The Diversity of Local Wisdom, Art and Cultural in Yangon, Republic of the Union of Myanmar

PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION (2021) 58(3): 4129-4132 ISSN: 00333077

Arunee Charoensup1, Nungrutai Jangsuwan2, Knin Saw New3, Daw Bay Dar4 1,2 Thepsatri Rajabhat University, Lopburi Province, Thailand 3,4 University of Yangon, Yangon City, Republic of the Union of Myanmar 1 [email protected]

ABSTRACT The Republic of the Union of Myanmar has the largest territory in South East Asia, border with China, India and Thailand which results the diversity in local wisdom, art and cultural and also ethnic groups. This study aims to gather the knowledge and develop multimedia of local wisdom, art and cultural in Yangon. For data collection, both primary data (survey and interview) and secondary data are applied in this research. This study is the research collaboration between Thepsatri Rajabhat University and University of Yangon. The series of multimedia in ''The Diversity of Local Wisdom, Art and Cultural in Yangon, Republic of the Union of Myanmar'' are developed in 7 categories as 1) Myanmar..the land of rice field and river, 2) The local wisdom in performing art, 3) Yangon, 4) The local wisdom in art and craft, 5) The local wisdom in art and cultural, 6) The biodiversity and tourist attraction in Yangon, 7) The local wisdom in Myanmar cuisine. The evaluation of production quality by 5 experts reveals that the multimedia is attractive with useful and understandable content/sound, also appropriate to utilize as a learning resource

Keywords Local wisdom, Art and Culture, Yangon, Myanmar

Article Received: 10 August 2020, Revised: 25 October 2020, Accepted: 18 November 2020

Introduction 2. Primary research is applied in this study using field survey and interview to gather wisdom of knowledge in Art Myanmar or the Republic of the Union of Myanmar, the and Cultural in research field. largest country in South East Asia, boarded by China and 3. Data Triangulation: to confirmed the validity and India where Tenasserim hills is in between Myanmar and reliability of data before the production phase. Thailand in their northern and central region. The richness Film Production [4,5,6,7] of natural resource is the prominent point including 4. Pre-production agricultural land, mineral orc, and petroleum. The art and 4.1 Develops the production schedule and define the cultural of Myanmar are also of interesting aspect to location. investigate as a result of diversity in culture and racial. In 4.2 Prepares the movie script with quality, value, present, western culture currently has an influence and performance, ethic. changing society; such as technology advancement, living, 5. Production clothing, cuisine, social manner, or education system which Conducts video production followed by production result in the risk of loss in traditional knowledge, culture, schedule. The 57 episodes of multimedia are developed. The art, and local language [1]. For this reason, this research length of each episode is about 3 minutes. aims to study and gather data regarding "the diversity of 6. Post-production local wisdom, art and cultural in Yangon, Republic of the 6.1 Audio post production and video editing using Adobe Union of Myanmar" in purpose to protect precious Photoshop, Adobe Illustrator, Adobe Premiere Pro, Adobe knowledge from the loss. The collected knowledge would Audition, Adobe after Effects, DVD Encoder, Macromedia collect in the form multimedia which is attractive and easy Flash, Stop Motion Pro 4.0 and Nero Express to understand. 6.2 Validation and correction.

Research Objectives 7. Evaluation Evaluates the quality of multimedia production in Data gathering, analyzing in "the local wisdom, art and appropriateness, timeline, duration, attractiveness, and culture of Yangon, the union of Myanmar", developing into content with 5 experts in multimedia production. a series of multimedia and evaluate production quality are 8. Edits and Revises the multimedia. the main research investigation. 9. Summarizes and develops the final report. Data Analysis [8,9] 1. Content analysis is applied to summarizes and develops Reserch Methodology data into document and multimedia production. 2. Qualitative analysis is applied to evaluates the production Materials and Methods [2,3] quality of multimedia in 6 main issues. 1. Secondary research in related context which are socio- cultural context, local wisdom, and knowledge transferred.

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PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION (2021) 58(3): 4129-4132 ISSN: 00333077

Research Results Myanmar Traditional Performing Art

The results are presented into 2 parts; Traditional music comedy and dance drama have a fundamental inspiration from myth as well the moral and Multimedia production religion precept of Buddhist and Brahman. Dancing is the main type of performing art during the festival in Myanmar The multimedia in "The Diversity of Local Wisdom, Art and called "Pwe". The most famous is "Zat Pwe duet dance" Culture in Yangon, Republic of the Union of Myanmar" is which is all night performances which combine melodrama, developed 57 episodes. The length of each episode is slapstick, traditional dance, and even pop music. In addition, approximately 3 mins, the appropriate duration to get Myanmar puppet show or "Yokhe Pwe" is a special audience attention. The content is divided in 8 categories as performance compared with the other performance as a set follows; consists of at least 28 puppets. Some puppet has around 60 strings controller while each puppet has its own particular Myanmar…the land of rice field and river way of dancing, with accompanying music and song. In this category, there are 3 episodes as follows; 1) Myanmar Myanmar, officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar Traditional Dancing, 2) Myanmar Traditional Dancing is the country in Southeast Asia, is the country of great Drama, 3) Myanmar Traditional Puppet Show. ancient civilization with the long mountain range and the large forest area as well as the distinctive style of pagoda, the Buddhist monk in dark red brown robe, and the city of artistic teak. Myanmar also considered as the country of ethnically diverse with more than 135 distinct ethnic groups with more than 242 different ethnolinguistic groups. In present, there are more than 60 million population. Mainly 8 major national ethic races as (1) Bamar, (2) Kachin, (3)

Kayah, (4) Kayin, (5) Chin, (6) Mon, (7) Rakhine, and (8) Figure 2 Myanmar Traditional Performing Art Shan [10,11]. Myanmar is also known as a country of magnificent culture with the long history and grand 3. Yangon…the City of History architecture. A long great history the majority culture is influenced by Theravada Buddhism which manifested in Yangon or previously known as Dagon is Myanmar's largest their language, music, cuisine and the place of worship as a city and a place of tourist destination as it is a historically center of life. The faint in religion is on the mind of all important with ethnic diversity and religions which people. There are variety in Myanmar cuisine, Way of Life, surrounded with the river as its traditional peninsula setting and Social Living in regard to the myriad of ethnic group. In between Bago, Yangon, and Hlaing river. The upstream this category, there are 18 episodes as follows; 1) Ways of river is on the Pegu mountain range roundabout the west to Life, 2) The Great Faith, 3) History of Myanmar, 4) the south of city through Shwedagon Pagoda and the gulf of Tradition and Culture, 5) The Circle of Season, 6) The Land Martaban. Yangon is a city of main trading port, 30 of Agriculture, 7) The Land of Mineral Resource, 8) the kilometers away from the deep-sea port, with wonderful Ethnicity and Diversity, 9) Religion, Faith, Believe, 10) The array of colonial-era buildings. In this category, there is 1 Spirit of Myanmar, 11) Naming and Believing, 12) Sport episode: Yangon… the city of history. and Recreation, 13) Clothing and Apparel, 14) TANAKA

"the Secret of Beauty", 15) Betel Chewing, 16) "Longyi, the Traditional Style of Myanmar Wearing", 17) The Golden and Silver Multi-Tiered Umbrella, 18) the Blessing Card, the Key of Victory.

Figure 3 Yangon… the city of history

4. Myanmar Local Wisdom of Art and Craft

Figure 1(a) Myanmar…the land of rice field and river Art and Craft of Myanmar are categorized into 10 types called "Pan Sel Myo" as Panchi (painting), Punpu (wood sculpture), Panbe (iron work), Panyun (handicraft), Panpoot (wood rubbling), Panyan (constructing), Pantaut (decorative floral design), Pantamaut (stone curving), Patain (making object with gold and silver), Pante (making material with copper bronze or brass). Myanmar traditional woven fabric is reflecting the ways of life and performs as the record of Figure 1(b) Myanmar…the land of rice field and river history. "Lun taya or Lun taya acheik" is a distinctive wave

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PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION (2021) 58(3): 4129-4132 ISSN: 00333077 pattern of Myanmar textile. In this category, there are 7 indigenous wildlife species in their natural habitats. In this episodes as follows; 1) Myanmar Traditional Craftsman, 2) category, there are 3 episodes as follows; 1) Kandawgyi Yun-The, Myanmar Traditional Lacquerware, 3) Myanmar Lake, 2) Hlawga wildlife park, 3) Mahabandoola Park. Woven Fabric, 4) Metalware, 5) Wood Sculpture, 6) Wooden Figure Sculpture, 7) Needlecraft.

Figure 6 Biodiversity and Botanical Tourism in Yangon

Figure 4 Myanmar Local Wisdom of Art and Craft 7. Myanmar Traditional Food and Cuisine

5. Myanmar Religion, Believe, Sanctity and Monastery Myanmar has a variety of food and cuisine from different nationalities which is influenced by neighboring countries, Myanmar also considered as the country of ethnically including Thailand, Laos, India and China. Meat and fish diverse with more than 67 distinct ethnic groups while the product including fish sauce and ngapi (fermented seafood) majority culture is influenced by Theravada Buddhism with are main ingredient of food, then served with fresh strong faint and believe on the mind of people which affect vegetables, rice while rice flour, coconut milk, granulated in Myanmar cuisine, Way of Life, and Social Living in sugar, and sugar cane are main ingredient of dessert. In this regard to the myriad of ethnic group. Shwedagon Pagoda, category, there are 9 episodes as follows; 1) Myanmar Food the great golden pagoda in Yangon is the one of five most and Cuisine, 2) Myanmar Food and Cuisine in region, 3) sacred and impressive Buddhist site for the people of the Samosa, 4) Nga Si Bryan, 5) Mo Hin Ga, 6) Laphet Thote, Union of Myanmar as reflection of Myanmar religion, 7) Nangyi Thohk, 8) Sengpeh, 9) Halawa. believe, sanctity and monastery. In this category, there are 16 episodes as follows; 1) Wisdom of Knowledge in Religion, Believe, and the Concept of Fine Arts, 2) Shwedagon Pagoda, 3) Sule Pagoda, 4) Kyauk Htat Gyi Buddha, 5) Botatuang Pagoda, 6) Bo Bo Gyi, the Myanmar Guardian Spirit, .7) Nan Oo, the Statue of Buddha, 8) Mya Nang New, the Myanmar Guardian Spirit, 9) Nga htat Gyi Pagoda, 10) Kaba Aye Pagoda, 11) The Great Cave..Maha

Pasana Guha, 12) The Mable Buddha, Kyauk Taw Gyi Pagoda, 13) Swe Taw Myat Pagoda, 14) Royal White Elephant Garden, 15) Mahabandoola Park, 16) Colonial Architecture.

Figure 7 Myanmar Traditional Food and Cuisine

(2) The evaluation of multimedia production

In evaluating the multimedia production, close-ended questionnaire with 5 scales rating is applied in this research Figure 5 Myanmar Religion, Believe, Sanctity and to investigate 6 major issues using qualitative technique. Monastery The series of multimedia production is evaluated by 5 experts who are specialize in multimedia production and 6. Biodiversity and Botanical Tourism in Yangon tourism. The evaluation result is shown as follows;

Myanmar is one of the countries with rich of natural Table1 the evaluation of multimedia production resources. Yangon is considered as the largest city in Satisfaction level Myanmar. However, there is diversity of plants and animals. Issue(s) Kandawgyi lake and Inya lake are the main lake in Yangon x̅ S.D Interpretation to provide a clean water supply to the city during the British 1.the content is clear/ 4.80 0.44 Highest colonial administration. Also, Hlawga Wildlife Park is one understandable of the best getaway spots where visitors can enjoy both the 2. the content is 4.80 0.44 Highest beauty of national park and the fresh air. The park was present in a creative established in 1982 with joint-funding by the UNDP and the way and stimulate Burmese government in order to protect the forests and

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PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION (2021) 58(3): 4129-4132 ISSN: 00333077

learning understanding. The 57 episodes of multimedia in "Diversity 3. the video is relevant 4.80 0.44 Highest and Local Wisdom of Art and Cultural in Yangon, the with the information of Republic Union of Myanmar" are developed. From the movie script perspective of experts, the multimedia is attractive with useful and understandable content/sound, also appropriate to utilize as a learning resource. Table1 the evaluation of multimedia production (cont.) Satisfaction level Acknowledgement Issue(s) x S.D Interpretation ̅ Funding support from the Bureau of Budget, Thailand. 4. the video could 4.60 0.54 Highest enhance presentation References information 5. the sound could 4.80 0.44 Highest enhance presentation [1] Heijmans, P., Relics of Rangoon. 2016. information Inya Media Ltd. 6. the multimedia is 4.60 0.54 Highest effective and useful [2] Sudprasert, K., Participatory Action and able pass on Research. 1994. Human Resource knowledge to Development Center: Bangkok. audiences [3] Ngenprasertsri, N., Participatory Action Discussion Research. Journal of Humanity and Social Science, 2001. 2(7): p.61-62. According to the research results, there are 7 categories with 57 episodes of a series in "the Diversity of Local Wisdom, [4] Cleve, B., Film Production Management. Art and Cultural in Yangon, Republic of the Union of 2006. Elsevier:Oxford. Myanmar". In production process, the production is conducted throughout the year, some part of episodes is able [5] Geuens, J.P., Film Production Theory. to perform during special event or festival yearly. Therefore, 2000. State University of New York Press: the production is required to design and manage carefully in New York. all necessary aspects such as documentary, financial budget, personnel, production equipment, and location. Particularly, [6] Honthaner, E. L., The Complete in Myanmar which is considered as outbound and governed Production Film Handbook (4th ed.). by military. Also, some of production requires drone camera 2010. Elsevier: Oxford. to record video footage in bird's eye view. Therefore, all of productions are necessary to require a permission and verify [7] Kalow, N., Visual Storytelling the Digital the correctness of content. In addition, result of evaluation Video Documentary. 2011. The Center for by experts in series of multimedia in ''The Diversity of Local Documentary Studies at Duke University: Wisdom, Art and Cultural in Yangon, Republic of the Union North Carolina. of Myanmar'' in all 6 major issues; (1) clear and understandable content, (2) creative to stimulate learning, [8] Chantavanich, S., Qualitative Research. (3) the video is relevant to the information of movie script, 1988. Chulalongkorn University: (4) the video is enhancing presentation information, (5) the sound is enhancing the presentation information, (6) the Bangkok. effectiveness and usefulness to pass on knowledge to [9] Lincharoen, U., Qualitative Analysis audiences, are in the highest ranking position in all aspects. Technique. Journal of Educational In consequence, this series of multimedia is appropriated as a source of knowledge and material of learning. Measurement Mahasarakham University, 2012. 17(1): p.17-29. Conclusion [10] Smith, M., Ethnic Groups in Burma. 1994.

Local wisdom is a part of the cultural local knowledge that Anti-Slaveryinternational, London is formed through a process of learning which could be [11] Embassy of Myanmar. Composition of the interpreted as a set of knowledge, values and norms of a particular form of adaptation and life experience of social. Different Ethnic Groups under the 8 Major The knowledge could be integrated with modern education National Ethnic Races in Myanmar. [cited to understand local society and living sustainably. This 2020 13/05/20]; Available from: research is a medium to gathers Myanmar local wisdom to https://www.embassyofmyanmar.be/ABO protect the valuable knowledge from the risk of loss in the UT/ethnicgroups.htm form of multimedia which is attractive and attain a deep