DOCSLIB.ORG

Cultures of Border Control

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Cultures of Border Control Cultures of Border Control: Schengen and the Evolution of Europe‘s Frontiers by Ruben Zaiotti A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Political Science University of Toronto © Copyright by Ruben Zaiotti 2008 Cultures of Border Control: Schengen and the Evolution of Europe‘s Frontiers Ruben Zaiotti Doctor of Philosophy Department of Political Science, University of Toronto 2008 Abstract The dissertation examines one of the most remarkable and controversial developments in the recent history of European integration, namely the institutionalization of a regional policy regime to manage the continent‘s frontiers. By adopting this regime (known in policy circles as ‗Schengen‘), European governments have in fact relinquished part of their sovereign authority over the politically sensitive issue of border control, thereby challenging what for a long time was the dominant national approach to policy-making in this domain. In order to account for the regime‘s emergence and success, a constructivist analytical framework centred on the notion of ‗cultures of border control‘ is advanced. From this perspective, the adoption of a regional approach to govern Europe‘s frontiers is the result of the evolution of a nationalist (‗Westphalian‘) culture—or set of background assumptions and related practices about borders shared by a given policy community—into a post-nationalist one (‗Schengen‘). The cultural evolutionary argument elaborated in the dissertation captures the unique political dynamics that have characterized border control in Europe in the last two decades and offers a more nuanced account of recent developments than those available in the existing European Studies literature. It can also shed light on current trends defining European politics beyond border control (e.g., Europe‘s policy towards its neighbours) and on other attempts to regionalize border control outside Europe (e.g., the proposal for a North American security perimeter). ii To Nancy and my family iii Table of Contents Chapter 1 - Introduction ..................................................................................................................1 Europe, border control and the emergence of a new commonsense ...........................................2 Explaining Schengen: from ‗logical response‘ to ‗normative shift‘ .........................................10 Cultures of border control and their evolution: an analytical framework .................................20 Accounting for Schengen: methodological issues ....................................................................23 Why retelling the story of Schengen matters: border control, Europe and beyond .................26 Plan of the dissertation .............................................................................................................28 Chapter 2 - Accounting for Schengen: cultures of border control and their evolution ................30 Defining cultures of border control ...........................................................................................31 Cultures of border control in Europe: a typology .....................................................................36 Cultures of border control and their evolution ..........................................................................39 Methodological issues: operationalizing culture and its evolution ...........................................52 Chapter 3 - Westphalian culture of border control: from maturity to contestation .....................59 Europe, borders and the origins of Westphalia .........................................................................60 European borders in the postwar era: Westphalia reaches maturity .........................................64 The gathering storm: challenges to Westphalia in the 1970s and 1980s ..................................81 Chapter 4 - The pursuit of new cultures of border control: Schengen and Brussels.....................89 Beyond Westphalia: debating the future of Europe and its borders ..........................................90 The birth of Schengen ...............................................................................................................93 ‗Schengen‘ as emerging culture of border control ....................................................................95 Schengen as laboratory: on the pursuit of a new culture of border control ..............................99 Towards a ‗Europe without frontiers‘: the Brussels initiative ................................................104 ‗Brussels‘ as emerging culture of border control ...................................................................107 ―Effective external borders first‖: on the pursuit of Brussels ................................................113 On the relations between the Schengen and Brussels initiatives ............................................118 iv Chapter 5 - Selecting a new culture of border control: Schengen ..............................................121 Testing Schengen and Brussels ...............................................................................................122 Schengen‘s internal squabbles: the debate over the regime‘s ‗preliminary conditions‘ .........124 Enlarging Schengen .................................................................................................................134 Schengen‘s external relations in transition ..............................................................................150 ‗Home affairs‘: the evolution of Schengen‘s border control community ..............................155 Chapter 6 - Selecting a new culture of border control: Brussels ...............................................160 Negotiating Brussels: the Borders Convention and the troubles with ‗Europe without frontiers‘ ..................................................................................................................................................161 Maastricht and justice and home Affairs: great expectations and unfulfilled promises .........169 The EU, border control and external relations: exploring uncharted territory .......................180 Still a work in progress: the evolution of the EU‘s border control policy community ...........191 Chapter 7 - From selection to retention: Schengen‘s incorporation into the EU ......................196 On the dynamics of cultural selection in Schengen and Brussels ...........................................197 Schengen in the EU: the road to Amsterdam ..........................................................................202 Sorting out Amsterdam: Schengen‘s ‗ventilation‘ ..................................................................210 Chapter 8 - Consolidating the new culture of border control: Schengen in the EU ..................218 The meaning of Schengen‘s consolidation ..............................................................................219 Implementing the area of freedom, security and justice: the case of the European Border Agency ....................................................................................................................................223 Projecting Schengen in the near abroad: from enlargement to the European Neighbourhood Policy .......................................................................................................................................233 Europe‘s far abroad and the expansion of ‗remote control‘ policies ......................................245 ‗Schengen is not dead‘: the dynamics of Europe‘s border control community after Amsterdam ..................................................................................................................................................255 Assessing border control after Amsterdam: Schengen still going strong ...............................260 v Chapter 9 - Conclusion: Schengen and beyond ..........................................................................263 The tale of a success story .......................................................................................................264 Schengen beyond Schengen: the promise of a cultural evolutionary analytical framework ...267 Schengen redux: from new ‗EU laboratories‘ to the EU Constitution and its reformulations 271 Schengen beyond border control: the debate over the future of Europe ................................281 Into the future: from border fixation to pragmatism? .............................................................289 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................294 vi Index of Tables, Maps, Graphs and Charts Tables Culture of Border Control in Europe – Key Tenets ...................................................................38 The Expansion of the Schengen Regime‘ - Key Dates .............................................................136 Representation in Schengen Groups in the 1990s by Country and Ministerial Affiliation ......156 Representation in EU-Level Groups Dealing with Border Control in the 1990s by Country and Ministerial Affiliation ........................................................................................................194 Types of flexibility in the EU ....................................................................................................207 The Schengen acquis ................................................................................................................215
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Weaponized Humor: the Cultural Politics Of
    WEAPONIZED HUMOR: THE CULTURAL POLITICS OF TURKISH-GERMAN ETHNO-COMEDY by TIM HÖLLERING B.A. Georg-August Universität Göttingen, 2008 M.Ed., Georg-August Universität Göttingen, 2010 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE AND POSTDOCTORAL STUDIES (Germanic Studies) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) June 2016 © Tim Höllering, 2016 Abstract My thesis aims to show how the humor of Turkish-German ethno-comedians fulfills a double purpose of entertaining its audience while advancing a cultural political agenda that Kathrin Bower called “transnational humanism.” It includes notions of human rights consensus, critical self-reflection, respect, tolerance, and openness to cultural diversity. Promoting these values through comedy, the artists hope to contribute to abating prejudice and discrimination in Germany’s multi-ethnic society. Fusing the traditional theatrical principle of “prodesse et delectare” with contemporary cultural politics, these comedians produce something of political relevance: making their audience aware of its conceptions of “self” and “other” and fostering a sense of community across diverse cultural identifications. My thesis builds mainly on the works of Kathrin Bower, Maha El Hissy, Erol Boran, Deniz Göktürk, and Christie Davies. Whereas Davies denies humor’s potential for cultural impact, Göktürk elucidates its destabilizing power in immigrant films. Boran elaborates this function for Turkish-German Kabarett. El Hissy connects Kabarett, film, and theater of polycultural artists and ties them to Bakhtin’s concept of the carnivalesque and the medieval jester. Bower published several essays on the works of ethno-comedians as humorous catalysts for advancing a multiethnic Germany.
    [Show full text]
  • Challenges and Opportunities for the French Presidency the G20 — 2011 and Beyond Conference Report and Background Papers
    CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE FRENCH PRESIDENCY tHe G20 — 2011 anD BeyonD CONFERENCE REPORT AND BACKGROUND PAPERS 57 Erb Street West Waterloo Ontario N2L 6C2 Canada 519 885 2444 | cigonline.org CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE FRENCH PRESIDENCY: THE G20 — 2011 and BeyOND CONFERENCE REPORT AND BACKGROUND PAPERS CIGI would like to thank the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development for granting permission to reprint the three OECD Issues Notes reproduced in this report. Copyright © 2011 by The Centre for International Governance Innovation The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of The Centre for International Governance Innovation or its Operating Board of Directors or International Board of Governors. Copyright © 2011. This work was carried out with the support of The Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI), Waterloo, Ontario, Canada (www. cigionline.org). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution — Non-commercial — No Derivatives License. To view this license, visit (www. creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc-nd/3.0/). For re-use or distribution, please include this copyright notice. First published in 2011. Cover and page design by Steve Cross. TABLE OF CONTENTS CONFERENCE REPORT, Deanne Leifso 6 BACKGROUND PAPERS 11 Global Leadership by G20 Heads Highlights Positive Dynamics of G20 Summits, Colin Bradford 11 Future Issues for the G20 Agenda, Barry Carin 14 International Monetary Issues, Paul Jenkins 18 Institutional
    [Show full text]
  • Political Scandals, Newspapers, and the Election Cycle
    Political Scandals, Newspapers, and the Election Cycle Marcel Garz Jil Sörensen Jönköping University Hamburg Media School April 2019 We thank participants at the 2015 Economics of Media Bias Workshop, members of the eponymous research network, and seminar participants at the University of Hamburg for helpful comments and suggestions. We are grateful to Spiegel Publishing for access to its news archive. Daniel Czwalinna, Jana Kitzinger, Henning Meyfahrt, Fabian Mrongowius, Ulrike Otto, and Nadine Weiss provided excellent research assistance. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of Hamburg Media School. Corresponding author: Jil Sörensen, Hamburg Media School, Finkenau 35, 22081 Hamburg, Germany. Phone: + 49 40 413468 72, fax: +49 40 413468 10, email: [email protected] Abstract Election outcomes are often influenced by political scandal. While a scandal usually has negative consequences for the ones being accused of a transgression, political opponents and even media outlets may benefit. Anecdotal evidence suggests that certain scandals could be orchestrated, especially if they are reported right before an election. This study examines the timing of news coverage of political scandals relative to the national election cycle in Germany. Using data from electronic newspaper archives, we document a positive and highly significant relationship between coverage of government scandals and the election cycle. On average, one additional month closer to an election increases the amount of scandal coverage by 1.3%, which is equivalent to an 62% difference in coverage between the first and the last month of a four- year cycle. We provide suggestive evidence that this pattern can be explained by political motives of the actors involved in the production of scandal, rather than business motives by the newspapers.
    [Show full text]
  • Recruitment to Leadership Positions in the German Bundestag, 1994-2006
    Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Dissertations Graduate College 1-2011 Recruitment to Leadership Positions in the German Bundestag, 1994-2006 Melanie Kintz Western Michigan University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/dissertations Part of the Comparative Politics Commons, International and Area Studies Commons, and the Public Affairs, Public Policy and Public Administration Commons Recommended Citation Kintz, Melanie, "Recruitment to Leadership Positions in the German Bundestag, 1994-2006" (2011). Dissertations. 428. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/dissertations/428 This Dissertation-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. RECRUITMENT TO LEADERSHIP POSITIONS IN THE GERMAN BUNDESTAG, 1994-2006 by Melanie Kintz A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of The Graduate College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Political Science Advisor: Emily Hauptmann, Ph.D. Western Michigan University Kalamazoo, Michigan December 2011 RECRUITMENT TO LEADERSHIP POSITIONS IN THE GERMAN BUNDESTAG, 1994-2006 Melanie Kintz, Ph.D. Western Michigan University, 2011 This dissertation looks at the recruitment patterns to leadership positions in the German Bundestag from 1994 to 2006 with the objective of enhancing understanding of legislative careers and representation theory. Most research on political careers thus far has focused on who is elected to parliament, rather than on which legislators attain leadership positions. However, leadership positions within the parliament often come with special privileges and can serve as stepping stones to higher positions on the executive level.
    [Show full text]
  • Germany: Reluctant Land of Immigration
    G E R M A N I S S U E S GERMANY: RELUCTANT LAND OF IMMIGRATION PHILIP L. MARTIN GERMAN ISSUES 21 American Institute for Contemporary German Studies The Johns Hopkins University GERMANY: RELUCTANT LAND OF IMMIGRATION PHILIP L. MARTIN GERMAN ISSUES 21 The American Institute for Contemporary German Studies (AICGS) is a center for advanced research, study, and discussion on the politics, culture, and society of the Federal Republic of Germany. Established in 1983 and affiliated with The Johns Hopkins University but governed by its own Board of Trustees, AICGS is a privately incorporated institute dedicated to independent, critical, and comprehensive analysis and assessment of current German issues. Its goals are to help develop a new generation of American scholars with a thorough understanding of contemporary Germany, deepen American knowledge and understanding of current German developments, contribute to American policy analysis of problems relating to Germany, and promote interdisciplinary and comparative research on Germany. Executive Director: Jackson Janes Research Director: Carl Lankowski Board of Trustees, Cochair: Steven Muller Board of Trustees, Cochair: Harry J. Gray The views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) alone. They do not necessarily reflect the views of the American Institute for Contemporary German Studies. ©1998 by the American Institute for Contemporary German Studies ISBN 0-941441-32-6 Additional copies of this AICGS German Issue are available from the American Institute for Contemporary German Studies, Suite 420, 1400 16th Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036-2217. Telephone 202/332-9312, Fax 202/265-9531, E-mail: [email protected], Web: http://www.jhu.edu/~aicgsdoc/ C O N T E N T S Foreword ..............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Freedom of Religion and the Church of Scientology in Germany and the United States
    SHOULD GERMANY STOP WORRYING AND LOVE THE OCTOPUS? FREEDOM OF RELIGION AND THE CHURCH OF SCIENTOLOGY IN GERMANY AND THE UNITED STATES Religion hides many mischiefs from suspicion.' I. INTRODUCTION Recently the City of Los Angeles dedicated one of its streets to the founder of the Church of Scientology, renaming it "L. Ron Hubbard Way." 2 Several months prior to the ceremony, the Superior Administrative Court of Miinster, Germany held that Federal Minister of Labor Norbert Bluim was legally permitted to continue to refer to Scientology as a "giant octopus" and a "contemptuous cartel of oppression." 3 These incidents indicate the disparity between the way that the Church of Scientology is treated in the United States and the treatment it receives in Germany.4 Notably, while Scientology has been recognized as a religion in the United States, 5 in Germany it has struggled for acceptance and, by its own account, equality under the law. 6 The issue of Germany's treatment of the Church of Scientology has reached the upper echelons of the United States 1. MARLOWE, THE JEW OF MALTA, Act 1, scene 2. 2. Formerly known as Berendo Street, the street links Sunset Boulevard with Fountain Avenue in the Hollywood area. At the ceremony, the city council president praised the "humanitarian works" Hubbard has instituted that are "helping to eradicate illiteracy, drug abuse and criminality" in the city. Los Angeles Street Named for Scientologist Founder, DEUTSCHE PRESSE-AGENTUR, Apr. 6, 1997, available in LEXIS, News Library, DPA File. 3. The quoted language is translated from the German "Riesenkrake" and "menschenverachtendes Kartell der Unterdruickung." Entscheidungen des Oberver- waltungsgerichts [OVG] [Administrative Court of Appeals] Minster, 5 B 993/95 (1996), (visited Oct.
    [Show full text]
  • Format Acrobat
    - 1 - N° 173 SÉNAT SESSION ORDINAIRE DE 2002-2003 Annexe au procès-verbal de la séance du 12 février 2003 RAPPORT FAIT au nom de la commission des Affaires étrangères, de la défense et des forces armées (1) sur : - le projet de loi autorisant l’approbation de la convention sur les polluants organiques persistants (ensemble six annexes), - et le projet de loi autorisant l’approbation de la convention sur la procédure de consentement préalable en connaissance de cause applicable à certains produits chimiques et pesticides dangereux qui font l’objet d’un commerce international (ensemble cinq annexes), Par M. Michel PELCHAT, Sénateur. (1) Cette commission est composée de : M. André Dulait, président ; MM. Robert Del Picchia, Guy Penne, Jean-Marie Poirier, Michel Pelchat, Mme Danielle Bidard-Reydet, M. André Boyer, vice-présidents ; MM. Simon Loueckhote, Daniel Goulet, André Rouvière, Jean-Pierre Masseret, secrétaires ; MM. Jean-Yves Autexier, Jean- Michel Baylet, Mme Maryse Bergé-Lavigne, MM. Daniel Bernardet, Pierre Biarnès, Jacques Blanc, Didier Borotra, Didier Boulaud, Jean-Guy Branger, Mme Paulette Brisepierre, M. Ernest Cartigny, Mme Monique Cerisier-ben Guiga, MM. Paul Dubrule, Hubert Durand-Chastel, Mme Josette Durrieu, MM. Claude Estier, Jean Faure, André Ferrand, Philippe François, Jean François-Poncet, Philippe de Gaulle, Mme Jacqueline Gourault, MM. Emmanuel Hamel, Christian de La Malène, René-Georges Laurin, Louis Le Pensec, Mme Hélène Luc, MM. Philippe Madrelle, Pierre Mauroy, Louis Mermaz, Mme Lucette Michaux-Chevry, MM. Louis Moinard, Xavier Pintat, Jean-Pierre Plancade, Bernard Plasait, Jean Puech, Yves Rispat, Roger Romani, Henri Torre, Xavier de Villepin, Serge Vinçon. Voir les numéros : Sénat : 395 et 396 (2001-2002) Traités et conventions.
    [Show full text]
  • 3 Campaign Funding in Germany
    1 2 Particularly notable scandals in Germany 1. The “Flick Scandal”. Firm accused of buying a tax exemption. 2. Party Corruption Scandal. Kohl & CDU accused of keeping large unreported, secret fund. Possibly taking money from companies and foreign agents. 2 Brief History 1800s, Germany fractured among competing nation-states Post WWII West Germany created, US wrote Constitution. Executive NOT SEPARATELY ELECTED. Chancellor == prime minister, the leader of a party that forms the government. 2 House Parliament, one elected in mixed systems of regional PR and individual SMD elections. High minimum % threshold. Strict laws against hate speech, fascism. Strict Party System. Individual MCs have small leeway, party is focus of decision 3 Campaign Funding in Germany 3.1 Prohibition on bribery Donations may not be linked to particular decisions or policies. 3.2 State Funding of Parties No limits on campaign spending or on donations. Nat’l govt sets a total budget (133mill Euro) divided among parties according to 1) votes and 2) matching of small donations. Donations from individuals and corporations allowed, and no limit is enforced. Emphasis on reporting. 1 Averages: gov’t provides 30% party support, 28% from DUES, 12% mandatory contributions of govt officials, 10% individual donations, 3.5% corporation donations. See this website: http://www.parteispenden.unklarheiten.de/?seite=auswertung But nothing from associations or charities that might act as “pass through”. Strict reporting guidelines, parties supposed to report donor names. Individual donations are deductible. BUT since 1994 corporation donations are not de- ductible. Can donate to individual MCs, but they aren’t supposed to keep the $.
    [Show full text]
  • Strategies of Intervention in Protracted Violent Conflicts by Civil Society Actors
    Strategies of intervention in protracted violent conflicts by civil society actors: the example of interventions in the violent conflicts in the area of former Yugoslavia Schweitzer, C. Submitted version deposited in CURVE May 2011 Original citation: Schweitzer, C. (2009) Strategies of intervention in protracted violent conflicts by civil society actors: the example of interventions in the violent conflicts in the area of former Yugoslavia. Unpublished PhD Thesis. Coventry: Coventry University. Copyright © and Moral Rights are retained by the author. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This item cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder(s). The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Two illustrations and one map have been removed from this thesis due to third party copyright. The unabridged version of the thesis can be viewed at the Lanchester Library, Coventry University. CURVE is the Institutional Repository for Coventry University http://curve.coventry.ac.uk/open Strategies of Intervention in Protracted Violent Conflicts by Civil Society Actors The Example of Interventions in the Violent Conflicts in the Area of Former Yugoslavia, 1990 – 2002 Christine Schweitzer A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the University’s requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy July 2009 Centre for Peace and Reconciliation Studies Business School Coventry University Abstract 3 Abstract This thesis seeks to contribute to the understanding of conflict intervention in protracted violent conflicts by studying the activities of civil society actors in regard to the conflicts in what was Yugoslavia until 1991.
    [Show full text]
  • ANNUAL REPORT 2001 Photos Credits: C Ifri – Conception and Production
    V. IFRI Anglais 30/08/2002 14:55 Page 1 French Institute of International Relations alliance design ANNUAL REPORT 2001 Photos credits: c Ifri – Conception and production: INSTITUT FRANCAIS DES RELATIONS INTERNATIONALES 27, rue de la Procession • 75740 Paris Cedex 15 Tél.: 33 (0)1 40 61 60 00 • Fax : 33 (0)1 40 61 60 60 • www.ifri.org Relations of International Institute 2001 French REPORT ANNUAL • EXE R.A. IFRI 2001/Anglais 30/08/2002 09:45 Page 1 French institute of international relations annual report 2001 Message from the Director 3 Mission Statement 4 R ESEARCH 5 Security 6 International Economy 11 European Issues 16 Russia 19 The French Center on the United States (CFE) 20 Asian Issues 24 Middle East and Mediterranean 30 Africa 34 M EETINGS AND D EBATES 35 Conferences at Ifri 36 Participation of Ifri’s Researchers in International Conferences 40 I FRI AND THE CORPORATE SECTOR 45 Corporate program 46 The Franco-Austrian Center (CFA) 52 Corporate Members 54 P UBLICATIONS, LIBRARY AND D OCUMENTATION C ENTER 55 Publications 56 Library and Documentation Center 65 Ifri Team 66 Board 68 1 • EXE R.A. IFRI 2001/Anglais 30/08/2002 09:46 Page 3 message from the director he year 2001 has been first and foremost marked by the September 11 attacks on New York and Washington. These events did not change the Tworld. But the outbreak of “hyperterrorism” has changed our way of seeing it, of understanding the past and envisioning the future. Like in all comparable research institutes around the world, our activity following this historic date has been shaped by Al Qaida’s attacks.
    [Show full text]
  • European Interview N°92 with Michel Foucher
    INTERVIEW WITH MICHEL FOUCHER European interview n°92 19th July 2016 The Return of the Borders Interview with Michel Foucher, geographer and diplomat THE RETURN OF THE BORDERS IN A start of a further, almost frozen conflict in Eastern NEIGHBOURHOOD IN CRISIS … Ukraine that has paid no heed to international law and European order, has been a windfall for Poland. It has finally achieved American reassurance, 1. Many countries in Eastern Europe, with the aim of which is not so much to strengthen its Ukraine on the front line, find themselves in protection, but to guarantee the continuation of a pivot situation, caught between Russia and an offensive “eastern policy” towards Ukraine and the European Union. To what extent has the Belarus, according to the old rationale of the “cordon Neighbourhood Policy played a stabilising sanitaire”. It is still important for the European Union role in this? to draw up a “Russian policy”, based on legitimate interests (not all of them are) for both sides. At Tension on the Baltic-Black Sea isthmus is of a the same time Russia intends that Finland remain secular nature (rivalry between Sweden and Russia neutral and is placing pressure on Sweden, which – Charles XII against Peter the Great if you like, as in reality is extremely close to NATO and the USA, well as the historic play off between the German which in turn have outsourced their responsibility to city States). This tension now finds its origins in it for the security of the Baltic Sea. Poland’s “eastern two modern sources: on the one hand it has been policy” introduced in 1994 according the German rekindled by the Eastern Partnership, which was Ostpolitik model towards Europe’s neighbourhood, of Polish-Swedish inspiration, the strategic aim of converges with Sweden’s wish to contain Russia (in which was to create a glacis between Central Europe the Baltic countries and in the Baltic).
    [Show full text]
  • Statewatch Bulletin
    Statewatch bulletin Vol 4 no 2 March-April 1994 IN THIS ISSUE: * France: new penal code * Europol HQ opened * Operation Jackpot * TUC march against racism * Justice & Interior Ministers meeting * New UK secrecy definitions * Germany: `Internal security' laws IMMIGRATION the appropriateness' of holding `distressed, despondent and in some cases desperate' asylum seekers in Pentonville prison. Up to 65 Wave of hunger strikes immigration prisoners are held in Pentonville at any one time. In a report released on 22 March he condemned Pentonville's health A wave of hunger strikes has swept through prisons and detention care centre as rundown, cramped, dirty and unfit for patients. centres across Britain as asylum seekers protest against their In the face of the recent wave of protests, the Home Office has detention, their inhuman treatment and deportations which have resorted to its usual strategy of dispersal, and of punishing resulted in death. detainees in detention centres by moving them to prison. However, Since the end of February, when ten north Africans were released this time the strategy seems to have had the opposite effect to that from Pentonville after ten days of an indefinite hunger strike, the intended, by fanning the flames of protest and spreading the strike number of asylum seekers on hunger strike grew to over 200 in to hitherto unaffected prisons. Thus it was reported towards the end mid-March. Over 100 were held in Campsfield, the new of March that several of the prisoners at Winson Green had joined immigration detention centre at Kidlington, outside Oxford, which the asylum seekers sent from Campsfield in their hunger strike.
    [Show full text]