How Do Yaghnobi People Live? a Report from the Remote Area of Tajikistan

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

How Do Yaghnobi People Live? a Report from the Remote Area of Tajikistan How Do Yaghnobi People Live? A Report from the Remote Area of Tajikistan There is no hospital in the Yaghnob Valley, and the elementary school is only up to the fourth grade. In October, the roads already are covered with snow and communication with the “big land” is lost for six months. The Yaghnobi people live here. They have preserved the ancient Iranian language, a direct descendant of Sogdian. Follow us on Facebook In the morning, after waking up in the Piskon village of the Yaghnob Valley, we headed to the bank of the river, which flows at a little distance from the village. Suddenly, we heard a mother calling her son. “Hey, Sughdmehr (translated as “Sun of Sughd- Ed.), where are you, it is too late already, take your cattle to pasture!” The boy, about ten or twelve years old, stuck his head out from the wall and answered his mother: “In a moment…” We washed our face with cold mountain water and returned home. On the way back, we met Sughdmehr, who drove several cows and sheep with a stick to the pasture. How Do Yaghnobi People Live? A Report from the Remote Area of Tajikistan There are only schools up to the fourth grade in the Yaghnob Valley. Photo: CABAR.asia On our way, we met the mother of the child who was walking to bring some water. “Auntie, will your son not be late for school?” asked one of us. “He has already graduated from school, he has nothing else to do,” the mother replied. “He is a child still, how could he graduate from school?” “Apparently, you are not locals and do not know that in our and in the neighboring villages, there are only schools up to the fourth grade.” The child’s grandfather, 84-year-old Inoyatullo Atovulloev, who hosted us, said that this problem worried all the villagers. How Do Yaghnobi People Live? A Report from the Remote Area of Tajikistan “There are only seven villages in this valley, but just one school that has modern teaching equipment. Other schools have no conditions; lessons are taught at home. During Soviet times, kids studied for 10 years at schools of the Yaghnob Valley,” said boboi (grandfather) Inoyatullo. According to him, today, those who have opportunities to do so, take their children after the fourth grade to the places where there are secondary schools. “However, most Yaghnobi residents do not have such opportunities,” says Atovulloev. The high school absence is not the only problem of the Yaghnob Valley. “We do have any modern medical units, not speaking about hospitals. We do not know where to take sick people, especially pregnant women. It gets even harder during the winter,” Atovulloev complained. Nature of the Yaghnob Valley. Photo: CABAR.asia How Do Yaghnobi People Live? A Report from the Remote Area of Tajikistan Atovulloev’s grandson has been sick for two months now, and relatives cannot take the child for treatment due to impassable road. “It seems that time is frozen in the Yaghnob Valley,” added the 84-year-old man. Inoyatullo Atovulloev with his wife, children and grandchildren lives in the Piskon village of the Yaghnob Valley. In 1970, his family, along with other residents of the valley, was taken to the Zafarobod district by decision of the government of the Tajik SSR. However, there were no conditions for the settlers in the district, and the devotion to the birthplace prevailed. In 1978, Atovulloev secretly returned to the village of his ancestors. Today, seven more families live along with him in this village. Winter Isolation Lasts Six Months The village where Inoyatullo lives is located at an altitude of 2500 meters above sea level. The road from the Ayni district center to the Piskon village is approximately 150 kilometers long. There are no guarantees that the car can get to the doors of Inoyatullo’s house, since the roads and bridges leading here are obsolete. How Do Yaghnobi People Live? A Report from the Remote Area of Tajikistan The roads to the Yaghnob Valley are blocked already in October. Photo: CABAR.asia Therefore, family members bring home food supplies for the winter on foot or on a donkey once or twice a year. Already in October, it snows in the valley and avalanches occur: the roads are blocked; no one can go anywhere and only reserved supplies help to live until May of the next year. There are no shops or shopping centers in this valley. The only store is in the Anzob village, but the road on foot or on horseback is 50-60 kilometers long. Residents of the valley store supplies of flour, butter, sugar and rice. Other locally produced products are mainly dairy and meat. In recent years, Yaghnobi people have mainly been living off livestock and farming. According to Atovulloev, wheat was sown here earlier. The grain was ground in a watermill that still exists. Recently, residents have shifted to growing potatoes. Mountains as a Natural Fortress How Do Yaghnobi People Live? A Report from the Remote Area of Tajikistan The Yaghnob Valley lies between 2,500 and 3,000 meters above sea level; there are mountain rivers, springs, underground minerals and astonishing nature. Tajik philologist Saifiddin Mirzozoda has published several books that are devoted to the language and culture of this people, in particular, “Yaghnob language” and “Yaghnob-Tajik dictionary”. According to him, the Yaghnobi people are “descendants of the most ancient Sogdian civilization”; they arrived to these places fleeing the Arab conquerors. “Unreachable and impassable for the enemies mountains saved a small group of Sogdians from misfortunes and misery,” Mirzozoda writes. Another Yaghnobi scholar, candidate of philological sciences Bahriddin Alizoda says that mainly legends about the resettlement of Yaghnobis to these places live on; certain scientific sources are missing. However, Alizoda refers to a research conducted at the Center for the Study of the Yaghnobi How Do Yaghnobi People Live? A Report from the Remote Area of Tajikistan Language, which operated at the Institute of Language and Literature of the Tajik Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tajikistan. This research states that when the Panjakent ruler Divashtich was defeated in the battle with the Arabs, he sent all those who could not fight, the elderly and children to the upper reaches of Zeravshan (currently Ayni, Kuhistoni Mastchoh districts and Yaghnob Valley). That is, in 722-723, these people fled from the Arab conquerors to these inaccessible places. “Another popular legend says that when Devashtich took refuge in Qalai Mug, he sent his people to three regions: Falgar (currently Ayni district), Kuhistoni Mastchoh district and Yaghnob, and they began to live there permanently. This version seems to be true, since the first settlements in Yaghnob appeared 1300 years ago, which coincides with the Arab invasion,” Alizoda added. Map of Yaghnob Valley villages, including abandoned. Created for CABAR.asia based on Saifiddin Mirzozoda’s data Before the resettlement in the 60s of the last century, there were 32 villages in Yaghnob, How Do Yaghnobi People Live? A Report from the Remote Area of Tajikistan where about four thousand people lived. Now, according to Mirzozoda, there are no official data on the Yaghnobi population. However, according to Mirzozoda’s research, 18 Yaghnob villages now are more or less maintained, there are about 65 families with a total number of about 400 people. 8 to 10 families live in each village. Other villages look abandoned, and roads and paths to them have become impassable. The villages are located in two areas, the distance from the first area Khishortob to the last area Kiryonti is almost 100 kilometers. Bahriddin Alizoda specified that he also took part in this research. He and Mirzozoda, as employees of the Center for the Study of the Yaghnobi Language, made the lists of residents of Yaghnobi villages. Violent Uprooting During Soviet Times According to the Yaghnobi scholar Saifiddin Mirzozoda, in March 1970, the valley residents were forcibly relocated to Zafarobod district on helicopters. In total, 3194 Yaghnob residents were resettled to a new place. He documented it in the book “The Yaghnobi Language” and referenced the list of settlers from the Yaghnob, which is archived in the Main Archival Directorate under the Government of Tajikistan. According to his data, some Yaghnobis followed the instructions of the leaders of districts, regions and republic of that time and resettled their families beforehand to Dushanbe, Hisor and Varzob districts. In the aforementioned book, he noted that administration of Aini district stated poor living conditions in the valley to be the reason for resettlement. However, Inoyatullo Atovulloev himself believes that they were resettled as a labor f0rce for cotton fields, and the authorities were going to turn their valley into a pasture. Atovulloev said that after the resettlement, many highlanders died, having failed to adapt to the new hot climate. Yaghnobi scholar Bahriddin Alizoda also believes that back in those years, a manpower was required to develop the Zafarabad district. He also confirmed the mass death among immigrants who failed to adapt to the new climate. Alizoda believes that the resettlement had both positive and negative sides. How Do Yaghnobi People Live? A Report from the Remote Area of Tajikistan “From a social point of view, it was positive, but from the point of view of protecting the language and culture – it was negative,” he said. In 1978, according to Atovulloev, part of the Yaghnobians secretly returned to the lands of their ancestors using mountain paths. 84-year-old Inoyatullo Atovulloev claims that two representatives went to Moscow on behalf of Yaghnob residents to clarify the situation to the Soviet authorities.
Recommended publications
  • Tajiki Some Useful Phrases in Tajiki Five Reasons Why You Should Ассалому Алейкум
    TAJIKI SOME USEFUL PHRASES IN TAJIKI FIVE REASONS WHY YOU SHOULD ассалому алейкум. LEARN MORE ABOUT TAJIKIS AND [ˌasːaˈlɔmu aˈlɛɪkum] /asah-lomu ah-lay-koom./ THEIR LANGUAGE Hello! 1. Tajiki is spoken as a first or second language by over 8 million people worldwide, but the Hоми шумо? highest population of speakers is located in [ˈnɔmi ʃuˈmɔ] Tajikistan, with significant populations in other /No-mee shoo-moh?/ Central Eurasian countries such as Afghanistan, What is your name? Uzbekistan, and Russia. Номи ман… 2. Tajiki is a member of the Western Iranian branch [ˈnɔmi man …] of the Indo-Iranian languages, and shares many structural similarities to other Persian languages /No-mee man.../ such as Dari and Farsi. My name is… 3. Few people in America can speak or use the Tajiki Шумо чи xeл? Нағз, рахмат. version of Persian. Given the different script and [ʃuˈmɔ ʧi χɛl naʁz ɾaχˈmat] dialectal differences, simply knowing Farsi is not /shoo-moh-chee-khel? Naghz, rah-mat./ enough to fully understand Tajiki. Those who How are you? I’m fine, thank you. study Tajiki can find careers in a variety of fields including translation and interpreting, consulting, Aз вохуриамон шод ҳастам. and foreign service and intelligence. NGOs [az vɔχuˈɾiamɔn ʃɔd χaˈstam] and other enterprises that deal with Tajikistan /Az vo-khu-ri-amon shod has-tam./ desperately need specialists who speak Tajiki. Nice to meet you. 4. The Pamir Mountains which have an elevation Лутфан. / Рахмат. of 23,000 feet are known locally as the “Roof of [lutˈfan] / [ɾaχˈmat] the World”. Mountains make up more than 90 /Loot-fan./ /Rah-mat./ percent of Tajikistan’s territory.
    [Show full text]
  • Land Und Leute 22
    Vorwort 11 Herausragende Sehenswürdigkeiten 12 Das Wichtigste in Kurze 14 Entfernungstabelle 20 Zeichenlegende 20 LAND UND LEUTE 22 Tadschikistan im Überblick 24 Landschaft und Natur 25 Gewässer und Gletscher 27 Klima und Reisezeit 28 Flora 29 Fauna 32 Umweltprobleme 37 Geschichte 42 Die Anfänge 42 Vom griechisch-baktrischen Reich bis zur Kushan-Dynastie 47 Eroberung durch die Araber und das Somonidenreich 49 Türken, Mongolen und das Emirat von Buchara 49 Russischer Einfluss und >Great Game< 50 Sowjetische Zeit 50 Unabhängigkeit und Burgerkrieg 52 Endlich Frieden 53 Tadschikistan im 21. Jahrhundert 57 Regierung 57 Wirtschaftslage 58 Kritik und Opposition 58 Tourismus 60 Politisches System in Theorie und Praxis 61 Administrative Gliederung 63 Wirtschaft 65 Bevölkerung und Kultur 69 Religionen und Minderheiten 71 Städtebau und Architektur 74 Volkskunst 77 Sprache 79 Literatur 80 Musik 85 Brauche 89 http://d-nb.info/1071383132 Feste 91 Heilige Statten 94 Die tadschikische Küche 95 ZENTRALTADSCHIKISTAN 102 Duschanbe 104 Geschichte 104 Spaziergang am Rudaki-Prospekt 110 Markt und Mahalla 114 Parks am Varzob-Fluss 115 Museen 119 Denkmaler 122 Duschanbe live 128 Duschanbe-Informationen 131 Die Umgebung von Duschanbe 145 Festung Hisor 145 Varzob-Schlucht 148 Romit-Tal 152 Tal des Karatog 153 Wasserkraftwerk Norak 154 Das Rasht-Tal 156 Ob-i Garm 158 Gharm 159 Jirgatol 159 Reiseveranstalter in Zentral­ tadschikistan 161 DER PAMIR 162 Das Dach der Welt 164 Ein geografisches Kurzportrait 167 Die Bewohner des Pamirs 170 Sprache und Religion 186 Reisen
    [Show full text]
  • The University of Chicago Old Elites Under Communism: Soviet Rule in Leninobod a Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Di
    THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO OLD ELITES UNDER COMMUNISM: SOVIET RULE IN LENINOBOD A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE DIVISION OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY BY FLORA J. ROBERTS CHICAGO, ILLINOIS JUNE 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures .................................................................................................................... iii List of Tables ...................................................................................................................... v Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ vi A Note on Transliteration .................................................................................................. ix Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter One. Noble Allies of the Revolution: Classroom to Battleground (1916-1922) . 43 Chapter Two. Class Warfare: the Old Boi Network Challenged (1925-1930) ............... 105 Chapter Three. The Culture of Cotton Farms (1930s-1960s) ......................................... 170 Chapter Four. Purging the Elite: Politics and Lineage (1933-38) .................................. 224 Chapter Five. City on Paper: Writing Tajik in Stalinobod (1930-38) ............................ 282 Chapter Six. Islam and the Asilzodagon: Wartime and Postwar Leninobod .................. 352 Chapter Seven. The
    [Show full text]
  • Federal Research Division Country Profile: Tajikistan, January 2007
    Library of Congress – Federal Research Division Country Profile: Tajikistan, January 2007 COUNTRY PROFILE: TAJIKISTAN January 2007 COUNTRY Formal Name: Republic of Tajikistan (Jumhurii Tojikiston). Short Form: Tajikistan. Term for Citizen(s): Tajikistani(s). Capital: Dushanbe. Other Major Cities: Istravshan, Khujand, Kulob, and Qurghonteppa. Independence: The official date of independence is September 9, 1991, the date on which Tajikistan withdrew from the Soviet Union. Public Holidays: New Year’s Day (January 1), International Women’s Day (March 8), Navruz (Persian New Year, March 20, 21, or 22), International Labor Day (May 1), Victory Day (May 9), Independence Day (September 9), Constitution Day (November 6), and National Reconciliation Day (November 9). Flag: The flag features three horizontal stripes: a wide middle white stripe with narrower red (top) and green stripes. Centered in the white stripe is a golden crown topped by seven gold, five-pointed stars. The red is taken from the flag of the Soviet Union; the green represents agriculture and the white, cotton. The crown and stars represent the Click to Enlarge Image country’s sovereignty and the friendship of nationalities. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Early History: Iranian peoples such as the Soghdians and the Bactrians are the ethnic forbears of the modern Tajiks. They have inhabited parts of Central Asia for at least 2,500 years, assimilating with Turkic and Mongol groups. Between the sixth and fourth centuries B.C., present-day Tajikistan was part of the Persian Achaemenian Empire, which was conquered by Alexander the Great in the fourth century B.C. After that conquest, Tajikistan was part of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, a successor state to Alexander’s empire.
    [Show full text]
  • The Republic of Tajikistan Ministry of Energy and Industry
    The Republic of Tajikistan Ministry of Energy and Industry DATA COLLECTION SURVEY ON THE INSTALLMENT OF SMALL HYDROPOWER STATIONS FOR THE COMMUNITIES OF KHATLON OBLAST IN THE REPUBLIC OF TAJIKISTAN FINAL REPORT September 2012 Japan International Cooperation Agency NEWJEC Inc. E C C CR (1) 12-005 Final Report Contents, List of Figures, Abbreviations Data Collection Survey on the Installment of Small Hydropower Stations for the Communities of Khatlon Oblast in the Republic of Tajikistan FINAL REPORT Table of Contents Summary Chapter 1 Preface 1.1 Objectives and Scope of the Study .................................................................................. 1 - 1 1.2 Arrangement of Small Hydropower Potential Sites ......................................................... 1 - 2 1.3 Flowchart of the Study Implementation ........................................................................... 1 - 7 Chapter 2 Overview of Energy Situation in Tajikistan 2.1 Economic Activities and Electricity ................................................................................ 2 - 1 2.1.1 Social and Economic situation in Tajikistan ....................................................... 2 - 1 2.1.2 Energy and Electricity ......................................................................................... 2 - 2 2.1.3 Current Situation and Planning for Power Development .................................... 2 - 9 2.2 Natural Condition ............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • TAJIKISTAN TAJIKISTAN Country – Livestock
    APPENDIX 15 TAJIKISTAN 870 км TAJIKISTAN 414 км Sangimurod Murvatulloev 1161 км Dushanbe,Tajikistan / [email protected] Tel: (992 93) 570 07 11 Regional meeting on Foot-and-Mouth Disease to develop a long term regional control strategy (Regional Roadmap for West Eurasia) 1206 км Shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran 3 651 . 9 - 13 November 2008 Общая протяженность границы км Regional meeting on Foot-and-Mouth Disease to develop a long term Regional control strategy (Regional Roadmap for West Eurasia) TAJIKISTAN Country – Livestock - 2007 Territory - 143.000 square km Cities Dushanbe – 600.000 Small Population – 7 mln. Khujand – 370.000 Capital – Dushanbe Province Cattle Dairy Cattle ruminants Yak Kurgantube – 260.000 Official language - tajiki Kulob – 150.000 Total in Ethnic groups Tajik – 75% Tajikistan 1422614 756615 3172611 15131 Uzbek – 20% Russian – 3% Others – 2% GBAO 93619 33069 267112 14261 Sughd 388486 210970 980853 586 Khatlon 573472 314592 1247475 0 DRD 367037 197984 677171 0 Regional meeting on Foot-and-Mouth Disease to develop a long term Regional control strategy Regional meeting on Foot-and-Mouth Disease to develop a long term Regional control strategy (Regional Roadmap for West Eurasia) (Regional Roadmap for West Eurasia) Country – Livestock - 2007 Current FMD Situation and Trends Density of sheep and goats Prevalence of FM D population in Tajikistan Quantity of beans Mastchoh Asht 12827 - 21928 12 - 30 Ghafurov 21929 - 35698 31 - 46 Spitamen Zafarobod Konibodom 35699 - 54647 Spitamen Isfara M astchoh A sht 47
    [Show full text]
  • The World Bank the STATE STATISTICAL COMMITTEE of the REPUBLIC of TAJIKISTAN Foreword
    The World Bank THE STATE STATISTICAL COMMITTEE OF THE REPUBLIC OF TAJIKISTAN Foreword This atlas is the culmination of a significant effort to deliver a snapshot of the socio-economic situation in Tajikistan at the time of the 2000 Census. The atlas arose out of a need to gain a better understanding among Government Agencies and NGOs about the spatial distribution of poverty, through its many indicators, and also to provide this information at a lower level of geographical disaggregation than was previously available, that is, the Jamoat. Poverty is multi-dimensional and as such the atlas includes information on a range of different indicators of the well- being of the population, including education, health, economic activity and the environment. A unique feature of the atlas is the inclusion of estimates of material poverty at the Jamoat level. The derivation of these estimates involves combining the detailed information on household expenditures available from the 2003 Tajikistan Living Standards Survey and the national coverage of the 2000 Census using statistical modelling. This is the first time that this complex statistical methodology has been applied in Central Asia and Tajikistan is proud to be at the forefront of such innovation. It is hoped that the atlas will be of use to all those interested in poverty reduction and improving the lives of the Tajik population. Professor Shabozov Mirgand Chairman Tajikistan State Statistical Committee Project Overview The Socio-economic Atlas, including a poverty map for the country, is part of the on-going Poverty Dialogue Program of the World Bank in collaboration with the Government of Tajikistan.
    [Show full text]
  • TAJIKISTAN Transport Sector Masterplan Asian Development Bank
    TAJIKISTAN Transport Sector Masterplan (Done under ADB TA 4926-TAJ) Asian Development Bank 4 November 2009 Dushanbe, Tajikistan 1 InvestmentInvestment Priorities:Priorities: EconomicsEconomics The Masterplan will require commitment to increased annual transport sector funding: For Roads: 1.8% of GDP For Rail: 0.6% of GDP For Civil Aviation: 0.2% of GDP 2 RegionalRegional Context:Context: Asian Highway Network 3 RegionalRegional Context:Context: AsianAsian HighwayHighway NetworkNetwork 4 InvestmentInvestment Priorities:Priorities: FinancialFinancial ConstraintsConstraints –– RoadRoad In the short to medium-term, the rehabilitation programme will need to be financed almost entirely of grants, or concessional loans, from international financing institutions. In the longer term, with dedicated ring-fenced domestic road user charges, funding can increasingly come from domestic sources. 5 InvestmentInvestment Priorities:Priorities: RoadRoad SectorSector iinn thethe shortshort termterm -- nnextext FiveFive YearsYears With 60 to 80% of the present road network described as “unmaintainable”, the needs of the road sector are critical and are as follows. In the short term (next five years) the MoTC should: • concentrate capital expenditure on a programme to work towards completion of the rehabilitation programme for International and Republican Roads – projects; • lobby and obtain from the MoF for a substantial increase in maintenance expenditure: at the same time, improve the efficiency of maintenance work with proper competitive tendering/
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of the Situation on Inclusive Education for People with Disabilities in the Republic of Tajikistan Report on the Results of the Baseline Research
    Public Organization - League of women with disabilities «Ishtirok» April - July 2018 Analysis of the situation on inclusive education for people with disabilities in the Republic of Tajikistan Report on the results of the baseline research 1 EXPRESSION OF APPRECIATION A basic study on the inclusive education of people with disabilities in the Republic of Tajikistan (RT) conducted by the Public Organization Disabled Women's League “Ishtirok”. This study was conducted under financial support from ASIA SOUTH PACIFIC ASSOCIATION FOR BASIC AND ADULT EDUCATION (ASPBAE) The research team expresses special thanks to the Executive Office of the President of the RT for assistance in collecting data at the national, regional, and district levels. In addition, we express our gratitude for the timely provision of data to the Centre for adult education of Tajikistan of the Ministry of labor, migration, and employment of population of RT, the Ministry of education and science of RT. We express our deep gratitude to all public organizations, departments of social protection and education in the cities of Dushanbe, Bokhtar, Khujand, Konibodom, and Vahdat. Moreover, we are grateful to all parents of children with disabilities, secondary school teachers, teachers of primary and secondary vocational education, who have made a significant contribution to the collection of high-quality data on the development of the situation of inclusive education for persons with disabilities in the country. Research team: Saida Inoyatova – coordinator, director, Public Organization - League of women with disabilities «Ishtirok»; Salomat Asoeva – Assistant Coordinator, Public Organization - League of women with disabilities «Ishtirok»; Larisa Alexandrova – lawyer, director of the Public Foundation “Your Choice”; Margarita Khegay – socio-economist, candidate of economic sciences.
    [Show full text]
  • Cesifo Working Paper No. 5937 Category 4: Labour Markets June 2016
    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Danzer, Alexander M.; Grundke, Robert Working Paper Coerced Labor in the Cotton Sector: How Global Commodity Prices (Don't) Transmit to the Poor CESifo Working Paper, No. 5937 Provided in Cooperation with: Ifo Institute – Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich Suggested Citation: Danzer, Alexander M.; Grundke, Robert (2016) : Coerced Labor in the Cotton Sector: How Global Commodity Prices (Don't) Transmit to the Poor, CESifo Working Paper, No. 5937, Center for Economic Studies and ifo Institute (CESifo), Munich This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/144972 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu Coerced Labor in the Cotton Sector: How Global Commodity Prices (Don’t) Transmit to the Poor Alexander M.
    [Show full text]
  • IOM Tajikistan Newsletter - June 2011
    IOM Tajikistan Newsletter - June 2011 Legal Assistance to the Wives and Families of Labour Migrants 3 Strengthening Disaster Response Capacities of the Government 4 Ecological Pressures Behind Migration 5 Joint Trainings for Tajik and Afghan Border Guards 6 Roundtable on HIV/AIDS Prevention Along Transport Routes 7 Promoting Household Budgeting to Build Confidence for the Future 8 Training Tajik Officials in the Essentials of Migration Management 9 Monitoring Use of Child Labour in Tajikistan’s Cotton Harvest 10 2 January - June 2011 Foreword from the Chief of Mission Dear Readers, With the growing number of Tajik citizens working and IOM Tajikistan has allocated significant resources into living in the exterior, it has become difficult to over- the development of the knowledge and skills of gov- state the impact migration has had on Tajik society. ernmental officials and civil society groups throughout For those of us here in Tajikistan, the scope of the the country on the Essentials of Migration Manage- phenomenon goes without mention. For others, it is ment. worth considering that upwards of 1,000,000 Tajiks (of a total population estimated around 7,000,000) Only with the generous support of our donors and have migrated abroad, largely in search of employ- continued cooperation with our implementing part- ment. Their remittances alone account for 30-40% of ners is IOM able to provide the needed support to the national GDP, making the nation one of the most people of Tajikistan during these economically chal- dependent on remittance dollars in the world. lenging times. On behalf of the entire IOM Mission in Tajikistan, I would like to extend our highest gratitude This newsletter aims to present IOM Tajikistan’s activi- for their confidence.
    [Show full text]
  • Revision of the Quedius Fauna of Middle Asia (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Staphylininae)
    Dtsch. Entomol. Z. 65 (2) 2018, 117–159 | DOI 10.3897/dez.65.27033 Revision of the Quedius fauna of Middle Asia (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Staphylininae) Maria Salnitska1, Alexey Solodovnikov2 1 Department of Entomology, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Embankment 7/9, Saint-Petersburg, Russia 2 Natural History Museum of Denmark, Zoological Museum, Universitetsparken 15, Copenhagen 2100 Denmark http://zoobank.org/B1A8523C-A463-4FC4-A0C3-072C2E78BA02 Corresponding authors: Maria Salnitska ([email protected]); Alexey Solodovnikov ([email protected]) Abstract Received 29 May 2018 Accepted 6 July 2018 Twenty eight species of the genus Quedius from Middle Asia comprising Kazakhstan, Published 31 July 2018 Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, are revised. Quedius altaicus Korge, 1962, Q. capitalis Eppelsheim, 1892, Q. fusicornis Luze, 1904, Q. solskyi Luze, Academic editor: 1904 and Q. cohaesus Eppelsheim, 1888 are redescribed. The following new synonymies James Liebherr are established: Q. solskyi Luze, 1904 = Q. asiaticus Bernhauer, 1918, syn. n.; Q. cohae- sus Eppelsheim, 1888 = Q. turkmenicus Coiffait, 1969, syn. n., = Q. afghanicus Coiffait, 1977, syn. n.; Q. hauseri Bernhauer, 1918 = Q. peneckei Bernhauer, 1918, syn. n., = Q. Key Words ouzbekiscus Coiffait, 1969,syn. n.; Q. imitator Luze, 1904 = Q. tschinganensis Coiffait, 1969, syn. n.; Q. novus Eppelsheim, 1892 = Q. dzambulensis Coiffait, 1967, syn. n., Staphylininae Q. pseudonigriceps Reitter, 1909 = Q. kirklarensis Korge, 1971, syn. n. Lectotypes are Staphylinini designated for Q. asiaticus Bernhauer, 1918, Q. fusicornis Luze, 1904, Q. hauseri Ber- Quedius nhauer, 1918, Q. imitator Luze, 1904, Q. novus Eppelsheim, 1892 and Q. solskyi Luze, Middle Asia 1904. For all revised species, taxonomy, distribution and bionomics are summarized.
    [Show full text]