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',qrDlrurs 'puB 'senads puplsl qnos spuelsr puBlsl q oN pel?s sJeJsrru4or Jo oau loedsorlor u1 eql ol potJrrlseroq pFoqs senadspuqsl qlrop .elqrssod elresuo:t ot ueql Jeql?J puulsr eql eru"que ol eJotu y aSuur pcrqdurSoo8 eqt qqll,rr palcelas eq pFoqs pedrsep are,u.saloru re1pJ esaql 'spuepl uruqteqJ '{rBq€lpp?s euo uaqt elq"I"^u lou I t"trq?q ? qJnsJI aqt ot pa ou enN (uoltaq slpqsnD snlprqpg) Jo uortJnporlm-:r aqt p:p:rc.Id pmlsl rJureg ?{e { Jnq puu spu?lq rydey pue rerrr"g oUI.I 'alduexe ellll'I uo{ (srun sllatr) sl?J Jo le^ottrer oW ol peuaJsue4 sra,n ('dds xfua1dy) ..al'r1 (eleyduoe 'pe^oltrer IOC er? uorlllllxe IpJoJ ur pelFsat uo+ r"J are sprolor q8noqrp) ,funtuar eql Jo '$ '(oau4uta qrrq,r sualqord pu6uo eql I lpql ?trlrerd ged d1.rza aql u1 o1a1sny1)syo1s,(q spuelsr sr srqt I pasneq ppoqs p::mr.ro {;r:o-ro; s:reads oseql Jo uors?Arn eql {q pou?A\qf ere,tr suoJ}e srH eql eJaq.{\spuelsr 'peleldrualuor er? se^orrroroql\ '(9961 (suruapl11)'puelprorC 'punos {{snq ru sprrelsr reqlo pup uollnlosed o1 (srygdo4otq sdoS:a5) odury1 '&1mcespuoqrppe ro; r(po ere pue1s1 ggp 'c paue;suerl ,{rueg pruqcrg uaq,n ,(mluer eql reureg eIlI-J ol sa^ol^[ puelsl quoN Jo lelrqBrl tsaroJ uml oql ot roud lsnf puepsT ,re61 ur rm8eq sesodmd sI ul peqrBlar eq pFoqs (tuoslt,li o aun sraqp)) ',(1atuo1s41 ,elduuxe uorlg^jesuoc JoJ uouEcolsuuIl o{B{o{ pUBISI quoN eql ro; lelrqeq ;ullsD(e str ur parmlrrrBrrr aq pFoqs serceds eqt 'saqrue-6ord 'ayqrssod ra,raraq,11 seydrcurrdauos Jeprsuor plnoqs uorl€rolsu"Jl JoJ eJJnos E ere suoqelndod suo,bqod srql Eur,lerqceu1 'sercsdseql yo ,Qrm:as eserlJ puuluretrr aqt uo uoq?perd pue uoprtaduol 'uorl"JrJlpou 6qt ,( pnsn sr ar'r1rafqodreurrd aql 'ure1-3uo1puu l?tlqBq ol pequnrJns eABq qrlqa Jterprrrrunqloq rq plnoqs asaql sa,rrpafqoaqt l:s lnq @aql uo pa^r^Jnse^€q qJlq^\ s:Dads;o ::quno ol fu?ssareusr 1ruoqecolsuerl ,{ue Surlu epun eroJeg 3ql gt tuepl^e oslE sr spuq$ yo enpa eql '(6961 uosqll9 palrurl fre^ Jpts sr aJroq, eql luauermbar SSAIJJSISO ONV Sfl'IdIJNTUd relnJrlJ"o s JoJ puBJsr rI3 lceles ol eruoJ e 1. ueql\'re^e,roH prrulur?E SurrnoqqSrauoql uo luql 'pe,rlo,rursarrads Jql roJ uorlJopxJ ol sl"lrqeq repqns peger lsou prre spuelsr ;o ,{1euea Ielol ueeq e^Bq plno ! ssol .(up :etueqr auo ,{1uo peq .pateed:: epr?{ ssq 1 sz pruSer sIIl uI elBunuoJ ,lrelncrued e r sJsuJ lurcal JJoru Jo rJqrunu e ur aq '(686I s! Wnptz aaN llag) palelqrqpqer aq mr ppoo ,{eqt asneJeq sessol euos eauq ot proJJu plnot ,eJe ro seJuenuln IeuJeEe ruo{ peplosr aJB .{aql esneeaq sJeJsuBJl JorIJ?e sBataq,t\ leql suorl?Jedo Jarljpe suoqenl$ Iulueurluor lo puslurutu rc,to se8eluelpe pue aseql uae,!\laq serueraJJ:lp rot?u eqJ soorleredo .,(1ucr1n lrunsrp ssq lro \ sIIl roJ spuel$ Jo esn aqJ ,{cueSreue uoaq al"q soloru IpleAoS suos 'pareEuzpue 'uor1e,r-rasuoc ers sercods eql Jo fuuu s? seJuoleJ;Ip ro; anbruqcal lueueSeuuur B s? pasn Jofuu euos eru eJe$ ,{upo1 1nq luarue6eueu dllnJssoJrnsSuaq sr saraads;o uorleeolsuurl ,{epo; 'suosear ;o 1oo1 pesrdoceJ e eruocaq seg uonecolsusJJ crleqlsee dlamd ro; erer'r ro pods pue pooJ Surpr.lord;o ure rrJcods eql ppq sonods Jo sreJsrrull 'lnJssetrns 'slsruolor esarlJ puu sreroldxe ueedomg qI \ elar{ SaAOU JelS-I pellaJsue4 eIeA Jequmu ponurpoJ ureled eql 'ureql q*t\ (suoyrca sry1og) luenrJ5srn u" esmraq ,lqeqord pe1el esoqt lnq 'puEIsI (arcpt) tut eql pw (suDllttuo! stuD)) (yrc!) 8op eql ueH ol pewJnoJ ueql sruoln)unmJ 'E 'seldoed Qolnsr{ru {ool trJted eql ut suersau,{1o6aq1 e olr1uu snuqsaltqJ) Ir"qalppss puqsl quoN reJsnsrl ol .^\au ;o uorsuedxa {lrza oql ql!$ permmo lI lou ap?ur ers,i\ suoJJo s0g6l-s0u6l eql q 'pusJu.I?III eql sr Jaglouu ol oo?ld auo uro4 slurrrrrru Sur,roru eqa uro4 pereaddesrp f,lpenbasqns e^"q .ale^\ eql ;o '(nuauo JJnq pt;c xtuatdv) y >l pslods epl11 :sorreds oql NOIJ,JNCOUJNI

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spuulsl Eulsn selreds Jo uolfB)olsuBrJ (Anon These are species to South Island islands unless there ale taldng speciesinto captivity 1969). compellingreasons for doiog otherwise. summarisedas follows: of Obviously not all requirements can be met and 1. The project should be ulrder the supervision sometimesit will be necessaryto move outside these the appropriate conservationagency. of a critically endangered suidelines in the case 2. It must be thoroughly pla.nnedthrough all stages is mnfined to an ipecies, or where the species and under the direct supervision of experienced is no alternative, for isolated island group and there personnel. example, the Antipodes Island green parakeet (Cyanoramphus unicolor). Some islands must be 3. Removal of birds from a population should not specifically excluded from translocation programmes jeopardise the viability of the original population as they are too impo ant in their own right because ualessit is in imminent danger of extinction. their unmodifred nature or very specialised of 4. A sufficient number should be transferred to the Poor Knights for example' ecology, ensure there is a reasonable chance of a Longer term objectives could include reinstatirg population establishiog. the speciesback in its origiaal habitat. This presumes 5. Relocations should be made only into suitable some of the problems facing it originally have that habitatsor to one which has been prepared to been removed. The usual reason is to provide a receive the speciesconcerned. secure habitat for species endangeredelsewhere. A new island population calr also be used as a reservoir When time permits, a:rd often this is not possible, for future transfers either to other isla:rd habitats or research should be carried out to determine the to its original mainland habitat, agair presuming the species' requirements and use of the habitat. It is cause for the demise of the specieslocally has been also essential to assessthe new habitat to see if it conected. provides all these requhements ol as many as "teach" possible. The progranrme could also be used to a speciesto cope with a wider range of predators. In In emergency situations it may be necessary to effect, this is a process of speeding up natural tate an intuitive guess (Bell 1978) but even then the selection but it is wasteful as it involves a succession process contains the same elements of assessmentif of liberations to compensatefor high mortality. The reducedto the bare minimum. inhoduction of North Island saddleback to Kapiti is A word of warning needs to be sounded with an exanple of this. Aiming to get saddlebacksto a regard to habitat studies. In many cases where a stage where they could survive in the presenceof specieshas retreated in range or has beeu reduced to Norway rats (Rattus nonegicus) 300 birds were low nunbers, its present habitat is not necessarilythe released over a 3 year period but as anticipated few preferred one. The speciesmay have persisted there of these survive today. Atthough the project showed because some factors are absent or have had less some promise it.was abandoned prinarily becauseof effect than h its former preferred habitat, e.g' a a shortage of resources which had to be dhectsd to habitat less favoured by predators or competitors. more urgent priorities. Much of tle research will have to be of an A further reason can be to make rare and experimental nature to determine the adaptability of enda:rgered species available to the public by "open" the species involved and to see what techniques can transferring them to a more accessible island. be used. Such qu€stions as meals of capture, the This rEducesthe pressue on the critical habitats and species'reaction to trapping,laldling and temporary at the same time encourages the support of the acceptance of food in temporary public, a very necessaryelement il any conservation captivity, and ability to expand from the small prog.a--". A final objective could be to naintain confinement, founder population have to be answered. This ihe diversity of the gene pool. This could apply to exoerirnental work can be tested with a commoner both offshore and mainland (ecological) islands reiated species if one is available. A source of isolated by habitat modification. considerable skill in this field is available from of whom have PROCEDURES avicultural and zoological people, many had long experiencein handling birds, including such Over the fust few years of the programme the techniquesas anaestheticsarrd stresssuppressants. Wildlife Service developed a number of operating The actual methods of catching and moving procedures as a guide to such tra$location work' At speciesvaries from one to atother. They can range ihe .a-e time the Survival Service Commission from the use of mist nets, ddft-traps, clap-traps, published a set of guidelhes for such work and for

tt4 SII

'spuulsr ttlq \ pe,roqs qclq \ (996I 't96I uosulltv) apeur se,r lJr"ls?qns uo ,{pnls Surpee; '{r€qolppes;o slueuarrnber Jnmo seJer raqlo q8noqlp tcurlxe erueJoq osp srql V lelrquq '(!appa.4 njpuoppno nt1d,(tocouao3) eql urEcl ol lno pcru?J ere^\ sorpnls ep?ru sB,r edoru edrus puelsl 'snlpls ,{ue e.ro;cg lelrrns sencds reqlo eppel ueql lre^\els eql o^rle uru]ulpu Jo stequnu lucnr;lJns Jo pup 'srql pe.uo3 o1 .uoq?ntrs qJlpJ ol Jlqpun oslu JJ:r\ ;116 s:rrlds JrtuJpur slql se,r doqod JqJ ,,le{spq auo eql ul s33e ue 'puq$ ctro eql uo paureurar Jo meJ 8ur,\r^rns elos eql s?,,[ slql se dpe8url e s?^\ 1u,, 1t se 3uo1 se poro8uepue eq ol pareprsuoc se.r sorA\ eql Jo esturap eqJ (.tro1:qaes) raqurnu rulrurs (puElsl ueH '{3eqolpp?s E uo{ porlsrlqslse uoeq alpq serleds reqlo q3noq11u ot pclrrrlser puBlsl qtroN 'uelrrqS elppw ol puEIsI ueH uorlepdod u qsrlqelse ol tucnl;Jnsur ,{lqrssodse,r srq; r4o{ {rBqelpp"s '(ueqt pu"l\t quoN rqsrr?Jl aqt gtr,,rr,{.:qoduon?JolsrrsJl elpueq o.l ^\oq lucel e^\ aroJeq pelp tl3lq./r Jo luermc Jno ue8cq e,r q .paeluez ,raN ruorJ 3o 7) tq8nm eq plnor sprrq 9 ,{1uoesnucaq dlqeqord tg6l 'qsrlqElse salduuxe pcrlcerd ouros sEA\ sryJ ol paIruJ ..lcJsrr?JlteUB sl?ed w spoqtou pue seldtcur:d eseql eruos uoqeluaueldul rno; :o; Surlsrsred ayum,(tpoals s11o4snosntuay) Jo ;o oql l? Iool uBJ elA uaJna qsnq s.ppelS lnq paqsqq?tse-al ,(flnJsseoJns .d) SSI(INIS TSYJ erenA (.st4o1nturunt 1 {rsqolppes pu?lsl 'sexoq qtnos prqe{rpp rn spBrrrelc^\ sJeJsupl '3nssr I€nlJp l?f,rlrJaeql eq; t:odsuerl Suqre,re aJ.rqmsprrq aql ro3 ,fuur,re .r{sqqelse sr elqeldec.p sr cruuqmlslp Jo Ia^el t?q [ Sutploq plmq u o1 .{:esseteu ser,r1r (:o1ur,,rtur speur ol ernlrpJ s,uoqepdod eql roJ suos?er ,{ue ,{lr1uepr ere,!\ sreJsu"rl eql) uo€ar aqt rn raqlee,$ 'rru?qJnlslp lseuelJur 01 eq I[iA ]r rcrseo erll fressecauun cgl puP spu?lsr eqt sseuctourer eql esnecog Jo Jo Sursnec lnoql$ pcreqle8 eq E?J lpql uorlpruJoJur 'elq?Fs^e,{lel?rporuru crou 'peluerr"A\ spu"lsr oJqetms erlJ eq ,{eu frlaruelcl orper ro Surpuuq lsolu eql se pelrcles eJe^\ nqotulex puB prr"lsl moyoc pnpr,tpur SuL lolur serpnts pelrelep 'ede3 eroltl 'prl?q ftg tleurg qtnog 3rg o1 ,{e,trslr uo sEA\rrr?rl sosD?reqlo q ? lnoqlla uees sr prq e poErnsw aq fuelo"or eql epnl,trfuyqelms roJ peIJcqJ eJe,!\ spu?Fr JI u?c Surpcarq lBql os pepueq oq plnoqs sprrq pes"eloJ ulnurrurtu .pelolruolu lPre^as lnq saPnls pslr€lep rol eunl ou s?^\ e.reqJ IIe eJBq B lv eq uorlepdod eql leql lurlrrasse$ ll espeloJSultrollog 'sp_rrq serJedsqns Jo 'll?Jrluapr eergt roJ eSqer pug eql are,tr s1e1srSuunoqqSreu 'pu"lsl eI? suorlEnlrso,r\l ou sp spotu et?rpsrrrm srq roJ escql o,r\l pu" puslst srqJ lJ?,rels Jo rouJor lso^\ o1 qtnos oql pueJsl ode3 qlnog 3rg pcpeaw e,req o1 ldepe ftrlqxeg luarJrJJnse^Bq o1 seq toleredo JJo 'peqsl1q€tse .spnpl\rpur punoJ orci\ (sngot sry1og)sler drqs ueq,n eql eq uec seurlaprnSellq [ slsuJ ? qlr,{\ 'dno:8 se ro s.[ud ro ? sE rqoql elpuuq o1 eyqrssod psJEJ sP^aef,r ras eIIpIl& ew tg6l uI roltl esnmaq 'un8aq sl 11reqtoq,\\ spnq eqi Suqrodsuu:1puu 8up1oq peq euuer€ord sllt lpql etermpoJ s"^\ lI cro;aq euruuolep ol $ .aJrr?qjnlsrp ocnpar 's8rnrls IErlussse lI SuqJnddq aloru ol eperu eq uer qrrq,tl pue 1q?q eqr ualop lnJ ot uersseq ro uurcs qtp\ op$ul slepou Jo suaurceds polunou qll \ so.rlelJossEur cql uo pore^o" eq ol speeu eAeJ eql ol luo{ er,,t\ pesn .Er8eq oq oEe uer s11eclc"q,(eld uec Smdderl eq; 1:odsuerl Surrnp 1q8re,,,rur pespeJ"ur e^eq qrrqa\ oroJeq paproJer aq ol spq Suos pcol eql supeu sprq eruos ppq uele oluq el& .seFuluuape fueru uego srqtr dB,r\pJeqlmJ uo{ euo u?ql Joql€J pelpm .paeJ suq 1rqq1 o1 tdepe 11Lrseroeds oql JI ol elqe ers Suos 1ucol or{l ?ursn peurelqo eq upc slpseJ rellaq sprtq eq1 a:eq,tr e8uc -re8re1e esn ol sr e^rluuJejJporlJ l"J t€q] punoJ ueeq osp sBq .t€u aql olul pnq eql 'eJrr?qlnlsrp p lI Jo tlnururul qlIA{ luauruoJr^ue lrBp ? ^\?rp ol ep$ ol ap$ ruo{ peqrl6\s aq pFor sllpc eql u1 tdol sr prrq oql tnq tpcglp sr Supeeg ereq,!\ soxoq leql os leu eql eprs reglre uo peuorlrsod sreleads Jo peulJnoc [Pus uI ouop eq UEJ reJsrrEJlI?nlJ? eqtr Sursndq pa,rordur su,r enbluq:re1srql rol?-J .e^nroJJe 'pesueler pue peJJeJsrrsrlsr sarcedsoqt ueq^,\sseJls Jo fue,r po,ro:d rl3rqnd slau eql ol spnq aql lr?rllB poued:aqprg u,{q pe,nogo; sr srqJ .lueruauuuor ol o1 Suos peprocar-edel Iceq-,{eld Jo esn eql podola,r.ap 1sn[p,esp:rq eql apr1,lr.{tr,lldec ur poued e ,(q pa.^,ro1og 'sleu {rl+uet I lsrur ul lq8npl oro \ spnq oqJ emloEr qll,4d.pclprcoss? ssoJls ?ql soAIoAuI .lu"lslp '(516I erour sr ells uorlDcolsu"Il aql eleqd\ ,puoces eqJ uorel4) IL6I u: epalu s"^\ pu"lsl (rrloretr{) uelcrq3 8rg ot uelrrqJ .pI \ aql ur .g96l 'emldec elpp4^I Eo{ raJsrrarl v Er spuEISJ ipusC luermprlqstse prre JaJSuBll 3ur,r1o,rut poued '996I ,y961 puB rsranJ pup ul prrEISI ,{mc;e141pe6 cpurs e o1 sseJtseql $rnper srqJ .,{q osolc spuelsr ul uelrrqJ Puelsl elpprl^trot epBW aro^\ pualsl u5H Sursn I elqrssod sr JeJSu?rlel?rpeunm pue arnldec ruo{ sreJsrr"JJ 1u1rqeqalq€lrns eprlord o1 po,reeddu 1cm6 seuoSolel qr€ru o,rt otur sIIDJ spnq oql Jo Jsre^€s l?ql pe.{\oqs Jlnc DrurnBH eqt ul spuEIs-I raJsrr?rt pu" SuriBJ aqJ lunoruerud q p{q pnpplpul uortemurexJtrV tqt m 8mp;rr1 'poqt?u Jo l€lrqeq JJJ,I sprrq aql Jo Suleq-lle^\ oql aqt Jo er\Ilcodse:.r1 slcu ?req^\ p.r" suos"os lueJeJJJp1e luelrodur oJeA\spooJ pusg pue s?op ;o esn eqt o1 g8norqt Jto slou uouuec Shce the initial transfersboth racesof saddleback speciesappears now to be on the way to recovery. have been transferredto a number of islands. The Cross-fosteri.ng and manipulation are other North Island race is now very seclue as it is lumly techniquesthar can assistendangered species ald are establishedon ten large islands. It has been possible mentionedhere only becausethere are times when a to introduceit to lessfavourable habitats to (i) make translocated species may require additional it availableto the public, and (ii) to try to adapt it to managementto becomeestablished. of predators. Although this iattcr a wider range Wbile I haveconcentrated on the tralslocation of appears to have failed, when tine and funds attempt bhds ard the two case studiesrelate to passerines, available it may yet prove possible Although the are bird translocations have covered a wide range of race has been establishedon 9 small South Island families, see Table 1. Most have involved moving it still needsto be establishedon a largeisland islards wild-bred individuals from oue place to another but at to secureits future. times captive-reared populations have been used One of the better publicisedtranslocations is that The techaiques outliaed above have been used with of the black rob]m (Petroica traversi) irt the Chatham various modifications. A new method will be used to Islandsbut much of the detail and planningis not well re-locate petrels. It has already been shown that knolm. The precariousposition of this specieswas petrel eggs can be moved to a burrow ilr a new recognised for maly years ald a census in 1968 location using anotherspecies to hcubate them and showed some 18 birds remained on Little Mangere raisethe chick (Byrd et al.) 1984). The new proposal Island. A scientistwas employedin 1972to studythe involves moving a significant num.ber of chicks to a related South Island robin and to extrapolatethese new locationafler the parentshave deserted them just studies to the black robin during limited visits to the prior to fledgiing. They will be placed in either island. The studies were mainly biological but failed abardonedburows or artficial ones. There will be a to produce any real alswers apart from one need to encouragethe progeny to establishoa the experimentalresearch project to test the ability of new site once they havereached breediag age. This South Island robns (Petroicaa. australis)to establish can be done by scenting the area with petrel oil and a populationon an islard from only 2 pairs. This was by playrng tape recordhgs of thei calls. Two achieved on both Motuara and Allports Island experimentsare plamed: (i) to trarsfer black penels (MarlboroughSounds). This gavehope for relocating (Procellaia pa*insoni) from Great Barier to build the black robin. up depletednumbers on Little Barrier (as a result of cat predation - cats now removed), and (ii) to black robin By 1974 it was recognisedthat the establish fluttering shearwater (Puffinus gavia) ot a habitat was population was declining and the totally new islard although within its breeding range. deteriorating, partly as a result of climatic changes ar:d partly bccause of modfication by man. By Table I 1975176the populationhad fallen to 9 individuals. A Bird speciestranslocated io New Zealandby Wildlife decision was taken to move one of the pafus to Service neighbouring Mangere Island which was regenerating Ratites North Island blown kiwi, little spotted kiv.i alter years ol gazng, although only a small bush Procellariiformes Blackpetrcl, flutteringshearwater' remr:autrenaiued. Anatidae Pandise shelduck (Iardoma variegata), brown teal# Anas aucklandicachlorotis), The trausferwas plamed for September1976 and New Z,ealandscaup# (Althya the best staff availablewere assignedto the job. On novaeseelandiae). Rallidae North Islandweka (Gallirallus australia arrival the party found the positionmore serious;only gler, takahe(Notomis mantelli) seven birds rcmained and of these only 2 were Charadriformes [Shoreplover], Chatham Islands snipe Iemales. They dccided that it was inadvisableto (Crenocory?haaucklandica Pusilla), Island snipe] separate the two established pairs so took the brave lstewart "spare" Columbidae ChathamIslands pigeon (Hemphaga step of transferringboth pairs plus a male. novaeseelandiaechathamensis). - The maie was movedfirst to try out all procedures Psittacidae Kakapo (Strigops habroptilus), red{towned communications, transport, caging, catching ard (Cyanoramphusn. novaezelandiae)and grcenparakeet. releasetechniques. Antipodes Passednes [Stead'sbush wren], South Island and this initial transfer the recovery of the ChathamIsland black robin, stitchbird Following (Notiom'tstiscincta), saddlebacl (both iaces), specieswas incredibly slow and as only one female North Islandkokako. the fate of the specieshung in the bred successfully *proposed balance. In 1.980a programmeof cross-fosteringeggs using other species was begun. This increased #ex captivity oroductivity more than one hundredfold and the [ ]unsuccessful

116 LII

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