PoS(MULTIF2017)075 https://pos.sissa.it/ . Clearly, this -drifts through 2 B ± ”. Unfortunately, 2 x E = 10 γ ), see page 120 of [Kundt & dressed jets 6 10 . -fields convect the electric potential γ B - and E -ray emitter, with photon frequencies reaching γ -pair plasma performing quasi loss-free ± ∗ Hz, (corresponding to electron Lorentz factors 26 10 . [email protected] Speaker. self-rammed channels, whose guiding equi-partition necessary for eventual single-step post-acceleration,or at ‘heads’. their These ‘knots’ electromagnetic andplasma fields terminating is convect generated ‘hotspots’, half in of magnetospheric reconnections thealone, of black jet’s the holes power. heavy cannot central The possibly rotator. indispensible serveDuring For as pair this its jet reason passage engines. from subsonicescaping to relativistic supersonic pair-plasma propagation, passes stillthat from inside of a its a relativistic deLaval (mono-energetic) nozzle, Maxwellian Deltafunction, the distribution of (almost) (uniform) to Lorentz-factor In this talk (at Mondello),scheme I of all attempt the to astrophysical sketchalso jet again called sources, my or ‘microquasars’, understanding ‘bipolar and of flows’, ‘quasars’.ever on the A bare): both universal crucial stellar extremely working building and relativistic block e galactic will scales, be their medium (when- transition in velocity distributionturns – the in jet transit engine through into the a deLaval transient nozzle powerful – is not loss-free; it in 2015, I had been aforward, bit rush: and should The generalisation respect from stability ‘bare’present constraints, to below, in in ‘dressed’ order this is my not to second exactly (again) approach. straight- be unique; which I hope to up to Krishna, 2004]. So far, until [Kundt, 2015],jets”. all the New in jets 2015 were was treated annotably as encountered allowance though in for SS propagating an 433 embedding in (with its medium vacuum, fast-movingin of as X-ray our non-negligible and “bare Galactic optical density, twin spectral most jet. lines), but Such likewise jet an channels, embedding but medium, will gas instead or be plasma, ionised, willrelativistic expelled, pair try and to plasma, dragged penetrate in along into the by the form the ofway, streaming, bare subrelativistically extremely comoving jets channel-wall are material. converted In into this (line- and continuum-) emitting “ ∗ Copyright owned by the author(s) under the terms of the Creative Commons c Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). Wolfgang Kundt The Astrophysical Jets (again): ascomplicated the inorganic most machines known to us Argelander Institut of Bonn University, Germany E-mail: XII Multifrequency Behaviour of High Energy12-17 Cosmic June, Sources 2017 Workshop Palermo, Italy PoS(MULTIF2017)075 rela- Wolfgang Kundt GeV energies at their termi- & 1 uses reliable molecular engines with stable working - pairplasma is converted into a powerlaw-distribution ± -pairs, at a low rate, even nowadays, in its hot corona. ± yr nonstop, in two antipodal directions, in a beamed manner, 7 biology 10 & 1%, whereby all particles arrive with & Mpc, for PeV. Militaries might appreciate availing of guns of this kind. How does . , the lightest medium in the Universe; whereby its lightness still increases with . - energies ± Astrophysical jet sources are among the most delicate engines of the Universe: The engines Note that for its multiple tasks, This jet plasma must be supplied continually, throughout the lifetime of a jet engine. We know Continual supply of abundant (relativistic) pair plasma is a necessary though not a sufficient And what is the working pattern of the Central Engines (CEs) of Active Galactic Nuclei can eject charges at Very-High Energies (VHE), continuallycal at distances almost of luminal order speeds, to astronomi- The Astrophysical Jets (again) 1. How to make jets? aimed within an angle of nation sites. On arrival, this relativistic e with e non-animated matter achieve such a difficult task,After time years and of again, on intense various deliberation,one size and and it mass the is scales? same my universal working distinct pattern. understanding that all the jet engines follow the size of its Lorentz factor. that our Sun can generate relativistic e patterns that can betestines, easily muscles, reproduced nerves, a by large bothlifeless, number plants of inorganic senses, and matter! and animals; all Howrather like that. to jet cells, But ‘plasma’, achieve which in reliability? hearts, should astrophysics No lungs, be wepurposes jet much deal in- lighter without with – than abundant its i.e., surrounding jet much mediumtivistic substance, smaller pair or in – plasma rest mass, for confinement and much hotter. This constraint is optimised by condition on a jet engine tofunneled into function: two The antipodal freshly channels. generated Weof plasma maintain must their that be for twin-jets post-accelerated, the is above-listed and engines,central achieved rotator, the by and funneling that buoyancy, the in bunching of theacceleration the take quasi-spherical charges place in gravitational via momentum potential (i) space, their andambient of their just-mentioned photon their significant buoyancy, gas, post- further via by (iii) (ii)waves their phase-riding (LFW) scattering on of on the the the strong, central outgoingvia rotator low-frequency (iv) – electromagnetic profiting like by from the theby Crab deLaval-nozzle Blandford nebula’s structure & pulsar of Rees [Kulsrud in its et 1974, ambient al, see medium, 1972] [Kundt as & – Krishna, was and 1980, first 2004]. (AGN), proposed during their – quitesupermassive black similar-looking hole (SMBH) – cannot anchorNo a jet pair corotating formation, formations? magnetosphere; no it As can buoyant only escape, is swallow. no known LFWs. since the Fortunately, ever 1970s, since a 1978, I have convinced When the Sun wasperiod young, of 3.6 born hours at (instead of thehave the well inner present sufficed 27.3 edge to days), power of its its2005, pair-formation its Young-Stellar-Object rate Kundt (YSO) (planetary) has stage & been accretion [Blome Marggraf, estimated & disk, 2014]. to result Kundt, from with 1988, ‘magnetic Whereby a Kundt, spanking’ the of spin necessary the innersharp-edged magnetic edge obstacle. reconnections of Correspondingly, its are forming accretion white thought disk, dwarfs, whichby to as serves well accretion as as a disks heavy neutron and stars are surrounded YSOs), expected in perfect to agreement be with the even observations. stronger generators of relativistic pair plasma (than PoS(MULTIF2017)075 , 4 10 = ≈ ˙ N γ of Wolfgang Kundt generator per time, of mean Lorentz factor 2 , insufficient for jet formation. ˙ N electron-positron pairs 4 γ / 44 L 1 − s 7 . 45 = 10 2 c e m γ (i) In order to blow a relativistic twin jet of power L, one needs a heavy Apart from their inability to blow jets, Black Holes ought no longer to be considered as poten- And even NSs are no longer wanted, by me and by a small group of insiders. Because we So let us return to our consideration of jet engines. A complete description of their detailed All this said, the reader will still find a short review of above-sketched universal jet model in L / 2 2. My (improved) Semi-Analytical Jet Model tial astrophysical sources, ever since [Pankajmeasure-zero Joshi, subset of 2009, the 2013] class has of remindedif all at us gravitational all that collapse – BHs solutions: would form Expected be a during Naked collapse Singularities – (NSs); which are, however, notall wanted erred, for during other the reasons. 1970s,mass when accretion, we and expected to (heavy) crash, neutron (becauseso stars pressures that to have very weight, turn massive and unstable bodies fail under collapse eventuallyneutron strong to under stars yield their get support), own ‘recycled’, weight, i.e. andtheir are turn added mass, singular. spun and up Instead, evolve by accreting towards compact accretion, disks, due i.e. to fail the to huge turn angularfunctioning, singular. momentum No their BHs of dynamics, form. stabilities,is and available various here. morphologies, The wouldformation reader take via can more magnetic find reconnections space it haspair than in been annihilations recently the in assessed neutron-star quoted by jet literature.2002], [Dal sources that Suffice Pino have functional been it et regularities first al, to2006, in reported 2010], mention 2008], micro-quasars by and that that and that [Kaiser pair earlier quasars & interpretations[Phil are Hannikainen, Morrison, of described 1981], similar and in kinds by of [Peter [Körding the Scheuer,than et 1996]. BHs, jet the al, Finally, phenomenon rare, if were gigantic, the given supersoft CEs X-ray by ofre-interpreted outbursts the as reported AGN by caused are [Komossa, by BDs 2005] rather innermost may stars havedisk to on of be perturbed their orbits galaxy. colliding with the heavy innermost the next section. At thechannel-wall same material time, of non-negligible this density, review impacted willfor by ‘dressed generalise dense jets’. its surroundings, earlier i.e. versions by by allowing allowing for The Astrophysical Jets (again) myself (and even a few of my referees)ing that Disks the CEs (BDs), of which AGN are act notinner-galactic analogously SMBHs, rather to diskal (nuclear-) heavy, Burn- coronas magnetised [Kundt rotators,& via 1979, their Krishna 1990, strongly 1980, 1996, shearing 2004]. 2001,acceleration 2005, by They 2009a,b; their share 2011a,b,c, LFWs, thequite Kundt and magnetic similar-functioning self-blown twin reconnections, jets. deLaval the nozzles buoyant with escape, the the stellar post- CEs, thus creating which we conceive of asa surrounding a gaseous rotating accretion magnetosphere disk,matter, rubbing but cf. (shearing) the [Kundt against precise 1996, the mode 2001,may inner 2002]. of rather edge magnetic In be reconnection the of due case should to of reconnectionsthe not our escaping of present solar excess Sun, wind, magnetic but pair flux only formation dragged at at out a its of low surface its rate convection zone by PoS(MULTIF2017)075 , – = 1 − 4 3 s / (2.1) (2.4) (2.3) 4 2 10 − , where- & /10 γ ω := , whereby in a Wolfgang Kundt 2 of order f 4 − γ /B ω (delta) flow [Kundt B G, of those of the neutral 3 x 10 E − = π 4 turns out to be small, of order β / := B/10 relativistic Maxwellian , 2 ϕ 3 2 B 4 / β s const (2.2) 1 44 − / mono-energetic ≈ ) = ω R π z / / 3 8 eVL B -drifters, s / B 5 , . of (large) strength parameter f : ) B 2 π . 2 s ( 19 x / 14 B ) 10 cos E + R 10 ) / 2 = s R = 3 E 2 / ( π / 1 ( ω C ) c ≈ c e π sin / m L C Ac / = ( / π = c L ( eB / e φ z ≈ j = }, smoothly distributed throughout the (naked) beam, whose . Note that these field strengths correspond to (huge) convected B ). In this way, their propagation is loss-free, apart from inverse- : j ≈ e 2 4 f c n , = = e Φ , z}, with R = cylinder radius; 10 ρ e s m ρ ϕ E & -drifting rearranges the speeds of the charges until they are uniform γ e γ B n x E given by Φ strong, low-frequency spherical waves , in the absence of damping [Kulsrud et al, 1972]. Some such damping is expected 3 / 2 ) 4 emits − ω ω / 3 (B (ii) Beyond a deLaval nozzle, the relativistic charges – of bulk Lorentz factor Taken together, the newly created pair plasma is antipodally funneled by buoyancy, and strongly At the same time, we have learned from pulsars that a rotating magnetosphere of angular 5 , unrelated to observed spiral patterns, see Fig.1. Note that such beams have vanishing net . 1 9 − which guarantee electron energies up intothe the charges, once PeV they range have in been therequired stalled ultimate anywhere by in power-law a distribution the heavy of obstacle. beams. No stochastic (in situ) acceleration is electric potentials for a pair-plasma number density lowest-order Fourier components read: rearrange their velocities in ancylindical section orderly of manner a naked as beam, thecharge- toroidal and B-fields and current-densities radial { electric Hall fields imply unique flows. Fields and chargescross are section in A equipartition, via: and determined by the power L of a beam and its across the beam. (Remember thatsynchrotron the radiation, with radio spectrum of Sgr A* is consistent with monoenergetic upon their subsequent feeding intohas two been antipodal shown jets to – by further& two narrow Krishna, heavy the 2004]. thermal distribution deLaval Its towards nozzles a – Compton losses on the background radiations. in cylindrical coordinates {s, γ charges and currents, and that their charge amplitudes are of order 10 boosted by the outgoing low-frequencyHigh-Frequency (LF) (HF) background waves. radiation tend Both torelativistic the narrow electrons LF the (of waves, energy distribution and the of the radio-loud the more subpopulation) escaping isotropic towards a to occur via scattering on thedistribution ambient of photon the bath, escaping whose charges, main as effect isare will known routinely from be cooled laboratory via to experiments scattering narrow where on the atomic laserenough energy beams light. inverse-Compton On losses the to other blow hand, jets,through only the exactly 10% such of rest all collisional of AGN losses them have on low are the radio photon quiet, bath or of the even radio BLR [Jiang silent, et al, 2007]. velocity The Astrophysical Jets (again) for a typical coronal field of strength B measured in kG, with B which post-accelerates charges of10 either sign to an asymptotic Lorentz factor PoS(MULTIF2017)075 + E (2.5) )( e = (e/m · Wolfgang Kundt ) γβ , 4 ) z ) and by c( + 1 2.2 ( 6 γ / by an extended, heavy conductor? Such Mpc given by = deg γ stalled 3K u T 4 σ 4 inverse Compton collisions on the 2.73 K background / } = {charge density, current density, radial electric, toroidal 2 ψ c e ,B m s 3 distribution, and energizing it such that it squeezes the ambient = , j, E 0 ρ γ / γ = -drifting leptons described by equns. ( : B x s / R) of { deg l E ∼ broad power-law Cross section through (the stable ground mode of) a cylindrical dressed-beam section, showing ) have their dominating losses through Blowing the cocoon consumes one third of the stalled beam-plasma’s energy: The pressure (iii) What happens when a pair-plasma beam is Note also that the B x conductive obstacles form naturally, as (partready of the) before swept-up any and mechanical heated contact, circumsourcecharges, the matter. and approaching, Al- polarized mirror beam currents plasmamomentum in will to the induce the obstructing mirror ‘head plasma, material’, and‘lobe’, which more or mediate or ‘cocoon’, the less which reflect transfer is the therebyenergy of beam inflated. transfer its particles This to into impact momentum the the transfer, (expanding) (compressed) ofmoving course, head electromagnetic implies energy material. a is small At transferreddistribution to the into the a same pair time, plasma, a converting(thermal) large its circumsource fraction delta-type plasma of energy into the high-pressure,compression co- is small-filling-factor known filaments. to be Such Rayleigh-Taylorblown unstable explosive apart during its by switch-on pressurized phase, air. likethe water lobe Only being develop later, a during smooth,observed the as Rayleigh-Taylor switch-off its stable phase bounding, outer of shocked outer envelope rapid layer. (of relaxation, expanded does cocoon matter), β radiation, with a (large) degradation e-folding length l which puts only marginal restrictions on the longest observed jet sources. Figure 1: the radial dependences ( The Astrophysical Jets (again) magnetic field}, R := beam radius.neutral, An and essential current-free. assumption has been that also dressed beams are electrically PoS(MULTIF2017)075 (2.6) yr old) , one of 3 . 5 among the Cen A Wolfgang Kundt see Fig.2. And PeV sources -ray galaxy Cen A, at distance γ of the radiating lobe material, 3 − , , or even Mpc scale. 4 / gamma-ray galaxy’, . 1 ) 44 L erg/s, from the optical emission of its radio ( 7 2 . . 7 40 TeV sources 10 5 ≈ 2 / in the Sculptor galaxy NGC 7793 was a (10 1 ) Φ γ 8 S 26 ( ≈ ∞ γ ) is discharged, at the termination shock of a jet, a comparison 2.4 found in ( Φ erg/s of the microquasar. With such a filling factor included, their source smoothly joins 7 . Multifrequency map of our nearest elliptical (radio) galaxy, rather of order: 37 ∞ γ And what about occasional recent reports of corresponding to an f-times lower radiatingf mass, L and = an 10 f-times lowerthe inferred class mechanical of power BFs from binary neutron stars, as an oldermembers brother of of SS the 433. jetvected family? potential No need for stochastic (in situ) acceleration: When the huge con- lobes, whereby they omitted a likely filling factor f of order 10 the nearest radio galaxies, has beentimes recently its mapped at radio MeV power; energies, [Teddy glowing[Pakull Cheung, with et 2010] more al, has than 2010] ten have called concluded itmicroquasar that a of (excessive ‘ mechanical) power L = 10 large enough to explain allradiation the from recent the reports relativistic of pair plasma TeV sources of their among jet the engines. BFs as inverse-Compton p of a relativistic gascompress equals pre-existing one plasma near third the of distaltic its end of energy gas the density has cocoon u, into to a p performenergy tiny = work subvolume, uV. u/3. the This given relativis- means by Consequently, that p inrelativistic the times order pair cocoon to its plasma, of storing volume two a V, thirds which bipolar of amounts flow its to (=: energy 1/3 at BF) injection. of is No its still wonder original that a powerful container of with Michel’s relativistic Child’s Law for asumed) space-charge polar-cap limited discharge, discharges borrowed of from pulsars, thefactor (as- yields an expected upper-end (of the power law) Lorentz Figure 2: d = 3 Mpc,energies in plotted purple. by Its NASA. feeding jets It are maps not resolved visible on this colours (largest) naturally, radio frequencies in orange, and MeV The Astrophysical Jets (again) PoS(MULTIF2017)075 }. ◦ -drifting B = {0, 60 x Θ E Wolfgang Kundt , i.e. to jets propagating through ) = {1/8, 1/4} for i - Θ bare jets -ray emitters, with Lorentz factors reaching -ray regime. γ γ 6 = 1 / 8 cos(i - respectively, in slight (though important) revision of β type B with β and type A 1/4. R) boundary layer indicated in Fig.1, whose constituents are (intruded) 3 . − β 10 pairs from the unperturbed flow – at roughly comparable particle momenta for & ± But already during their formation, in passing from subsonic to supersonic propagation, inside This dressed-beam model has been based on the assumptions of electric neutrality of jets and In short, the key properties of my updated jet model are as follows: No jets, or bipolar flows, (v) The heads of young jets move fast enough to penetrate supersonically into their surround- (iv) All our above formulae referred to naked jets, or their deLaval nozzles, the forming jets are strong We (presently) prefer jets emerge at two oppositewhereby equipartition outlets electromagnetic of fields the convect half (central) oframmed the BLR, jet escaping via channels. power naturally through They their forming servecles, self- as deLaval most notably comoving nozzles, at batteries their downstream wherever shocks the (heads).are beams observed At get their as heads, low-density tapped the relativistic by jets balloons blow obsta- withwith the thermal lobes, spectra which inclusions which of extend small up filling in factor, energy and to the VHE ions plus a certain(formerly density ambient) of electrons. positrons, their sum quasi neutralised byof a a comparable vanishing net number current of alongwith them. Its its best fast-moving known application ions is atVelocity the Clouds neutron-star both binary (HVCs) X-ray SS and 433, and Intermediate-Velocity optical Cloudsowe their (IVCs) photon existence of energies; to the but a Milky more alsoSS Way’s powerful 433 most halo past system, may of of note the our that Galactic none High- in AGN of model, [Kundt, its distance, 1997]. published mass, evaluations As are power, concernsand satisfactory orientations, the arrive at rotation – different senses, speeds they and v mutually (the = differ quality c of) correlations – without a rotating magnet, whoseplasma, magnetic and reconnections whose supply outgoing the low-frequencyleptonic waves necessary charges. provide (relativistic) the pair In necessary this post-accelerationbe of process, excessive, otherwise the inverse-Compton we losses deal on with the radio-silent ambient QSOs (without photon jets). bath Supersonic must not ings, whilst those of olderically. copies tend As to is fall well short known,[2002] the of has morphologies this termed of critical them these speed, of two andthe source expand earlier classes only Fanaroff differ subson- & strongly. Riley classification Jean of Eilek double radio sources. 3. Summary of the Model sufficiently slow ions – such that theybare end up jet, co-moving in alongside at a subrelativistic thin speeds with ( the The Astrophysical Jets (again) (extreme) vacuum. They are symmetrical w.r.t.and a sign positrons reversal exchange of their their charges, positions.look for which indistinguishable. electrons For all Or practicalasymmetry is purposes, of one protons these and of two electrons the in subsetsformation, their of two surrounding inside medium, solution subsets the which deLaval excluded impact nozzle? on in Forus them the the during choose jet sake the real of signs world, dressing of such causedfrom their jets their by excess (with CSM charges ambient the will as matter), then let in beby Fig.1 electrostatically the relativistic above; repelled e from they it, should and matter. at Impacting the ions same time dragged along PoS(MULTIF2017)075 , eds. , eds. H. , 2-7, pp. 46 , Springer, W. Wolfgang Kundt 471 518; , 335-345. General Relativity and 62 Astrophys. & Space Sci. , 109-134. , 636-639. Life Cycles of Radio Galaxies 172 28 Astron. Astrophys. The Physics of Galactic Halos New Astronomy Reviews , February, 22-33; literally reprinted in May , 277-288. , 1366-1378. , Lecture Notes in Physics XIIIth Brazilian School of Cosmology & , 225-231. 383 372 Astrophys. & Space Science , Springer, Chapter 11. 330 Phys. Rev. Lett. 7 , ESO Symposia, Springer, 159-163. MNRAS MNRAS MNRAS Astrophys. & Space Sci. Scientific American , M. Novello & S.E.P. Bergliaffa (eds.), Melville, N.Y., 288-302. 1132 Growing Black Holes Jets from Stars and Galactic Nuclei , Proceedings of the Third Miroquasar Workshop, A.J. Castro-Tirado, J. Greiner & Astrophysics, A New Approach , 680-690. , Nr. 9, 1967-1980. 656 41 , AIP Conf. Proc. . And embedding gas and/or plasma is dragged along by them in the form of thin, 6 10 , 343-361. . γ Kundt (ed.), 140-144. Lesch, R.-J. Dettmar, U. Mebold, & R. Schlickeiser, Akademie Verlag, 255-259. MICROQUASARS J.M. Paredes (eds.), Kluwer, 273-277. J.A. Biretta, A.M. Koekemoer, E.S. Perlman,257-261. & C.O. O’Dea, Gravitation Gravitation 148 2013. Astrophys. J. arXiv:1005.3067v1. My cordial thanks for the manuscript, including its contents, go to Ole Marggraf. [8] Komossa, S.: 2005, in [9] Kulsrud, R.M., Ostriker, J.P., Gunn, J.E.: 1972, [1] Blome, H.-J., Kundt, W.: 1988, Leptonic Jets from Young Stellar Objects?, [7] Körding, E.G., Jester, S., Fender, R.: 2008, [6] Körding, E.G., Jester, S., Fender, R.: 2006, [2] Dal Pino, E.M. de G., Piovezan, P.P., Kadowaki, L.H.S.: 2010, [5] Kaiser, C.R., Hannikainen, D.C.: 2002, [3] Jiang, L., Fan, X., Ivecic, Z., Richards, G.T., Schneider, D.P., Strauss, M.A.,[4] Kelly, B.C.: 2007, Joshi, P.S.: 2009, Naked Singularities, [13] Kundt, W.: 1997, Structure of the Galactic Halo and Disk, in: [14] Kundt, W.: 2001, Jet Formation and Dynamics: Comparison of Quasars and Microquasars, in [15] Kundt, W.: 2002: Radio Galaxies powered by Burning Disks, in: [16] Kundt, W.: 2005, [17] Kundt, W.: 2009a, Critical Thoughts on Cosmology, in [18] Kundt, W.: 2009b, Jürgen Ehlers and the fate of the Black-Hole Spacetimes, in [10] Kundt, W.: 1979, A Model for[11] Galactic Centers, Kundt, W.: 1990, The Galactic Centre, [12] Kundt, W.: 1996, in marginally subrelativistc channel-wall bandages, best exemplified433. by the Weakest among Galactic all X-ray jet binary sources SS are those blown by brown dwarfs. Acknowledgements References The Astrophysical Jets (again) up to PoS(MULTIF2017)075 th , in Buenos 471 , 115-127. Wolfgang Kundt 275 25 Frontier Objects in , Springer, Kapitel 7. , Vulcano Workshop 2010, eds. F. J. Astrophys. Astr. 103 , IAU Symposium No. , Lecture Notes in Physics COSMOLOGY and XIV GRAVITATION), ( B-drifting Jets, × 8 Jets at All Scales , 149-150. 288 Nature , Conference Proceedings Vol. Physikalische Mythen auf dem Prüfstand Jets from Stars and Galactic Nuclei Albuquerque. (on Extragalactic Radio Sources formed from matter and anti-matter). Giovannelli & G. Mannocchi, Bologna, pp.389-404. Brazilian School of Cosmology and Gravitation,Bergliaffa, Mangaratiba, Cambridge eds. Scientific Mario Publishers, Novello pp. & 109-118. Santiago PoS(FRAPWS2014)025, 1-9(2015). Springer, W. Kundt (ed.), 35-40. Aires, eds. Gustav Romero, Rashid Sunyaev & Tomaso Belloni, Cambridge Univ. Press, pp. 92-93. Astrophysics and Particle Physics [25] Kundt, W., Marggraf, O.: 2014, [26] Morrison, P.: 1981, unpublished evening lecture at Socorro, during IAU Symposium 97[27] at Scheuer, P.A.G.: 1996, in [24] Kundt, W., Krishna, G.: 2004, The Physics of E [21] Kundt, W.: 2011c, Black Holes cannot blow Jets, in [22] Kundt, W.: 2015, A Uniform Description of All the Astrophysical Jets,[23] Mondello 2014, Kundt, W., Gopal-Krishna: 1980, [20] Kundt, W.: 2011b, The Astrophysical Jets – after 30 years of deliberation, in The Astrophysical Jets (again) [19] Kundt, W.: 2011a, The Astrophysical Jets, in