Electroactive Polymers for Sensing
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Worldwide Electroactive Polymers
WorldWide ElectroActive Polymers EAP (Artificial Muscles) Newsletter December 2000 WW-EAP Newsletter Vol. 2, No. 2 http://ndeaa.jpl.nasa.gov/nasa-nde/lommas/eap/EAP-web.htm FROM THE EDITOR development of niche applications that take advantage of the unique capabilities of EAPs. The Yoseph Bar-Cohen, JPL [email protected] following are the application categories are currently being considered: (a) Human-Machine Interfaces: The field of EAP is continuing to expand and the Haptic and tactile interfaces, Simulated textures and number of investigators and potential users that body orientation Indicators, Interfacing neuron to are joining this effort is steadily growing. A electronic devices, Active tactile display for the reflection of this growth has been seen in the blind and artificial nose; (b) Planetary Applications; number of abstracts that were submitted to the (c) Controlled Weaving: Garments, clothing and anti upcoming SPIE EAPAD 2001 Conference. While G-Suit; (d) Biologically -Inspired Robotics, Toys and in the first two years about 50 abstracts were Animatronics; (e) Medical Applications: EAP for submitted, for the upcoming conference over 70 biological muscle augmentation or replacement, abstracts were submitted. The topics of research Miniature in-vivo EAP robots for diagnostics and that would be presented are covering a broad microsurgery, Catheter steering mechanism, Tissues range of topics spanning from analytical modeling growth engineering, and active Bandage (f) Liquid to application considerations. and gas flow control and pumping; (g) Noise reduction; (h) Electromechanical polymer sensors In an effort to simplify the terminologies that are and transducers; and (i) Micro-electro-mechanical related to EAP materials, the Editor sought terms systems (MEMS) for grouping these materials. -
Ferroelectric Polymer Networks with High Energy Density and Improved Discharged Efficiency for Dielectric Energy Storage
ARTICLE Received 12 Aug 2013 | Accepted 29 Oct 2013 | Published 26 Nov 2013 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3845 Ferroelectric polymer networks with high energy density and improved discharged efficiency for dielectric energy storage Paisan Khanchaitit1,w, Kuo Han1, Matthew R. Gadinski1,QiLi1 & Qing Wang1 Ferroelectric polymers are being actively explored as dielectric materials for electrical energy storage applications. However, their high dielectric constants and outstanding energy densities are accompanied by large dielectric loss due to ferroelectric hysteresis and electrical conduction, resulting in poor charge–discharge efficiencies under high electric fields. To address this long-standing problem, here we report the ferroelectric polymer networks exhibiting significantly reduced dielectric loss, superior polarization and greatly improved breakdown strength and reliability, while maintaining their fast discharge capability at a rate of microseconds. These concurrent improvements lead to unprecedented charge–discharge efficiencies and large values of the discharged energy density and also enable the operation of the ferroelectric polymers at elevated temperatures, which clearly outperforms the melt-extruded ferroelectric polymer films that represents the state of the art in dielectric polymers. The simplicity and scalability of the described method further suggest their potential for high energy density capacitors. 1 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA. w Present address: National Science and Technology Development Agency, National Nanotechnology Center, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand. Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to Q.W. (email: [email protected]). NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | 4:2845 | DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3845 | www.nature.com/naturecommunications 1 & 2013 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved. -
Kinetics of Ion Transport in Conducting Polymers
Kinetics of Ion Transport in Conducting Polymers Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Vinithra Venugopal, B.E., M.S. Graduate Program in Mechanical Engineering The Ohio State University 2016 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Vishnu Baba Sundaresan, Advisor Dr. Carlos Castro Dr. Jose Otero Dr. Jonathan Song Dr. Vishwanath Subramaniam c Copyright by Vinithra Venugopal 2016 Abstract Conducting polymers (CPs) exhibit coupling between electrochemical and me- chanical domains, namely, reversible ion exchange with an electrolyte under an ap- plied electrical voltage causes volumetric changes in the polymer matrix. The goal of this dissertation is to develop precise quantification techniques to assess the kinetics of ion transport in CPs. These techniques are based on the mechanics of ion storage in polypyrrole doped with dodecylbenzene sulfonate (PPy(DBS)). In this work, it is postulated that CP response is dictated by the driving force for ion ingress and the accessible ion storage sites in the polymer. Two mechanis- tic models are founded on this premise: (1) A mathematical constitutive model is derived from the first law of thermodynamics to describe the chemomechanically cou- pled, structure dependent, input-output relationship in PPy(DBS). The uniqueness of this model is that mechanical expansion of the polymer is predicted without the incorporation of empirical coefficients. (2) A kinetic model is proposed to describe the current and charge response of PPy(DBS) to a step voltage input. The transfer- function based approach used to validate this model offers advantages over traditional lumped parameter models by quantifying the effect of polymer mass and morphology on the magnitude and rate of ion ingress. -
Electroactive Polymers Joana Costa
Corso “Materiali intelligenti e biomimetici” Electroactive Polymers Joana Costa 18 – 05 – 18 [email protected] 1 Electroactive Polymers General applications of EAP’s Ionic vs Electronic EAP’s Ionic EPS’s OUTLINE Electronic EAP’s Braille display from the University of Tokyo DEA’s Requirements Examples Case of study: a bioreactor for mechanical stimulation of cells 2 External stimulus Electroactive polymers Property(ies) change 3 Electrical stimulus Electroactive polymers EAP Mechanical response 4 Input voltage, V Electrical stimulus Electroactive EAP polymers Mechanical response Output strain, ε 5 Why use them? Electrical stimulus EAP Mechanical response SOFT ACTUATORS 6 Why use them? Electrical stimulus SENSORS AND ENERGY HARVERSTERS EAP Mechanical response SOFT ACTUATORS 7 Why use them? Electrical stimulus SENSORS AND efficient energy output ENERGY HARVERSTERS high strains high mechanical compliance EAP shock resistance low mass density no acoustic noise ease of processing Mechanical high scalability response low cost SOFT ACTUATORS ARTIFICIAL MUSCLES 8 compliant and light weight drive mechanisms GENERAL APPLICATIONS 1 intrinsically safe robots, anthropomorphic robots and humanoids locomotion systems (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Qxvyw5tUko) bioinspired and biomimetic systems (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y4Q16LBXC9c) robotic hands/arms/legs/wings/fins grippers and manipulators (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DzX7BHYTTCE) haptic devices and tactile displays (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dWsVDKNOyY4) 9 variable stiffness devices and linkages and active vibration GENERAL dampers APPLICATIONS 2 minimally invasive interventional/diagnostic medical tools controlled drug delivery devices fluidic valves and pumps tuneable optical and acoustic systems (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5K5KSDL1gXE) systems to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy for mechanosensing and motion energy harvesting. -
Electroactive Polymers in Space: Design Considerations and Possible Applications
In Proceedings of the 9th ESA Workshop on Advanced Space Technologies for Robotics and Automation 'ASTRA 2006' ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, November 28-30, 2006 Electroactive Polymers in Space: Design Considerations and Possible Applications Maarja Kruusmaa(1), Paolo Fiorini(2) (1)Intelligent Materials and Systems Laboratory Tartu University Institute of Technology Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia Email: [email protected] (2)Department of Computer Science, University of Verona Ca' Vignal 2 - Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT This paper gives an overview of the technology of Electroactive Polymer (EAP) materials. We focus specifically on ionic conductive polymer materials (IPMC) as a rapidly maturing technology with first commercial applications available, which have also been considered for space applications for almost a decade. We briefly describe their properties and their working principle. Next, we describe IPMC materials working as sensors and actuators and their potential of use in biomimetic devices. In the following we briefly discuss the challenges of IPMC sensor and actuator control. Finally, we envision some possible applications of these materials to space systems. INTRODUCTION The robotic applications developed and exploited so far use almost exclusively electromechanical actuators. The technology of electromechanical devices is very well established, and has thorough theoretical background, control methods and reliable applications demonstrated during several decades. This technology has obviously reached its maturity and therefore its limits have also become visible. Devices using this technology need rigid links to connect the rotating joints, gears and bearings and they are therefore unavoidably complex, rigid and noisy. At the current state of development it is hard to reduce the size and energy consumption of these devices. -
Worldwide Electroactive Polymers
WW-EAP Newsletter, Vol. 7, No. 1, June 2005 WorldWide ElectroActive Polymers EAP (Artificial Muscles) Newsletter June 2005 WW-EAP Newsletter Vol. 7, No.1 http://eap.jpl.nasa.gov 1st Wrestling Match between Human and EAP Actuated Robotic Arms was Held on March 7, 2005 in San Diego, CA flight and its advances to the level of today, the FROM THE EDITOR editor is hoping to see a similar success in making Yoseph Bar-Cohen, [email protected] EAP benefit every human being in one way or another. Further information about the competition On March 7, 2005, a major milestone was is available on http://ndeaa.jpl.nasa.gov/nasa- accomplished in the field of EAP – we held the first nde/lommas/eap/EAP-armwrestling.htm Armwrestling Match of EAP Robotic Arm against Human (AMERAH). The competition was hosted by SPIE during the EAP-in-Action Session of the EAPAD Conf., at the Town & Country Resort, San Diego, CA. Three organizations participated in this competition bringing their EAP actuated arms that were driven by different mechanisms. The participating organizations included: Environmental Robots Incorporated (ERI), Albuquerque, NM; EMPA, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Dubendorf, Switzerland; and students from Virginia Tech. Even though all three arms lost against the student, Panna Felsen, the ERI arm was able to hold for 26-second. This is a major accomplishment for the field and in order to get a prospective of the importance of this milestone one FIGURE 1: Panna Felsen, 17-year old student from may want to remember that the first flight lasted 12- San Diego, CA, wrestling with the EAP driven arm seconds. -
Modelling of an Ionic Electroactive Polymer by the Thermodynamics of Linear Irreversible Processes Mireille Tixier, Joël Pouget
Modelling of an Ionic Electroactive Polymer by the Thermodynamics of Linear Irreversible Processes Mireille Tixier, Joël Pouget To cite this version: Mireille Tixier, Joël Pouget. Modelling of an Ionic Electroactive Polymer by the Thermodynamics of Linear Irreversible Processes. H. Altenbach, J. Pouget, M. Rousseau, B. Collet, T. Michelitsch. Generalized Models and Non Classical Mechanical Approaches in Complex Materials 1, 1, Springer- Verlag, Chapitre 39, 2018, Generalized Models and Non Classical Mechanical Approaches in Complex Materials. hal-03106340 HAL Id: hal-03106340 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03106340 Submitted on 11 Jan 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial - NoDerivatives| 4.0 International License Modelling of an Ionic Electroactive Polymer by the Thermodynamics of Linear Irreversible Processes M. Tixier and J. Pouget Abstract Ionic polymer-metal composites consist in a thin film of electro-active polymers (Nafion for example) sandwiched between two metallic electrodes. They can be used as sensors or actuators. The polymer is saturated with water, which causes a complete dissociation and the release of small cations. The strip undergoes large bending motions when it is submitted to an orthogonal electric field and vice versa. -
PVDF and Its Copolymers Page 1 of 5
PVDF and its Copolymers page 1 of 5 Properties of PVDF and its copolymers. PVDF is a semicrystalline polymer consisting of ferroelectric lamellar crystallites embedded in an amorphous dipolar matrix. Bulk PVDF is a mixture of crystalline and noncrystalline regions with a crystallinity of 50%. Its ferroelectricity was first proven by Furukawa et al. by demonstrating a hysteresis loop in the electric field dependence of the dielectric displacement, D(E). 1 The chemical structure of PVDF contains the repeat unit of doubly fluorinated ethane CH2-CF2. Each unit exhibits a dipole moment of 7×10-30 Cm associated with positively charged H-atoms opposing the negatively charged F-atoms. Since such dipoles are rigidly attached to main-chain carbons, their orientation is directly controlled by the conformation and packing of molecules. PVDF forms four polymorph crystalline phases that are defined by the conformation of the polymer chains and their steric order (crystalline structure). The most common crystalline phase is the α-phase made up of zigzag chains composed of carbon atoms aligned in the c-axis. This varying alignment of carbon atoms is expressed by the trans-gauche conformation (TGTG’, Figure 1). PVDF molecules in trans-gauche conformation have an antiparallel packing motif (see Figure 1) in order to relax the interactions of fluorine atoms in neighbouring chains, thus resulting in a non-polar semi-crystalline material. In the all-trans conformation (TTTT) the carbon chains are aligned in a more straight fashion (zigzag) as compared to the configuration of the α-phase. Here the CH2-CF2 dipoles are strictly oriented perpendicular to the chain axis (carbon nackbone). -
Polarization Dynamics in Ferroelectric Thin Films
MAX-PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR POLYMER RESEARCH JOHANNES GUTENBERG UNIVERSITY MAINZ DISSERTATION Polarization Dynamics in Ferroelectric Thin Films Written by Dong Zhao Supervised by Prof. Dr. Paul Blom (Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research) Prof. Dr. Hans-Joachim Elmers (Institute of Physics, Johannes Guttenberg University Mainz) Declaration of Authorship I declare that I have written the enclosed PhD thesis by myself, and have not used sources or means without declaration in the text. Any thoughts from others or literal quotations are clearly marked. Signed: _______________________ Date: _________________________ Contents 1. Introduction 1.1. Fundamentals of ferroelectricity …………………………………………………….2 1.2. PVDF-based polymer ferroelectric thin films ……..………………………………..4 1.3. Motivation of the thesis ..…...…………………………………………………………..7 1.4. Outline of the thesis ......……………………………………………………………...11 2. Theory of polarization switching 2.1. Intrinsic and extrinsic switching ………………………………………………….14 2.2. Landau-Ginzburg-Devonshire theory ..…………………………………………….15 2.3. Monte-Carlo simulation ....………………………………………………………..18 2.4. Effects of disordered pinning sites ...…………………………………………….19 2.5. Summary ...………………………………………………………………………….23 3. Device fabrication and characterization 3.1. Spin-coated P(VDF-TrFE) thin films .....……………………………….……………25 3.2. Electrical measurements .....………………………………………………………….25 3.3. Piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) ……………….…………………………30 4. Switching dynamics in disordered ferroelectric thin films 4.1. Kolmogorov-Avrami-Ishibashi (KAI) -
Dielectric Elastomers for Energy Harvesting
Heriot-Watt University Research Gateway Dielectric Elastomers for Energy Harvesting Citation for published version: Thomson, G, Yurchenko, D & Val, DV 2018, Dielectric Elastomers for Energy Harvesting. in R Manyala (ed.), Energy Harvesting. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.74136 Digital Object Identifier (DOI): 10.5772/intechopen.74136 Link: Link to publication record in Heriot-Watt Research Portal Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Published In: Energy Harvesting Publisher Rights Statement: © 2018 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via Heriot-Watt Research Portal is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy Heriot-Watt University has made every reasonable effort to ensure that the content in Heriot-Watt Research Portal complies with UK legislation. If you believe that the public display of this file breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 26. Sep. 2021 DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.74136 ProvisionalChapter chapter 4 Dielectric Elastomers forfor EnergyEnergy HarvestingHarvesting Gordon Thomson, Daniil YurchenkoYurchenko andand Dimitri V. Val Additional information isis available atat thethe endend ofof thethe chapterchapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.74136 Abstract Dielectric elastomers are a type of electroactive polymers that can be conveniently used as sensors, actuators or energy harvesters and the latter is the focus of this review. -
Electroactive Polymers
Electroactive polymers Three main kinds of materials metals, plastics and ceramics. w.wang 198 Preface I am inclined to think that the development of polymerization is, perhaps, the biggest thing chemistry has done, where it has had the biggest effect on everyday life. The world would be a totally different place without artificial fibers, plastics, elastomers etc. Even in the field of electronics, what would you do without insulation? And there you come back to polymers again.--- Lord Todd, president of the Royal Society of London, quoted in Chem. Eng. News 58 (40), 29 (1980), in answer to the question, What do you think has being chemistry’s biggest contribution to science, to society? From clothing to the artificial heart, polymers touch our lives as do no other class of materials, with no end in sight for new uses and improved products. w.wang 199 Polymer Macromolecule Out line of the science of large molecules Polymers Biological materials Plant fiber, starch saccharin etc. Plastics fibers, elastomers Nonbiological materials Rubber, wool, cellulose, silk and leather etc. w.wang 200 Some linear high polymer, their monomers, and their repeat units Polymer Monomer Repeat Unit CH2 CH2 CH2CH2 CH CHCl • Polyethylene CH2 CHCl 2 • Poly(vinyl chloride) CH3 CH3 CH2 C CH2 C CH CH • Polyisobutylene 3 3 CH2 CH CH2 CH • Polystyrene H N(CH2)5C OH N(CH2)5C • Polycaprolactam (6- H H nylon) O O CH CH 2 CH2 CH2 CH2CH CH2 CH2 • Polyisoprene (natural CH3 CH3 rubber) w.wang 201 Polymerization • Step-reaction (Condensation) polymerization • Radical chain -
Alan J. Heeger Papers
http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8g44nrg No online items Guide to the Alan J. Heeger Papers Preliminary guide by A. Demeter, May 1, 2008; latest revision Aug. 19, 2010. Department of Special Collections Davidson Library University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara, CA 93106 Phone: (805) 893-3062 Fax: (805) 893-5749 Email: [email protected] URL: http://www.library.ucsb.edu/special-collections/ © 2012 The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. Guide to the Alan J. Heeger UArch FacP 39 1 Papers Alan J. Heeger Papers, ca. 1952-2003 [bulk dates 1980-2000] Collection number: UArch FacP 39 Department of Special Collections Davidson Library University of California, Santa Barbara Processed by: A. Demeter Date Completed: May 1, 2008 Latest revision: Aug. 19, 2010 Encoded by: A. Demeter © 2012 The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. Descriptive Summary Title: Alan J. Heeger Papers Dates: ca. 1952-2003 Bulk Dates: 1980-2000 Collection number: UArch FacP 39 Creator: Heeger, Alan J. Collection Size: 23.4 linear feet (58 document boxes and 1 half-sized document box). Repository: University of California, Santa Barbara. Library. Dept. of Special Collections Santa Barbara, CA 93106 Abstract: The Alan J. Heeger papers contain a large number of drafts, manuscripts, and correspondence relating to journal articles, conference papers, and patent applications, including files on his Nobel Prize-winning work. Also included are some materials from Heeger's college days and his work as an instructor at UCSB. Physical location: Del Sur, University Archives, 29B. Languages: English Access Restrictions None.