sites for known as electro-stat axially stricted polymer the elastomer system. This material offers high (ESSE’) actuators, can be represented by a electric field induced strain (-4%), high parallel plate capacitor . Figure 1 shows a electromechanical power and excellent silicone film that in a reference (top) and processability. Combination of the activated conditions. The right section of the electrostrictive-grafted elastomerwith a figure shows an EAP actuator that was made piezoelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride- using a silicone film that was scrolled to a trifluoroethylene) copolymer yields several shape of rope. The rope that is about 2-mn compositions of a ferroelectric-electrostrictive diameter and 3-cm long was demonstrated to molecular composite system. Such lift and drop aboutIJSER 17-gram rock using about combination can be operated both as 2.5-KV. piezoelectric sensor and as an electrostrictive actuator[4]. 2.1.4 Electro-Viscoelastic Elastomers Electro-viscoelastic elastomers represent a family of electroactive polymers that are composites of silicone elastomer and a polar phase. Before crosslinking, in the uncured state, they behave as electro-rheological fluids. An electric field is applied during curing to orient and fix the position of the polar phase in the elastomeric matrix. These materials then remain in the “solid” state but have a shear modulus (both real and imaginary parts) that changes with applied electric field (< 6 Vipm) [Shiga, 1997]. A stronger magneto-rheological Fig1 : silicon film effect can also be introduced in an analogous manner and as much as a 50% change in the The induced strain is proportional to the shear modulus can be induced. These materials electric field square, times the dielectric may be used as alternatives to constant in inversely proportional to the elastic electrosheological fluids for active damping modulus. Use of polymers with high dielectric applications[4]. IJSER © 2018 http://www.ijser.org International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 9, Issue 2, February-2018 ISSN 2229-5518 23 mobility of cations in the polymer network .The operation as actuators is the reverse process of the charge storage mechanism 2.1.5 Liquid Crystal Elastomer (LCE) associated with fuel cells. A relatively low Materials voltage is required to stimulate bending in Liquid crystal elastomers were pioneered at IPMC, where the base polymer provides Alber-Ludwigs Universitat (Freiburg, channels for mobility of positive ions in a Germany) . These materials can be used to fixed network of negative ions on form an EAP actuator that has piezoelectric interconnected clusters. Two types of base characteristics as well as electrically polymers are used to form IPMC: NafionB activatable by inducing Joule heating. LCE are (perfluorosulfonate made by DuPont) and composite materials that consist of FlemionR (perfluorocaboxylate, monodomain nematic liquid crystal elastomers made by Asahi Glass, Japan. Prior to using and conductive polymers that are distributed these base polymers as EAP, they were widely within their network structure . The actuation employed in fuel cells for production of mechanism of these materials involves phase hydrogen Generally, the ionic content of the transition between nematic and isotropic IPMC is an important factor in the phases oves a period of less than a second. The electromechanical response of these materials reverse process is slower, taking about 10- sec, Examining the bending response shows that and it requires cooling to cause expansion of using low voltage (1-10 Volts) induces a large the elastomer to its original length. The bending at frequencies below 1-Hz, and the mechanical properties of LCE materials can be displacement significantly decreases with the controlled and optimized by effective selection increase in frequency[3]. In recent years, the of the liquid
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