4. LESSONS LEARNED AND CONFLICTS HISTORY Cultural security as a paradigm of migration policy of the Government of the Republic of in 2015-2018 Adrian K. Siadkowski

ABSTRACT DOI: 10.26410/SF_2/18/10 Migration, as a phenomenon being at the same time . a challenge and a threat to cultural security, lays within the social potential of security and is conditioned by the national identity and national heritage. Hosting migrants from a different cultural-religious area in ref- erence to the improvement of the economic potential being a challenge, and at the same time having assimi- lation mechanisms, which do not function properly, is a threat. What is to be understood under „efficient as- similation mechanisms”? It seems that it is not only an issue of efficient and proper procedures. The problem with this mechanism lays in the readiness of the society to host migrants and include them into the social and cultural paradigms of a hosting society. Adrian K. Siadkowski KEY WORDS WSB University, Migration, migration crisis, securitisation. Dąbrowa Górnicza Preface Cultural security is the ability of the state threat to the state interests. Regardless the to create the foundation and security of cul- perception and discourse regarding the so tural identity, cultural goods and national called migration crisis, a challenge that all heritage, under circumstances allowing to states have to encounter is the introduction be open to the world (also to join interna- process of migrants not only into the social tional structures) and enabling the develop- structures, but also to create proper pos- ment of culture through the internalization sibilities of acculturation and adaptation, of values being not contradictory to one’s including at least the process of learning own identity. Migration in this context, es- a language and functional abilities in the pecially the one from other cultures and hosting society. Poland is becoming attrac- religions, can be treated by the ruling elites tive for migrants, not only refugees coming after the elections in 2018 as a substantial from conflict areas, but also for economic 112 4.1. LESSONS LEARNED AND CONFLICTS HISTORY

migrants. Ideal circumstances granting cul- historical experience. This is referred to as tural security is not only the fact of reach- national identity, an important indicator of ing a satisfactory level of cultural identity which is national heritage (national culture) of own citizens, but also the assimilation of and the feeling of necessity to commemo- migrants. It seems obvious that migration rate this and pass on to next generations” from the same civilizational-cultural area (BiałaKsięga, 2013:73). The crux of the will be more accepted. Such an approach matter is to convince migrants to partici- can be found in the National Security Strat- pate in this paradigm, which is especially egy of the Republic of Poland where one a matter of psychology. This publication can read that “it lays in the interest of Po- deals with the research issue being the de- land to have a EU migration policy not dis- scription of the policy of Law and Justice criminating the Eastern Partnership and to (PrawoiSprawiedliwość) party in the case enable an influx of highly qualified workers” of migrants coming to Europe as part of the (Strategy, 2014:23). On the one hand, this is so called migration crisis in 2015, and the an approach directed at securing the eco- decision of the EU Commission concerning nomic development, on the other hand, it the implementation by EU countries of the shows concern regarding the attempt of an relocation mechanism. efficient and effective assimilation and ac- culturation process. Subjective components of It seems that migration, as a phenom- cultural security reception enon being at the same time a challenge The fundamental issue of creating the and a threat to cultural security, lays within object of cognition, in an epistemological the social potential of security and is condi- sense, is especially complex, the limits are tioned by the national identity and national blurry, hence they do not fully convey the heritage. Hosting migrants from a different meaning of the phenomenon. The subject cultural-religious area in reference to the has to strive to constitute the object of cog- improvement of the economic potential nition in a correct way, which would include being a challenge, and at the same time the relation between cognitive powers and having assimilation mechanisms, which do the recognized objects (Ziarko, 2010:63-. not function properly, is a threat. What is -64). Hence, two substantial components to be understood under „efficient assimila- are part of security: subjective and objec- tion mechanisms”? It seems that it is not tive ones. The first one has a subjective only an issue of efficient and proper pro- character and is described as a feeling of cedures. The problem with this mechanism security, an internal conviction that there lays in the readiness of the society to host is nothing to be afraid of. The latter one migrants and include them into the social is external with reference to the entity and and cultural paradigms of a hosting soci- means no threats for life (health, wealth). ety. “Every nation develops and cultivates Security is a complex structure, consist- the values and remembrance about its ing of psychological and non-psychologi- history, which distinguishes it from others cal components. In some cases security and are the foundation, on which the be- (objective element) can be inadequate to lief about its distinctiveness from others is the feeling of security (subjective element). being created and, on the other hand, the If this lack of relations can’t be explained sense of belonging to a particular com- in a rational way, then one deals with the munity, which has its own awareness and case of pathology. The roots of this might Cultural security as a paradigm of migration... 113 be in the human psyche (anxiety, psycho- most general statements of social con- sis, mental illness) or in the pathology and structivism are being build based on that social culture deviations (e.g. escalation of – there are many different (often contradic- terror and uncertainty by the media). tory) social realities. Constructivists say The relations between the subjective and that people do not discover knowledge, objective scope of security have a theoretic but they do construct it – “they define the value and do not have to be reflected in real- reality”. There is no single interpretation of ity. They do highlight the role of psychology any phenomenon, which might be superior and subjective reception of social reality in to any other, as well as there is never a sin- the general creation of security. Those rela- gle answer to a given question. The reality tions can be explained through the exposi- is a result of social processes, accepted as tion of emotions and personal aspects of normal in the specific context. The issue security understanding, as well as through of knowledge being the mirror of reality is highlighting motives, showing how the is- replaced with “social construction of real- sue of security is perceived, experienced ity”, which puts emphasis on interpretation and explained-finally- how the individual and negotiation of the senses of the social behaves. Security, from a psychological world. Hence, security is a construction point of view, has to be understood totally evolving together with the social and his- subjectively, as an interactively perceived torical context shaped in the process of so- stability, certainty in various interpersonal cial interaction between actors. agreements, which are based on the rela- Security in the migration context, and tion of the individual with the environment cultural threats stemming from them, is (Marciniak, 2009:56-65). The feeling of conditioned in constructivism by identity security of an individual is a very complex relations. In the conventional stream of category. The structure of sense of security constructivism, in the relations of security is shaped by a dynamic arrangement of a and identity, what is being highlighted is series of feelings, e.g. sense of information, that national identity is a certain constant sense of certainty/stabilization, sense of matter, which consists of certain historical belonging to the social environment, sense and cultural experience, it shapes the na- of authorship. It is exactly a subjective crea- tional interests and directions of its activity tion, through psychological criteria, which in international policy. Critical constructiv- conditions the perception of a threat as ism perceives national identity as a merger an existential one, which is a precondition of various identity narrations, which are for the securitization process of important dominant according to the context, and safety problems, as the issue of migrants this again translates into the limits of enti- and other religious-cultural areas, to be tled and meaningful political acting. In this successful. Security can be understood perspective, the identity is un stable, rela- by the individual as subjective and mean tive and is shaped as a result of constant something completely different for another political rivalry (Williams, 2012:62-63). The individual. It is exactly the cultural-religious reception of security and threat is defined representation which has a vital meaning in on the basis of the identity „we” and „they”, the process of creating the feeling of secu- from which one has to protect oneself. rity and refers directly to cultural safety of E.Machut- Mendecka, however, rightly an individual and its subjective perception shows that the contemporary Arab world, or of migration crisis as a major threat. The Muslim world, is strongly diversified, hence 114 4.1. LESSONS LEARNED AND CONFLICTS HISTORY

it is difficult to determine one’s own identity. a kind of end-result of the adaptation and The habitant of those areas is inflicted in . acculturation process “(Nowicka-Rusek a network of relations, out of which some 2004: 128-129). The process of “becoming are in an opposition to another, and the a citizen of a foreign culture” is a long-last- most visible one is the opposition of tradi- ing and very complex process, not always tion vs. modernity. In the attempt to search conclusive, and the most important issue for the identity it is suggested to compare remains the answer to the question to what various cultural models (even different extent and in what way representatives of ones) depending on the own needs and other cultures adapt to Western societies. the needs of the environment. She says The constantly repeated creation of own that “many young inhabitants of the Islamic identity means in practice that in the con- world do this without any effort. What is temporary world we are dealing with a co- characteristic is that while belonging to two existence of many different identities. Un- cultures, they can instantly switch from one doubtedly, this requires from us far reach- identity to another in the same pace as they ing tolerance and liberalism- regardless if swap jeans with jellabiyas and milayas, and tolerance has its source in respect towards they also switch from English or French into distinctiveness, or indifference to it. Distinc- Arabic” (Machut-Mendecka, 2006:151-153). tiveness, a deviation from the “canon” is a It seems however that such “changes” of standard of liberal, western societies. This identity do not apply to the entire popula- situation is a result of the individual search- tion of migrants and works as a radicali- ing for freedom, and on the other hand, it zation mechanism, return to religious and is a migration reality, which paradoxically cultural sources and can be based on the has to do with the search for the desired search for an immanent identity perceived “freedom”. In the post-modern pluralism as the truth. “cultural interaction is a dynamic process, The issue of multiculturalism lies not which is visible through cultural synthesis, only and exclusively in the demographic diffusion and co-existence, and all those statistical data, because the cultural in- phenomena are under the umbrella of joint volvementis the main issues there. Cultural values, to which every group can contrib- involvement means an organization of the ute” (Smolicz, 2004:60-61). A relative iden- adaptation, acculturation and finally, as- tity in the context of multiculturalism has its similation process and convincing the special, ethnic dimension. Every individual migrants to participate in that process. In has the right to cultivate its ethnic identity. such case the migrants of the first, second The countries of Western Europe, where and third generation are becoming an in- the percentage of Muslims in the popu- tegral part of the dominant culture stream lation exceeds a couple of percent (e.g. in the given country, thanks to assimilation France, , Great Britain) come very which they have chosen. However, there often to the conclusion that the assimila- is an alternative, where the migrants can tion policy of groups directed at imposing . create their own cultural enclaves. In this a dominant cultural discourse did not bring manner adaptation is perceived as adjust- any results, and they agree to cultural plu- ing to conditions which make it possible to ralism, where the major party of the out- institutionally and psychologically function put culture remains, however, within the in a foreign society; assimilation is a stage confines of a national society or a broader of embedding into a new culture, which is European normative-axiological system. Cultural security as a paradigm of migration... 115

The problem is which control mechanism not only because it was given to us by birth, should be used and where to “draw the as well as cultural heritage, but this also re- line”. Even Sweden, which used to be open sults from the features of our tradition. This for Muslim migrants, noticed this problem has to do directly with Christianity and is when Muslims went on the streets after an extremely strong attachment to freedom decreasing the social welfare. This shows and equality” (Programme, 2014:9). This that as long as the standard of living from definition has important consequences in state subventions was affluent, there were the perception of threat from the side of mi- no problems with the Muslim diaspora. The grants from the Arabic-Islamic culture and issue of assimilation in this case is totally . determines the policy of the government in non-existent. this respect. The policy of the govern- One can notice that the policy of the gov- ernment regarding the influx of migrants, as ment regarding part of the so called migration crisis, has Arab-Islamic migrants undergone a significant change together In 2015 Law and Justice (Prawo i Spra- with the parliamentary elections 2015. The wiedliwość) won the elections and received commitments of the Government of the a majority in the Parliament and Senate, Republic of Poland concerning the par- and hence created the majority government ticipation in the relocation programme of and started to implement the programme migrants was adopted in September 2015. from 2014. The programme of the party de- Based on the Decision of the Council (UE) fines the nation as a community of cultures, no. 2015/1523 from 14.09.2015 1.100 peo- language, historical experience, political ple (660 people from Italy and 440 from traditions and civilizational values, as well ) should have been relocated up to as faith. This party perceives the nation as 17.09.2017. However, by virtue of the Deci- the broadest social group being an efficient sion of the Council (UE) no. 2015/1601 from basis for democratic political communities. 22.09.2015, which set temporary regula- One can read further that Law and Justice tions in the area of international protection does not define the nation “in an ethnic for Italy and Greece, a total of 5082 people sense- not only due to our negative ap- should have been relocated until 26.09.2017 proach to national superstitions, also due (1201 from Italy and 3881 from Greece). In to the knowledge of Polish history. Polish addition to that, based on the conclusion of nation was shaped and matured due to the the Representatives of Government imple- fact that people created a community with mented during the meeting of the Justice different ethnical membership. Affirmation and Internal Affairs Council on 20.07.2015, of national belonging means for us a com- Poland decided to resettle 900 refugees plete readiness to recognize the subjectivi- which were located in camps of third coun- ty of other national communities. We do not tries. The current government, elected in assume also that the existence of nations 2015, has not made any new commitment must lead to destructive conflicts, however, in the abovementioned scope. t the same time we do see, that the com- The current migration policy carried out petition between nations is a feature of re- on behalf of the Government of The Repub- ality important for entities, which can lead lic of Poland by the Minister of Interior and to drastic consequences. The affiliation to Administration allows to see declarative ac- the Polish nation is treated by us as a value tions on accepting the relocated and reset- 116 4.1. LESSONS LEARNED AND CONFLICTS HISTORY

tled ones, and on the other hand, it condi- from the Middle East to Europe will not be tions this declaration with the necessity to verified thoroughly, the threat remains that verify those people in terms of security. there might be people connected to terror- The official standpoint of the Minister of ist groups among the relocated ones“ (Min- Interior and Administration points to an in- istry of Interior and Administration 2017). stitutional mechanism of decision about Up to now, the Republic of Poland has migrants. The head of The Office for For- not accepted any foreigner but still- if deci- eigners, as the right entity to make deci- sions are made, a proper agenda of work sions concerning relocations, announced is being processed. In light of the current on 16.12.2015 in the Dublinet system via procedure, Poland, after receiving a list of the National Contact Point on Reloca- foreigners qualified as candidates for relo- tion, announced the readiness do accept cation, verifies if their stay in Poland might 65 people from Greece and 35 from Italy. be a threat for the defence or security of Those people, after coming to Poland, were the state or if it is a threat to public order. supposed to be lodged in a facility of the In order to do that, The National Contact Office for Foreigners in Dębak, near War- Point of Relocation turns for advice to the saw. The justification follows: “the proce- Chief of Border Guard, Chief of Police and dures, which started 2015/2016, had to face . Head of the Internal Security Agency. After a series of difficulties, regardless the Polish receiving their opinions, the Head of the institutions engaged in the relocation proc- Office for Foreigners makes the decision ess, which have to deal, among others, with on granting or forbidding to give permis- wrong functioning of the so called hotspots sion for those people to be relocated to Po- and an insufficient implementation of land. The procedure of permittingor forbid- proper security measures aimed at verify- ding the access concerns the verification ing the identity of those people, who were of data of the foreigners in available data supposed to enter our country, by Italy and bases, as well as holding a conversation Greece. From the point of view of practi- with the foreigners by liaison officers with cal decision, a political decision was made the participation of a cultural expert, who is to accept not more than 400 foreigners in responsible for the identification of nation- Poland, which would be relocated from It- ality of the person qualified as candidate for aly and Greece and the Ministry of Interior relocation. The liaison officers appointed by and Administration started preparations to the Border Guard to Italy and Greece have participate in the relocation programme in been active since December 2015 and are 2016 to execute the abovementioned de- already involved in the verification process. cision. The Government of the Republic of The controlling procedures are conducted Poland is aware of its commitment, made to the moment where certainty is reached on the EU forum by the Council of Ministers, that the candidates to be relocated do not in terms of resettling and relocation. The pose any threat to the defence or security issue of relocating foreigners from Greece of the state of security of the public order. and Italy, however, is still dependent from In reference to people to be verified, such the possibilities of conducting a proper veri- certainty was not achieved because to the fication of those people, which is especially last day, when the decision of the EC was important in the context of the terror attacks in force, no person from the list of foreign- in Europe, e.g. in Paris, Berlin, Ansbach, ers to be relocated was accepted in Poland, Nice or Brussels. As long as people coming at the same time quoting the act of law Cultural security as a paradigm of migration... 117 from June 01, 2003 about granting foreign- This consequent approach in terms of ers shelter on the territory of the Republic migration was also clearly stated during the of Poland (Office of Journals 1836), which speech of Secretary of State at the Ministry states that a person is refused shelter and of Interior and Administration Jakub Skiba protection if this person poses a threat to during the Economic Forum in Krynica on the security of the state and society. Veri- September 6, 2017, who said “today the fication whether the particular foreigner is well-being of the community of European a threat to the security and defence of the countries, its integrity and security are to a state and security of the public order lies large extent endangered.” The task of Po- within the competences of services men- land in Europe and the task of all countries tioned in art. 86f of this act of law. of the region is to do everything for the EU Despite the declarative approach, the to become a tool of efficient execution of Government, in this respect, consequently the common well-being. Deputy Minister refuses to accept the relocation mecha- Skiba reminded that Poland will not allow nism. This makes Poland stand in opposi- for an imposed, apparent solidarity, which tion to the proclaimed by the EU solidarity leads to the execution of unclear attempts with migrants from military conflict areas in and is a threat to the foundations of the EU Syria and Iraq. The statements by the Polish and its future. One has to clearly show the political elites clearly show that Poland will contradictions and shortfalls of those EU not accept the automatic relocation mech- proposals, which can have many negative anism. “This mechanism will attract further consequences, and might increase the mi- migration waves to Europe and gives the gration pressure, as well as the feeling of possibility for terrorist groups to act, which danger, and introduce irreversible changes make major profit on human trafficking’- in the community structure, at the same said the Minister of Interior and Administra- time not negating the need of a mutual sup- tion Mariusz Błaszczak during the Justice port for the EU in necessary efforts under- and Internal Affairs Council in Brussels taken in order to normalize the migration (Błaszczak, 2017). In response to the EC situation. And in the longer-run: to rebuild it was stated that Poland does not agree resilience and permanent mechanisms al- with the EC exceeding its treaty powers to lowing for dealing with migration pressure intervene in the national competences in in future” (Skiba, 2017). The statement of the area of security, integration and social the President of the Republic of Poland An- issues. The Treaty on the Functioning of drzej Duda could also be heard, who point- the (TFUE) unequivocally ed to direct connections between migration confirms that national security remains in and terrorism, at the same time joining the the exclusive area of the particular member securitization discourse. “Poland is open state. The Court of Justice also said many to help other EU countries solve the migra- times that the member countries have the tion crisis, as well as all countries, which duty to conduct the measures aiming and will be in need of such help- guaranteeing external and internal security declared in , during the meeting of 13 and that only member states are compe- president of the Arraiolos group: “I clearly tent to maintain public order and guarantee said and declared, on behalf of my country, internal security. The security policy be- that we are always open to help all coun- longs to particular countries and not to the tries of the EU, if they need such help, e.g. community policy. via activities of Frontex. Just as this year, 118 4.1. LESSONS LEARNED AND CONFLICTS HISTORY

when Poland sent over 400 officers of the of the Crisis Migration Mechanism are as border guard to Frontex missions in other follows: the improvement of information ex- countries to protect their borders. There is change and identification of key needs in no doubt that the wave of terrorism is con- the area of migration; the development of nected with migration” (Prezydent, 2017). competences and possibilities to act jointly, One has to note that the consequent through joint trainings and exchange of ex- refusal of the implementation of the relo- perience; the coordinated use of resources cation mechanism is connected with the of participating countries in order to sup- declaration of help in sealing the external port the refugees in third party countries borders and is being consequently realized and reinforce the cooperation with third by the engagement of officers of the Bor- party countries, which are located on the der Patrol and Police in bilateral missions in migration paths in order to eliminate the , and Macedonia, as well initial reasons of the migration and reset- as EU coordinated actions through Frontex. tlement, but especially to support refugees In the aspect of consequent securitization outside of the EU. In order to do that there policy and migration those actions are also will be bilateral missions organized, where important, which activate the countries of contingents of the Polish Border Guard and the region which do not want to accept the Police (Macedonia, Hungary and Slovenia) relocation mechanism but, what is more will participate and eliminate initial reasons important, perceive the migration crisis as of the migration and support third countries a vital threat to the security. In the above- located on the migration path where there mentioned document the Ministry of Inte- are also major groups of refugees”. rior and Administration explains that” hav- During the meeting of V4 Group rep- ing in mind the instable situation in some resentatives in Warsaw on November 26, regions in the vicinity of the EU, the result 2016 in an extended group with the Czech of which is humanitarian crisis resulting in Republic, Slovakia and Hungary, but also a rapid increase of migrants leaving their with , Belgium, , place of living and attempt to find shelter, and Slovenia Minister Mariusz Błaszczak the Minister of Internal Affairs and Admin- pointed to the necessity to regain control istration made the decision to reinforce the over the current migration movements. In cooperation with the V4 Group in order to the opinion of Poland, the EU should work increase joint reaction possibilities to such on efficient methods of preventing negative situations. During the meeting of V4 min- effects of a sudden increase of migrants in isters of interior in Warsaw on 21.11.2016, the years to come. The Ministers agreed it was by the initiative of Minister Mariusz that the agreement between EU and Turkey, Błaszczak to sign a joint declaration com- and the protection of borders of countries mitting V4 countries to create a Crisis Mi- being on the so called West-Balkan route gration Mechanism. This mechanism is contributed to an improvement of the situa- to play a role of a permanent platform of tion. However, further steps are necessary cooperation, open to all EU member states, to improve security. Poland also noted that facilitating coordination of actions of those there is no control over who enters the EU. states. Its aim is to use the synergy to in- This is a threat to all citizens- part of the crease the scale of response and achieving terrorists, who conducted attacks in France better results in the areas included in the and Belgium, came to Europe together with Mechanism. The planned areas of activity the migration wave (Migracyjny 2017). Cultural security as a paradigm of migration... 119

The Visegrad Group has become a re- ten turned out to be a major media event gional security complex against permanent consistent with the stereotypical social relocation mechanism suggested by the EU. phenomenontriggering in Europe resil- Despite the fact that the Czech Republic ience, such asterrorism, discrimination of and Slovakia accepted a couple of migrants, gender orinfringement of rules of the legal they also introduced the securitization dis- system. course with reference to the so called migra- The attacks in Belgium in 2016 at the tion crisis and in the same manner, contrib- airport and subway in Brussels, and then uted to the regional security complex. Slova- the anti-terrorist operations lead afterwards kia and Hungary, which- just as the Czech show how much more serious the problem Republic and Romania- voted in the Council concerning the Islamic enclaves is. This is against the relocation, filed a motion to the not only a manifestation of dissatisfaction Court of Justice to state its invalidity stating, with the social policy of the state, but also first of all, accusations aiming at proving an activity aiming at the total destruction that the actions concerning the acceptance of the country and national community. No of refugees was full of procedural errors,or a efficient control mechanisms, and in many wrong choice of legal basis. Secondly- the cases, fully conscious policy with reference decision allowed neither efficient activities to diasporas’ living in those enclaves, lead as a response to the migration crisis, nor to the creation of an environmentfavouring is it necessary to achieve this goal. Poland incubators of radical Islam. This environ- was given access to this court case as an ment can be seen in two aspects: ortho- intervenor supporting Slovakia and Hunga- dox and fundamentalist. The first one will ry. Belgium, , Greece, France, Italy, concern believers, practitioners and those Luxembourg, Sweden and the Commission who treat the Islam as the right path in life were not given access to the case in the and as a way to determine, in a eschato- form of an intervenor supporting the Coun- logical manner, why this is done according cil. By virtue of sentence from September 17, to some fixed religious norms. The second 2017 the Tribunal dismissed the complaints one is a Salafi jihad, which is able to gener- of Slovakia and Hungary (Trybunał, 2017) ate an atmosphere at the same time dema- gogically opening the door to immanent Is- Argumentation lamicidentity. The propaganda of the Salafi The policy of refusing the acceptance of jihad, represented today by the strongest migrants from the Arab-Islamic culture re- terrorist organization- Islamic State, points quired justification. As it was mentioned al- to fighters as if they were icons of pop cul- ready, the securitisation issue of migration ture. At the same time,they give the youth seems to be part of the subjective percep- and their parents a narration of identity. . tion of security. The arguments of the Polish A narration which is nowadays missing in Government oscillate around the approach Europe, which glorifies multiculturalism, of the incoming groups and not respecting criticizes national and Christian tendencies the basic values of hosting societies based in national policy of member states, not on the rules of liberal democracy, where the wanting to accept jointChristian heritage, most important one is freedom and secu- but what is worse, not suggesting anything rity of the individual. in return. In this clash the European axio- Concrete behaviour of migrants was logical neutrality and world view loses with adopted in the conclusions, which very of- the Islamic total narration. It is also interest- 120 4.1. LESSONS LEARNED AND CONFLICTS HISTORY

ing to see that the jihadist total narrationis crees that sharia is contradictory to the ba- not only the readiness to kill. It is the readi- sic rules of democracy. ness for death. It would be exaggerated The cultural issues of self-marginaliza- to say that the Islamic enclaves in Europe tion are visible in the statement of Bassam are full of terrorists. According to analysis Tibi, who says that assimilation or even ac- from terrorist attacks in London, Paris or culturation are totally absent in groups of Brussels the conclusion arises that those migrants coming to Europe. In an article, are migrants of the 2nd of 3rd generation, under the famous title “I give up” he wrote: who radicalized due to social problems. “I question the Islamic uniform. The dual Paradoxically,the resistance towards accul- function of the scarf lies in the fact than on turation and assimilation of Muslims,which the one hand it expresses the sharia world- are separated in Muslim enclaves, has a view and on the other hand it is a deci- decisive influence on social issues, lack of sive, civilizational isolation from everything perspectives and a difficult material situa- which is European and secular. Scarf-Is- tion. It also seems that despite the frustra- lam means isolation and Euro-Islam wants tion, criminal indicators from the past can be to build bridges. 2015 was an end to my an additional catalyst for terrorists to partic- hopes about the Europeanization of Islam. ipate in such missions with the ideology of Over 1.5 million refugees from the Islamic jihad, although such connections were not world, the majority of which came from my found in the past. Such a case was the at- fatherland Syria, came to Europe this year.. tack in Nice, south of France, when during I did not see even one woman, dressed the Bastille Day in 2016 a truck, driven by in an European style, amongst them. When . a migrant from Tunisia, drove into a crowd I saw those bearded man and Islamic of people on a promenade. 84 people died women I felt defeated” (Tibi, 2016). and over 200 were injured. Sexual harassment of women in Cologne The issues of migrant enclaves concerns during New Year’s Eve is a clear example also media reports about the simultane- of a cultural-personality condition which is ous normative system (sharia) forcing the not a potential but real attempt to grab the axiology of the initial culture or religion, in public domain. This situation shows that the majority of cases, and this generates the human security policy with reference anxiety and even resistance or aggression to migrants, based on a recognition of ba- towards the hosting societies. Attempts to sic human rights, as it is typical for liberal- introduce Islamic order took place in the ism- right to live, right to freedom, gender district of London through a propaganda equality and pursue of happiness- all this action conducted by Islamic extremists. can paradoxically lead to a depravation or Public places were full of posters with fol- limitation of those rights for members of the lowing information for pedestrians “You are EU. Security dilemmas which are visible at entering a controlled sharia zone- Islamic present are not only connected with the se- rules are to be respected here” Light-yellow curity of borders and military defence but posters included graphical signs of alcohol are far more complex in the area of social ban, gambling ban, prostitution ban and security, cultural security, demographic se- public games ban. One has to note that curity, economical security and political se- sharia can’t be accepted in democratic curity of particular countries and the entire countries as source of law. The European EU. The “open doors” policy of chancellor Court of Human Rights stated in many de- Angela Merkel was not only irresponsi- Cultural security as a paradigm of migration... 121 ble, but also brought actual threats for all Bibliography member states. It was not preceded by Berger P.L., Luckmann T. (1996), The so- any agreements concerning a decision on cial construkction of reality. Garden City suspending the European visa and border Biała Księga Bezpieczeństwa Narodowe- security policy, not mentioning the negative go RP (2013), Warszawa. experiences of some member states with Centrum Badania Opinii Społecznych multiculturalism. (2017), Komunikat z badań, nr 44/2017. Stosunek do przyjmowania uchodźców, Summary Warszawa. Opinion polls show clearly that the secu- Machut-Mendecka E. (2006), Archetypy islamu, Warszawa ritization achieved its desirable effect. Neg- Marciniak E.M. (2009), Psychologiczne ative attitudes concerning the acceptance aspekty bezpieczeństwa, [w:] Bezpie- of refugees are omnipresent in countries czeństwo wewnętrzne państwa. Wy- describing their social values in axiologi- brane zagadnienia, (eds.) S. Sulowski, . cal-normative categories, stemming from M. Brzeziński, Warszawa. Christianity. What is interesting- the attitude Migracyjny Mechanizm Kryzysowy - nowa to relocation of refugees flowing to the EU inicjatywa Grupy V4, URL:https://mswia. is connected with opinions on how the EU gov.pl/pl/aktualnosci/15410,Migracyjny- is functioning. The respondents who think Mechanizm-Kryzysowy-nowa-inicjaty- that each country should have the possi- wa-Grupy-V4.html (27.02.2018). bility to determine its migration and asylum Minister Jakub Skiba na Forum Ekono- micznym w Krynicy: Europa wygeneru- policy by itself, definitely more seldom are je sobie nową falę kryzysu, w związku willing to accept relocation (9%) than those, z realizowaną polityką azylową, URL: who would like those issues to be decided https://mswia.gov.pl/pl/aktualnosci/ on the EU level. Amongst people who say 16498,Minister-Jakub-Skiba-na-Forum- that it is the EU that should decide about Ekonomicznym-w-Krynicy-Europa-wy- migration policy, the level of agreement to- generuje-sobie-now.html (02.12.2017). wards accepting part of the refugees is def- Minister Mariusz Błaszczak w Brukseli: Me- initely higher (38%), and among those, who chanizm relokacji jest błędny i zagraża would prefer the policy to be fully common, bezpieczeństwu, URL: https://www.ms- it exceeds a half (53%). Respondents, who wia.gov.pl/pl/aktualnosci/16106,Minister- would like that the EU deepens the integra- Mariusz-Blaszczak-w-Brukseli-Mecha- nizm-relokacji-jest-bledny-i-zagraza- tion of all member states are more eager to .html (02.12.2017). accept the relocation project (34%) (CBOS, Nowicka-Rusek E. (2004), Adaptacja, asy- 2017:3). milacja i izolacja Wietnamczyków w War- In this context it has to be concluded that szawie, w: Tolerancja i wielokulturowość the securitization of the migration problem – wyzwania XXI wieku, (eds.) A. Borowiak, in the policy of the government has reached P. Szarota, Warszawa. a result desired by the politicians of the rul- Strategia Bezpieczeństwa Narodowego ing party. Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej (2014), War- szawa. Wiliams P.D. (2012), Studia bezpieczeń- stwa, Kraków. Odpowiedź do Komisji Europejskiej: Polska przeciw mechanizmowi relokacji, URL: https://mswia.gov.pl/pl/aktualnosci/ 122 4.1. LESSONS LEARNED AND CONFLICTS HISTORY

16465,Odpowiedz-do-Komisji-Europej- skiej-Polska-przeciw-mechanizmowi-re- lokacji.html (03.02.2018). Pismo Zastępy Dyrektora Departamen- tu Bezpieczeństwa MSWiA z dnia 11 stycznia 2017 r. zawierające odpowiedź w sprawie o udostępnienie informacji publicznej w zakresie działań w związku z tzw. Kryzysem migracyjnym, sygn. DBI- WODOUIP-0667-1-126/2016, w posiada- niu Autora Prezydent: Terroryzm wiąże się z migracją, URL:http://niezalezna.pl/203315-pre- zydent-terroryzm-wiaze-sie-z-migracja (26.12.2017) Program Prawa i Sprawiedliwości 2014, URL: http://pis.org.pl/dokumenty (27.03.. 2018). Trybunał Sprawiedliwości Unii Europejskiej, Komunikat prasowy nr 91/17 Luksem- burg, 6 września 2017 r. Wyrok w spra- wach połączonych C-643/15 i C-647/15 Słowacja i Węgry / Rada, URL: http://sta- tic.presspublica.pl/red/rp/pdf/swiat/try- bunal06092017.pdf (20.10.2017) Smolicz J.J., (2004) Globalizacja, suwe- renność państwowa i wielokulturowość, [w:] Tolerancja i wielokulturowość – wy- zwania XXI wieku, (eds.) A. Borowiak,. P. Szarota, Warszawa. Tibi B., Ich kapituliere, B. Cicero, URL: www. cicero.de/salon/islamwissenschaftler- bassam-tibi-ich-kapituliere (12.07.207). Ziarko J., (2010), Dylematy metodologicz- ne bezpieczeństwa jako nauki, w Bez- pieczeństwo. Wymiar społeczny i per- spektywy badań, (eds.) M. Kwieciński, Kraków. Centrum Badania Opinii Społecznych, Ko- munikat z badań nr 44/2017. Stosunek do przyjmowaniauchodźców, Warszawa, kwiecień 2017, s. 3.