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J. Bio. & Env. Sci J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2019 Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES) ISSN: 2220-6663 (Print) 2222-3045 (Online) Vol. 14, No. 1, p. 139-150, 2019 http://www.innspub.net RESEARCH PAPER OPEN ACCESS Land use changes and their influence in the conservation of plant diversity within a small Binaba watershed Roger T. Sarmiento*, Joel A. Mercado College of Forestry and Environmental Sciences, Caraga State University, Ampayon, Butuan City, Philippines Article published on January 31, 2019 Key words: Limestone forest, Biodiversity, Watershed resources, Binaba watershed, Riparian buffers. Abstract Land uses are one of the prime causes in the loss or fragmentation of natural habitats and their species. In a small watershed in Agusan del Sur, the diversity of plant species were assessed using standard vegetation sampling technique developed by Hill (2005) as basis for the formulation of an integrated watershed management plan to reduce adverse cost of land use change on the remaining biodiversity. Results showed that the vegetation was composed of about 166 vascular plant species belonging to 134 genera and 64 families having an overall Shannon-Weiner diversity index (H’) of 2.546 described to be moderately high. A number of ecologically sensitive species were encountered in the area such as the critically endangered Shorea palosapis and Shorea contorta. Relative to its area, the watershed has been subjected to diverse land-uses that directly affect richness of plant species either native or introduced in the area. Appropriate monitoring and area control therefore should be taken utmost consideration in the formulation of the management plan. *Corresponding Author: Roger T. Sarmiento [email protected] 139 | Sarmiento and Mercado J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2019 Introduction area. It provides food, fruit, fuel, fodder, forage, small Fresh water comprises only a small portion of the total timber and many more to the community. This study water on Earth and is expected to become the most was conducted as a component for the formulation of limiting resource in the near future (Gleick, 2000; developmental plans for a sustainable integrated Postel, 1997; Postel et al., 1996). With more people watershed management of the local government unit. shifting to live in urban areas, expansion of urban areas The main objective of this study is to 1) determine the changed natural landscapes into agricultural, current composition and species diversity of the residential, commercial, and industrial land uses. existing terrestrial flora within the proposed Binaba watershed area, 2) provide information on the The growing population increased imperviousness of abundance and conservation status of the different some areas, and urban activities lead to increased vascular plant species and 3) determine the different runoff, decreased baseflow, reduced ground water existing land uses and their influence in biodiversity recharge, and water quality reduction (O’ Driscoll et al., levels as part of the baseline information. The study 2010; Chithra et al., 2015). As more and more people aspires that showcasing the richness of species dwell in urban areas, the demand for clean and potable diversity in this unique watershed will kindle pride water intensifies, driving too much pressure on our among the people of Prosperidad. already critical watersheds. Watersheds were used in a Materials and methods variety of ways directly affecting streams and water Description of the Study area provision. Plantations areas and shifting cultivation The Binaba watershed was located within Brgy. New have important environmental impacts that either Maug and Brgy. Poblacion, in the Municipality of degrade or improve habitats for wildlife (Lawal, 2014). Prosperidad, Agusan del Sur. Geographically, it is Monoculture areas as less diverse expose community to situated at approximately 08°36’17” to 08°37’50” adverse consequences of pest and disease, among North and 125°54’55” to 125°56’23” East (Fig. 1). The others. As one such impact, these land-uses pose watershed area is accessible by both land and water. significant changes to land and water and the overall Along the national highway, it is about an hour travel ecological functioning of the watershed. from the neighboring municipality of San Francisco, Agusan del Sur or about 2 hours from Butuan City, Degraded watersheds require immediate rehabilitation Agusan del Norte. It can also be reached via Gibong necessary to improve biological and habitat diversity. It River from the bridge in Brgy. Poblacion using a boat is essential to increase commercial value for timber or kayak. production, increase types and amount of non-timber products, improve forest functions such as water storage, water balance, sequestration of carbon, climate mitigation, and restore soil fertility and physical properties for protection against erosion (Kobayashi et al., 2001). Conserving biodiversity in addition, is a key component to improved environmental performance and should always be embedded in every management plans. Sound management plans guarantee sustainable use of existing forests, thus appropriate knowledge on the resource is vital. The biodiversity and the type of vegetative cover, the Fig. 1. Map showing the surveyed area of the forests in particular are very crucial elements that proposed Binaba Watershed in the Municipality of influence erosion, runoff and climatic factors of the Prosperidad. (Source: Prosperidad MENRO, 2018). 140 | Sarmiento and Mercado J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2019 The watershed has an approximate total land area of Co’s Digital Flora of the Philippines (a public group of 185 hectares. Based on the recent satellite images and botanist, foresters, biologist and other plant site reconnaissance, the land use of the watershed enthusiasts) to confirm species identification. The ecosystem can be classified into the following: a) scientific names and conservation status of species were grasslands, b) coconut groves, c) secondary growth crosschecked in the databases of The Plant List forest, d) agroforestry, and e) plantation areas. (www.theplantlist.org) and The IUCN Redlist of Currently, Binaba Watershed was the primary source Threatened Species 2017 (www.iucnredlist.org), of potable water utilized by the local water district. respectively. Since no gratuitous permit (GP) was The focused watershed can be considered unique secured for the study, collection of voucher specimens compared to other adjacent watersheds since majority for identification was avoided. of the water discharge emanates from cave springs at the drainage point and jumps into a small waterfall in Data Analysis Gibong River. The data was encoded on a spreadsheet and analysed using the vegetational analysis formula of density, Vegetation Sampling relative density, frequency, relative frequency, The sampling procedure used for the study was based dominance, relative dominance and the species on a belt transect method described by Hill (2005). A importance value (SIV). The SIV was computed as the total of 10 sample quadrats with dimension 20m x sum of the relative frequency, relative density and 20m were laid out along the transect at varying relative dominance of a species in a community or intervals of 200 m to 500m depending on the terrain forest (SIV = RFreq + RDom + RDen). An SIV and density of the prevailing vegetation. A GPS provides a better index than density alone regarding receiver was used to determine the coordinates of the the importance or function of a species in a habitat quadrats with the southern left corner used as and also gives rank or order for a particular species reference. All plants inside quadrat with >5cm dbh within the community (Odum & Barret, 2005). were measured and recorded. All vascular plants Ecological parameters such as Simpson’s Index of encountered along the transect line were also Diversity (1-D), Shannon-Wiener (H’) diversity index, enumerated to make up a near comprehensive list of species richness and evenness on the other hand were plant species in the watershed. The sampling stations computed using the PAST Statistical Software. To were pre-selected using maps provided by the determine the levels of biodiversity, the Fernando Municipal Environment and Natural Resources Office scale was used. (MENRO) and geo-referenced in Google Earth environment. Recent satellite images were also Table 1. Biodiversity Scale (Fernando, 1998). utilized to analyze land uses and determine areas Relative Shannon's (H') Evenness Interpretation Index Index containing vegetative cover. Very High >3.5 0.75-1.00 High 3.00 - 3.49 0.50-0.74 Moderate 2.50 - 2.99 0.25-0.49 Species Identification and Nomenclature Low 2.00 - 2.49 0.15-0.24 Identification of species was done on field with the Very Low <1.99 0.05-0.14 help of literatures and taxonomic identification field Result and discussion guides. Some publications referring to the Philippine Existing land use flora included Merrill (1912), Santos et al. (1986), The rapid floral assessment of Binaba watershed was Zamora and Co (1986), Madulid (2002) and online conducted on May 19-20, 2018 with the assistance of identification website PhytoImages personnel from the Municipal Environment and (www.phytoimages.siu.edu) were also utilized to Natural Resource Office of the Municipality of compare photographed species. Some unfamiliar Prosperidad, Agusan del Sur. species were posted online thru a social media group 141 | Sarmiento and Mercado J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2019 The watershed ecosystem can be
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