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Portée De L'archéoentomologie Dans L'étude Des Maisons Hivernales Inuites (Période De Contact À Dog Island, Labrador, 17E Et 18E Siècles)

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Portée De L'archéoentomologie Dans L'étude Des Maisons Hivernales Inuites (Période De Contact À Dog Island, Labrador, 17E Et 18E Siècles) Portée de l'archéoentomologie dans l'étude des maisons hivernales inuites (période de contact à Dog Island, Labrador, 17e et 18e siècles) Mémoire Olivier Lalonde Maîtrise en archéologie - avec mémoire Maître ès arts (M.A.) Québec, Canada © Olivier Lalonde, 2020 Portée de l’archéoentomologie dans l’étude des maisons hivernales inuites (période de contact à Dog Island, Labrador, 17e et 18e siècles) Mémoire Olivier Lalonde Sous la direction de : Allison Bain James Woollett (codirecteur) 24 février 2020 RÉSUMÉ Cette recherche consiste en une analyse archéoentomologique portant sur des échantillons prélevés dans trois maisons hivernales inuites d’Oakes Bay 1, dans la région de Nain, au Labrador. L’analyse a deux objectifs : contribuer à la recherche sur la période transitoire critique que traversent les Inuits du Labrador entre le 17e et le 18e siècle, qu’on observe principalement dans un changement structural des maisons hivernales et explorer le potentiel de l’archéoentomologie dans les régions arctiques et subarctiques pour combler les lacunes dans nos interprétations. Une analyse approfondie de l’écologie des insectes indique que les assemblages archéoentomologiques provenant de contextes inuits ne sont pas les plus aptes à étudier les conditions de vie à l’intérieur des maisons. En revanche, ils servent à mieux comprendre l’utilisation de matériaux divers lors de l’occupation hivernale, à discuter du processus de formation du site et à éclairer le processus d’abandon temporaire et permanent de l’habitation hivernale, un aspect critique de l’histoire de l’occupation des sites archéologiques qu’il est difficile d’observer avec les méthodes de terrain conventionnelles. An archaeoentomological analysis was conducted on sediment samples collected from three Inuit winter houses located at Oakes Bay 1, in the Nain region, Labrador. The analysis’ primary goal is to contribute new perspectives to research concerning the reorganization of Labrador Inuit winter houses and winter households during the 17th and 18th centuries, a significant period of transition in their history. Secondly, the project seeks to explore the potential of archaeoentomology to contribute to archaeology in the Arctic and Subarctic regions. Following an in depth analysis of the ecology of insects collected from Oakes Bay 1, we conclude that archaeoentomological assemblages from Inuit contexts are not well suited for the study of domestic living conditions. Instead, archaeoentomological assemblages were more productively employed to document the use of a variety of food and raw materials in the house, to document site formation and to shed light on temporary and permanent abandonment of winter houses, a critical aspect of the occupation history of all archaeological sites that is difficult to observe through conventional archaeological field methods. iii Table des matières RÉSUMÉ .................................................................................................................................................................. iii Table des matières ................................................................................................................................................... iv Liste des figures ...................................................................................................................................................... vii Liste des tableaux ..................................................................................................................................................... ix Remerciements .......................................................................................................................................................... x Introduction .............................................................................................................................................................. 1 Changements dans la structure des maisons hivernales des Inuits du Labrador ....................................... 2 Sous-discipline de l’archéoentomologie ........................................................................................................... 7 Utilité des insectes en archéologie ................................................................................................................ 7 Brève histoire de la sous-discipline et des développements méthodologiques ..................................... 9 Archéoentomologie des peuples paléoesquimaux et néoesquimaux dans l’Arctique nord-américain .......................................................................................................................................................................... 11 Démarche théorique : écologie historique ..................................................................................................... 13 Problématique ..................................................................................................................................................... 14 Plan du mémoire ................................................................................................................................................ 15 Chapitre 1 – Contexte géographique et culturel : le Labrador et les Inuits ................................................... 16 1.1. Contexte géographique de la région de Nain ......................................................................................... 16 1.1.1. Géographie physique de la côte du Labrador ................................................................................ 16 1.1.2. Climat .................................................................................................................................................... 16 1.1.3. Biogéographie de la région de Nain ................................................................................................. 17 1.2. Historique de l’occupation inuite du Labrador ...................................................................................... 18 1.2.1. Thuléens au Labrador (fin du 13e siècle au 15e siècle) .................................................................. 18 1.2.2. Période de transition : Les Inuits du 16e siècle au 17e siècle ........................................................ 21 1.2.3. Inuits aux 18e et 19e siècles ................................................................................................................ 23 Chapitre 2 – Méthodologie ................................................................................................................................... 28 2.1. Oakes Bay 1, site à l’étude ......................................................................................................................... 28 2.1.1. Description physique du site ............................................................................................................. 28 2.1.2. Brève histoire des interventions archéologiques ............................................................................ 29 2.2. Interventions sur le terrain ........................................................................................................................ 30 2.2.1. Fouille des contextes à l’étude .......................................................................................................... 30 2.2.2. Échantillonnage................................................................................................................................... 33 iv 2.3. Traitement des échantillons ...................................................................................................................... 35 2.3.1. Choix des échantillons et limites de la méthode ............................................................................ 35 2.3.2. Lavage et flottation au kérosène ....................................................................................................... 35 2.3.3. Tri, identification des insectes et ouvrages de référence .............................................................. 36 2.4. Montage d’une collection de référence ................................................................................................... 38 2.5. Méthodologie analytique ........................................................................................................................... 39 2.5.1. Assemblage archéoentomologique................................................................................................... 39 2.5.2. Calcul du nombre minimal d’individus ........................................................................................... 39 Chapitre 3 – Résultats ............................................................................................................................................ 41 3.1. Résultats de l’analyse archéoentomologique .......................................................................................... 41 3.1.1. Maison 3 ............................................................................................................................................... 41 3.1.2. Maison 5 ............................................................................................................................................... 49 3.1.3. Maison 4 ............................................................................................................................................... 53 3.1.4. Échantillons hors site ........................................................................................................................
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