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For a History of Psychoanalysis' Politics Psicologia USP http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-656420170071 96 For a history of psychoanalysis’ politics: institutionalization, formation and the analysts’ political stance1 José Henrique Parra Palumbo* Luiz Eduardo de Vasconcelos Moreira Christian Haritçalde Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Psicologia. São Paulo, SP, Brasil Abstract: The political history of psychoanalysis is approached as a movement around psychological ideas and practices not in order to draw a historiography of such movement, but to sketch a historically valuable narrative in regards to certain institutional aspects of psychoanalysis, which show the way through which it has taken political actions within its institutionalization. Based on the psychoanalysts’ political stances and their theories, we outlined some intersections among them, analyzing three authors, Paul Federn, Otto Fenichel, and Ernest Jones, and then analyzing the constitution of the psychoanalytical movement and the Freudian cause propaganda. Our hypothesis is that, despite the different stances and political forces that exist within psychoanalysis, they have converged towards the defense of one cause. Thus, the constitution and expansion of the psychoanalytical movement becomes clearer during its first five decades towards a seeming unification Keywords: psychoanalysis, politics, history, institutionalization. Introduction It is supposed that different psychoanalysis can present political traces in their corpus production, in knowledge Much has been said about the relationships between transmission, in the accepted, refuted and standardized psychoanalysis and politics2. Here, we are specifically techniques, and in core ideals. This leads us to think about interested in the political history of psychoanalysis as a the possible relationship between the politics defended by the movement in regards to psychological ideas and practices. different psychoanalyses and its institutionalization modes. If the theme psychoanalysis and politics deserves to be First, some examples of such political divergencies are approached through the perspective of the political character recognized by comparing the stances and constructs of Paul inherent to psychoanalysis, then it is also healthy for it to be Federn, Otto Fenichel and Ernest Jones, three authors who referred to another field of analysis: namely its social and are not commonly studied in the productions on the theme. collective aspects, as well as the political organization of the Later, the hypothesis that the psychoanalytical movement psychoanalytical movement. was guided by political matters, which determine their Reflections based on a certain theoretical or institutionalization, is approached. Throughout this process, technical aspect usually approach the power issues in we aim to shed light on the many forces that acted on the clinical devices, designing a kind of political anthropology construction and expansion of the psychoanalytical movement based on the Freudian critique to culture. They may also through Central Europe. deal with issues that are strictly political, in a dialogue We will understand how the psychoanalysis’ unifying with the problems of human subjectivation, which is the proposals are related to the institutionalization procedure in core of metapsychology. which it comes to mix itself with Freudian work. When faced Among a varied psychoanalytical production, based on with the repetitive breaks from Freud’s thinking, the argument little more than a century, it is possible to find different politics about the theoretical and technical differences between the in psychoanalysis. We will try to outline some intersections founder and its dissident followers is dissolved, which leaves among the metapsychological and technical concepts and the room for a scenario in which the significant figure is the political engagement of some psychoanalysts. The aim is to construction of the cause. deal with some examples of these stances, ranging from the We defend that it was such seeming unification most conservative ones – neutral or reactionary – to the most of the psychoanalytical movement that supported its progressive ones – liberal, socialist, and communist. institutionalization and made way for its expansion. In a certain way, the didactical analysis appears to deal with this matter precisely, being also used for the reproduction of * Corresponding address: [email protected] an ideal experience. The analytical education becomes the 1 Palumbo e Moreira thank the Coordination for the Improvement of conformation to the repressed and the unconscious, just as Higher Education Personnel (Capes) for the scholarship granted. the Freudian project defined for the psychoanalysis when 2 A search in the Virtual Library of Psychology has about 2700 results. institutionalizing it. 2018 I volume 29 I número 1 I 96-105 96 For a history of psychoanalysis’ politics: institutionalization, formation and the analysts’ political stance 97 Besides showing a different view on how develops the theory that revolutions can be characterized psychoanalysis relates to politics and is set as a political as a destructive phenomenon that is limited to the Oedipal movement in its first fifty years, we hope to deal with the conflict, in the intention to kill the father in order to take his pertinence of a psychoanalytical policy that is inherently place. Such a psychological aspect is taken as a unique causal subversive, while it is concerned with issues caused by the and explaining factor, in spite of the social objective factors social organization or by the power sharing in a group. that are present in these occurrences. The indiscriminate use of an allegedly neutral Psychoanalysts’ political stances and their and impartial psychoanalysis serves as a psychologizing theoretical productions as narratives of a justification to highlight the revolutionary as an aggressive movement and deeply paranoid subject (Jones, 1941, p. 200), while the tradition continuation (p. 207) is set as a distinctive The existence of a great difference among characteristic of civilized man in opposition to his primitive psychoanalysts’ political stances in regads to the world’s ancestors. The discourse of the psychoanalysis of the scientific problems and their practice is not news. Although the aim is character is used for conservative political stances – Jones not to reduce the theory’s autonomy to a biographical matter, proposes that this psychoanalytical science, together with such political stances are somehow underlying theoretical hereditary eugenic researches, is the tool for a noteworthy constructions and have been involved in the construction governor to bring true evolution to humanity. of the psychoanalytical movement. Let us now look at how In opposition to such reading, there are authors such the relationships between theory and political thinking may as Paul Federn and Otto Fenichel, who are examples of the happen in the work of three authors: Ernest Jones, Paul Federn psychoanalytical left (Federn, 1992). and Otto Fenichel. Paul Federn (1919/2000) recalls Freud (1913, 2012a) We will use the well-known Freud biography that in to reflection on the revolutionary movements of Russia Jones (1953/1989) wrote as a starting point, merging the history (Bolshevism), Austria (the fall of the Empire) and German (the of psychoanalysis and the life of its creator. Two aspects are fall of the 2nd Reich) and its organizations, such as the workers’ striking when the reader faces the theme of the creation of councils and strikes. The author analyzes the revolution psychoanalysis. First, Freud’s creative solitude, restricted to phenomenon based on the supposition of the masses’ soul, punctual friendships and intellectual partnerships (Breuer and applying psychological principles discovered by individual Fliess), who turned their backs on him and disagreed about the psychology to a mass psychology3. It is one of the first efforts fundamentals of that which, supposedly, would have finally towards understanding the psychological substrate in the appeared in Freud (1900/1985b, 1900/1985c) – and which difficulties faced by the revolutionary movement at the would make the Freudian discovery something original. Later beginning of the 20th century (Jacoby, 1977, p. 100). on, such a scenario is mixed with that portrayed by Freud One of the important ideas in this text is that social himself (1914/2012b, 1925/2011b), in which the narrative about revolution is a consequence of a first revolutionary moment his work is merged with his personal history. Psychoanalysis, in which the State’s power is delegitimized and suspended, his creation, would be a different treating method for the nerve making way for new organization possibilities. Another diseases added to his psychological research methodology. important idea is that the State’s organization, if founded It has been extensively explained how much Freudian on a psychological substrate, is the father imago. For Paul thinking and its most essential concepts, which would have Federn (1919/2000), appeared in The Interpretation of Dreams (Freud, 1900/1985b, 1900/1985c) and have become more robust in the thesis and the child ardently wishes to depend on a beloved clinical cases presentations during the first decades of the 20th being whose greatness, potency and knowledge century (Freud, 1905/2016, 1909/2013, 1909/2015c, 1911/2010a, guarantee the child absolute safety and protection. 1918/2010b), were already being developed in previous articles The
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