LEAVE NO TRACE

Outdoor Skills & Ethics

“A thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity, stability, and beauty of the biotic community. It is wrong when it tends otherwise.”

—Aldo Leopold, A Sand County Almanac

NORTH AMERICA EDITION LNT Outdoor Skills and Ethics LNT Outdoor Skills and Ethics

“The notion that [outdoor] recreation has no PRINCIPLES OF Leave No Trace environmental impacts is no longer tenable.” • Plan Ahead and Prepare ...... 4 —Curtis H. Flather and H. Ken Cordell, Wildlife and Recreationists • Travel and Camp on Durable Surfaces ...... 7

People enjoy the outdoors in myri- Trace which aims to be part of the • Dispose of Waste Properly ...... 11 ad ways. We explore on foot, kayak, solution. At the heart of LNT are horseback, mountain bicycles, skis, seven principles for reducing the • Leave What You Find ...... 15 snowshoes, and crampons, to name a damage caused by outdoor activities, few, and there are more of us push- particularly non-motorized recre- • Minimize Campfire Impacts ...... 18 ing our sports to greater extremes ation. Leave No Trace concepts can and into remoter parts of the natural be applied anywhere—in remote • Respect Wildlife ...... 21 world everyday. Our experiences are wilderness, city parks, even in our personally satisfying, but they can be own back- • Be Considerate of Other Visitors ...... 24 costly to the places we visit and the yards—and At the heart of animals we observe. in any America’s wildlands are diverse recreational LNT and beautiful. They can also be frag- endeavor. Wildland Ethics ...... 27 are seven principles ile. Polluted waters, displaced Leave No wildlife, eroded soils, and trampled Trace prin- for reducing the A Final Challenge ...... 28 vegetation are just some of the ciples and impacts linked directly to recreation- practices damage caused by A Few Terms Defined ...... 28 al activities. Even our mere presence extend com- outdoor activities, has an influence. Considerable dam- mon cour- age could be prevented if recreation- tesy and particularly non- ists were better informed, especially hospitality to other wildland visitors LNT Outdoor Skills and Ethics about Leave No Trace techniques. and to the natural world of which we This booklet is part of a national are all a part. They are based on an educational program called Leave No abiding respect for nature. This respect, coupled with good judgment Visitors interested in stock use, and awareness, will allow you to mountain biking, kayaking and climb- apply the principles to your own ing, or other regions and recreational unique circumstances. activities, are referred to the other We can act on behalf of the places booklets in the Leave No Trace Skills and wildlife that inspire us—in and Ethics series. North America and beyond. First, let’s educate ourselves and adopt the Information on obtaining Leave skills and ethics that enable us to No Trace curriculum materials, Leave No Trace. courses and trainings is available by calling Leave No Trace, Inc.

1-800-332-4100 or visiting the extensive LNT website: www.LNT.org.

NORTH AMERICA -2- NORTH AMERICA -3- PLAN AHEAD and Prepare PLAN AHEAD and Prepare

Small versus large groups. EDUCATE YOURSELF. Regardless of the size of your and conflicts with other Know the regulations and group and the purpose of groups. Instead, visit at other special concerns for any area your outing, the practice of times, such as midweek, for a you visit. Because every wild- Leave No Trace techniques less crowded—and more land is unique, regulations requires care and fore- enjoyable—experience. Or, and permit stipulations vary. thought. Whenever possible, explore out-of-the-way Learn how to Leave No Trace visit wildlands in small places. Make reservations and wherever you go. Start by groups. Large groups can be obtain permits well ahead of asking about local ecology boisterous and disruptive time to avoid unpleasant sur- and local minimum impact unless they are well super- prises. Avoid travel when practices and guidelines. vised. If you are planning for environmental conditions, Land management agency a large group, try to include such as muddy trails, make websites, offices, and visitor enough experienced leaders Plan ahead by consider- recreation impacts more like- information centers offer so the group can be divided ing your goals and those of ly or severe. information on special regu- to hike and, if possible, camp your group. Prepare by lations, environmental con- separately. Avoid problems by USE PROPER GEAR.Pre- gathering information, cerns, and trip planning, as teaching everyone about pare for extreme weather, communicating expecta- well as education and volun- Leave No Trace before leav- hazards, and emergencies. tions, and acquiring the teer opportunities. Other ing home. Always, inquire Pack a camp stove and fuel, a technical skills, first aid information sources include about group size limitations pot, matches, a signal mirror, knowledge, and equipment sporting goods suppliers, in advance. Large and less and whistle or fluorescent to do the trip right. bookstores, clubs and non- knowledgeable groups are vest. Always carry a good Build Leave No Trace into profit groups, local conser- best accommodated in popu- map, plenty of food, water, a your plans by picking an vation organizations, lar places, where there are water filter or purification appropriate destination for libraries and nature centers. already developed trails tablets, warm clothing, and your group and allowing These sources can often be and campsites. protection from the sun and plenty of time to travel and contacted online. insects. camp in good style. Be pre- Equipment that keeps us pared to sit tight or turn safe can also reduce impacts back if you sense danger or SCHEDULE YOUR TRIP to our surroundings. A camp sustain an injury. That way, PLAN FOR YOUR GROUP. TO AVOID TIMES OF stove, which provides a you won’t have to abandon Recreation managers can sug- HIGH USE. Visits to popular quick meal without charring Leave No Trace techniques gest places suited to your wildlands during peak use a single stone, is a prime for the sake of safety. For group. Your group, its skills, periods, such as holidays and example. On muddy trails— instance, poor planning or and behavior should fit well weekends, are often fraught where we might want to step disregard for approaching with your wildland destina- with traffic, crowding, delays, bad weather can transform tion. For example, people an easy hike into a risky expect some noise and com- encounter with hypother- motion around picnic areas, mia. Cold and wet, it’s large campgrounds, and tempting to think that the developed recreation sites. In impacts of poorly sited the backcountry, visitors campfires and makeshift want to experience nature shelters are warranted. without these distractions.

NORTH AMERICA -4- NORTH AMERICA -5- PLAN AHEAD and Prepare TRAVEL AND CAMP on Durable Sur-

on trailside vegetation to look like. In Everglades RECOGNIZE DURABLE keep our feet dry—gaitors or National Park, FL, you’ll be SURFACES. What effect weatherproof boots let us more concerned with poten- does a footstep have? The forge through the muck tial impacts to marl prairies. answer is, it depends. A without getting wet. Learn as much as you can footstep means different about your destination and things to a tree sapling and PLAN YOUR MEALS.Ade- how to have fun there while meadow grass, to leaf litter quate gear can be essential to staying safe and protecting and cryptobiotic soil, to a the success of a trip, but it’s a the land. gravely river bank and mistake to bring too much rain forest moss. Unfortunately, trampling stuff. Get a jump on waste TAKE RESPONSIBILITY. causes vegetation damage and management by planning Getting lost has important meals to avoid soil erosion in virtually every implications for you, the environment. Recovery that areas. Concentrating use in leftovers. people who attempt to find Package takes a year in the southern these areas and, if necessary, you, and the terrain. Signifi- Appalachians might require on the surfaces mentioned food in cant impacts to the land- reusable 25 years or more in Glacier earlier, will minimize distur- scape can result from rescue National Park, MT. Other bances to soils and vegeta- contain- operations that involve vehi- ers or impacts are also possible. tion. Because animals learn to cles or large numbers of peo- Most pristine soils contain ani- expect people on trails, plastic ple. Take responsibility for bags. mals that live or feed on they’re less disturbed by your own safety by practic- decaying plants. Trampling encounters with people on- Get rid ing self-awareness, caution of wrap- destroys habitat for these trail than off. and good judgment. Mini- insects, earthworms, mollusks pers and mize risk by planning a trip heavy packaging in advance, and snails, as well as the fungi Stay on designated trails. that matches your skills and that fertilize the soil and help On trails, walk single file in so you won’t be tempted to expectations. Be prepared to leave them behind. make regrowth possible. Vege- the center of the tread—even rescue yourself from tough tation protects underlying where it’s wet, rocky or situations. soils. Once plant growth is muddy. Trails become pro- destroyed, erosion can contin- gressively wider and form par- DEVELOP THE SKILLS. Register at the trailhead or ue with or without further allel paths where people walk Know the skills and gear that with the ranger. Be a compe- use. on trail margins or detour are needed for your chosen tent navigator. Always carry a Wherever you travel and around obstacles. Likewise, activity. Learn from an expe- map and know where you camp, use surfaces that are “social trails” mar camp- rience friend, take a course, are at all times. Stay with resistant to impact such as grounds and other popular or hire a competent guide. your group. Just in case, give rock outcrops, sand, gravel, areas. Always use established Make sure that first aid, navi- a friend your itinerary and dry grasses, snow or water. roads and trails to visit camp- gation, and self-rescue are instructions explaining what sites and other places of inter- part of your training, and be to do if you don’t return on est. Short-cutting a trail, espe- sure you’re in adequate phys- schedule. Don’t build cairns cially on switchbacks, has ical shape for the trip. Leave or deface rocks or trees to CONCENTRATE USE IN severe consequences. Short- No Trace practices vary geo- mark your way. Flagging POPULAR AREAS.In pop- cuts become trails or gullies graphically. In the BLM’s should also be avoided. If ular areas, concentrate use on that require costly restoration. Moab Field Office Area, UT, flagging is absolutely neces- trails, established campsites, Keep out of areas where for example, it’s important to sary, be sure to remove it and other developed sites efforts to restore vegetation know what cryptobiotic soils before leaving the area. such as trailheads and picnic and soils are in progress.

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Boating, fishing and other wildlife. Take advantage of wire or nails. Place a stuff gravel, sand, and navigable water-based activities can opportunities to tuck your sack or other material under water. Dry grasses and sedges damage shorelines, wetlands, tent out of view behind nat- ropes or where padding is (which resemble grasses) are and reefs. Inquire locally ural screening such as trees necessary to protect bark. about how to minimize your or rocks. Likewise, place lanterns impact on these resources. where they won’t singe bark. Always choose durable sites GOOD CAMPSITES ARE When traveling with stock, to launch, anchor and dock FOUND, NOT MADE. use high lines, portable fenc- your boat, and avoid tide What makes the perfect ing or hobbles to restrain the pools, coral reefs or sites rich campsite? Safety, privacy, and animals without tying them in wildlife. comfort never go out of style, directly to trees. Trees and securing such amenities shouldn’t be targets or stor- Use established campsites. does not entail a major age sites for hatchets and Choose a well-established remodeling effort. We can knives. campsite that’s big enough bring our own lightweight Even in campsites, leave for your group. Some popu- furniture and conveniences the area as natural as possi- lar areas have officially desig- along to eliminate the need ble. Breaking off a tree branch also naturally durable due to nated campsites, shelters or to create them on-site. Camp for firewood creates an ugly their hardy root structures platforms. Use of these stoves, mattresses, tables, scar and opens the tree to and flexible stems. amenities can reduce damage chairs, lanterns—even solar disease. Proper firewood col- Stick to existing trails to vegetation and other nat- showers—are readily avail- lection is discussed under where soils are prone to ero- ural features. Where camp- able at reasonable prices, and Minimize Campfire Impacts. sion, rare species are pre- sites are not formally desig- they pack in and out with sent, or vegetation grows nated, look for and use sites ease. slowly. Surprisingly, some of where the ground cover is Leave your campsite clean DISPERSE USE IN PRIS- the most sensitive plants and already worn away. Wear and natural looking—natural- TINE AREAS. Proliferation animals grow in the toughest soft-soled shoes and concen- ize it. In wildlands, we are of trails and campsites has places—like the sandy soils trate your activities in the visitors, but we are also hosts alarmed both resource man- of southern Utah and the center of the site to avoid to those who follow. They agers and travelers across rocky ledges of upstate enlarging it. will notice our hospitality, or North America. Even where New York. In grizzly bear country, it is lack of it. Litter, graffiti, tree visitor use has remained rela- Avoid creating trails and advisable to separate the damage, visible human and tively stable, such as the campsites. Consult local land sleeping and cooking areas. pet waste, unsightly fire rings Spanish Peaks Wilderness, Otherwise, tents, packs, gear, MT, campsites are sprouting managers about off-trail trav- and the like are senseless el and the appropriate use of and the kitchen area should up in traditionally low use acts. By taking the time to game trails. In general, be concentrated in one area areas. Visit remote or pristine pick up after ourselves and spread out when hiking on previously compacted, nat- others, if necessary, we’ll all areas only if you are commit- urally resistant, or reinforced across vegetation. If each per- benefit. ted to Leave No Trace in that son takes a slightly different surfaces. This approach pro- Trees are often damaged environment. Using estab- tects surrounding vegetation route, a distinct trail is less near campsites. Take care not lished routes, trails and likely to form because no and prevents development of to break off branches while campsites is always prefer- single plant receives multiple “satellite” sites. securing tent or clothes lines, able to pioneering new ones. footfalls. Walking single file Also consider your visual and when suspending food If you must travel off-trail, is acceptable where there is impact on other users or or game carcasses. Don’t use use the most durable surfaces such as rock, snow and ice,

NORTH AMERICA -8- NORTH AMERICA -9- TRAVEL AND CAMP on Durable Sur- TRAVEL AND CAMP on Durable Sur- little chance of trampling to locate your kitchen. Con- However, vegetated tancing camps from water, plants. centrate your activities on lakeshores and the banks of we are less likely to inadver- Off-trail travel may not be this surface whenever possi- small streams are fragile and tently pollute them. appropriate in some areas. ble to protect more fragile easily eroded. Plants and ani- Even designated sites or For example, golden moun- areas. If necessary, reserve mals also congregate at these shelters can be too close to tain heather grows on a few less durable ground for your water sources, so camp at trails or water because of ter- rocky ledges in the Pisgah sleeping area. least 200 feet (70 adult steps) rain limitations or a long his- National Forest, NC, and away unless local guidelines tory of use. Continued use of nowhere else on earth. Off- In pristine areas, impacts indicate otherwise. In arid such sites is preferable to the trail hikers and climbers are can often be avoided by regions, this practice gives creation of new ones. the only serious threats to its staying only one night. In wildlife vital access to pot- survival. If you absolutely these areas, vary your route holes and springs. By dis- must travel through fragile to water, to the “bathroom” terrain, try to place your and to sleeping areas to pre- footsteps in the least destruc- vent trails from forming. In tive locations and encourage general, manage your activity your companions to step in to avoid harming the natural DISPOSE of Waste Properly exactly the same spots. features of the site, especially those that do not regenerate Campsites. Select the or do so very slowly—such PACK IT IN, PACK IT can also be deadly. Plastic most durable camping loca- as lichens and trees. OUT. “Pack it in, pack it six-pack holders and plastic tion possible. In pristine out” is a familiar mantra to bags kill shorebirds, sea tur- areas, pre-existing camping seasoned wildland visitors. tles and marine mammals. spots, even those that are BREAKING CAMP.Before Any user of recreation lightly used, should be left departing, naturalize and dis- lands has a responsibility alone to recover. Before guise the site by replacing to clean up before he or she unpacking your tent, any rocks or sticks you may leaves. Inspect your camp- look for obvious have moved. Re-cover site and rest areas for trash bird nesting activ- scuffed-up areas with leaf lit- or spilled foods. Pack out ity and other ter or pine needles. Fluff up all trash and garbage signs of animals. matted grass and make the (kitchen waste), including Choose an area place less obvious as a camp- leftover food. that seems safe, site. As long as overall visitor Plan meals to avoid gener- use is very low, the site will ating messy, smelly garbage. retain its best qualities. Ideal- It is critical to wildlife that ly, no trails or campsites will we pack out kitchen waste, be created if visitors disperse such as bacon grease and left- their activities. overs. Don’t count on a fire to dispose of it. Garbage that free of wildlife, and well is half-burned or buried will Fishing lines, lures and nets suited to low-impact camp- PROTECT WATER still attract animals and make ensnare and injure everything ing. Look for a large rock RESOURCES.Sand and a site unattractive to other from dogs to herons, so don’t slab, a graveled area, or gravel bars along large rivers visitors. leave any behind. other equally durable space or the ocean are durable sur- Overlooked trash is litter, Carry plastic bags to haul faces that may be suitable for and litter is not only ugly—it your trash (and maybe some- low-impact camping.

NORTH AMERICA -10- NORTH AMERICA -11- DISPOSE of Waste Properly DISPOSE of Waste Properly one else’s). Before moving on the cat hole method is ill suit- soil from the trench to cover from a camp or resting place, Improper disposal of ed to your group, try to camp the feces after each use. Dis- search the area for “micro- human waste can lead to where an outhouse or pit toi- pose of toilet paper by pack- garbage” such as bits of food water pollution, the spread let is available. ing it out in a plastic bag or and trash, including cigarette of illnesses such as Giardia, Good cat hole sites isolate burying it at the bottom of filters and organic litter like and unpleasant experiences waste from water sources the trench. Naturalize the site orange peels, or egg and pis- for those who follow. Wher- such as lakes, streams, dry before leaving. tachio shells. Invite the kids ever soils are thin or sparse, creek beds, ravines, bogs, pot in your group to make a such as the arctic tundra or holes, and other visitors. Carrying waste out. Visi- game out of scavenging for above treeline, rainstorms Whenever possible, use a tor use is often high and soils human “sign.” can flush food wastes and remote location during the sparse in alpine and desert other pollutants from camp- day’s travel to help prevent areas. Recreation managers PRACTICE GOOD sites directly into water high concentrations of cat trying to protect human SANITATION. sources. Contaminated water holes near campsites. health and water sources Human waste is common near shelters and Plan ahead to pack out the employ a spectrum of toilet “¿Donde está el baño?” huts in the White Mountains toilet paper with you in a designs and approaches to “Ninahitaji kujisaidie?” No of the northeastern U.S. dur- plastic bag. This practice managing human waste— matter how it’s said, “Where’s ing the summer. Both live- leaves the least impact on the even airlifting waste with the bathroom?” is an impor- stock and wildlife can also area. Otherwise, use as little helicopters. One option is to tant question, even in wild- be responsible for the pres- as possible and bury it carry and use a home-made lands. Where there is no ence of bacteria in wildland deeply in the cat hole. Burn- containter such as a “poop bathroom per se, answering areas. ing toilet paper at the site has tube” or a commercial device the call involves a little pre- caused wildfires, rarely burns designed for transporting planning, some initiative, Facilities/ outhouses. completely, and is not recom- human waste. Dispose of the and a bit of creativity. The Whenever possible, take time mended. “Natural” toilet contents in pit toilets, porta- four objectives of proper to locate and use bathrooms, paper like grass, sticks, and johns, or according to pack- human waste disposal are: outhouses, and other devel- snow can be surprisingly age instructions. Local land oped sites for human waste • Avoid polluting water effective. Always pack out managers may recommend disposal. sources. feminine hygiene products other appropriate disposal • Eliminate contact with because they decompose techniques. Cat holes. If no facilities insects and animals. slowly and attract animals. are available, deposit solid • Maximize decomposition. Urine. While the odor of human waste in “cat holes” • Minimize the chances of Latrines. When traveling urine can be a problem in dug 6 to 8 inches deep at social impacts. with children—and in other arid areas, especially along least 200 feet from water, situations where cat holes river corridors, it is typically camp, trails, and drainages. may not be used properly—it not a health concern. Urinate Bring a trowel to dig the hole, might be best to dig a latrine. well away from camps and and disguise it well after use. Site the latrine as you would trails. In rainy environments, The microbes found in soil a cat hole and make sure that urine attracts wildlife with will break down feces and the the route to the latrine is salt-deficient diets. Animals pathogens they contain. Don’t over durable surfaces. Dig a sometimes defoliate plants to leave human waste under trench 6-8 inches deep, and consume the salt in urine, so rocks because it will decom- long enough to accommodate urinate on rocks or bare pose slowly there and may the needs of your party. Use ground rather than on the wash into water sources. If

NORTH AMERICA -12- NORTH AMERICA -13- DISPOSE of Waste Properly DISPOSE of Waste Properly vegetation. Where water is WASTEWATER.To wash plentiful, consider diluting yourself or your dishes, carry SOAPS AND LOTIONS. DISPOSE OF GAME the urine by rinsing the site. water 200 feet away from Soap, even when it’s ENTRAILS. The remains of streams or lakes. Scatter biodegradable, can affect the fish and other game should Special Environments. strained dishwater. Hand water quality of lakes and be left well away from trails, Winter. Winter conditions sanitizers that don’t require streams, so minimize its use. water sources, and campsites. present special challenges. rinsing allow you to wash Always wash yourself well In some situations, it may be Water is everywhere—it just your hands without worrying away from shorelines (200 appropriate to bury, com- happens to be frozen—and about wastewater disposal. feet), and rinse with water pletely burn, or pack out the the soil may be several feet For dish washing, use a carried in a pot or jug. This viscera with the garbage. out of reach and as hard as a clean pot or expanding jug to allows the soil to act as a fil- Official guidelines and rec- rock. Poop tubes or other collect water, and take it to a ter. Where fresh water is ommendations vary consid- “packing out” products may wash site at least 200 feet scarce, think twice before erably from place to place, so be the best disposal options away from water sources. swimming in creeks or pot- call ahead for specifics. unless you can locate a patch This lessens trampling of holes. Lotion, sunscreen, of bare ground, usually lakeshores, riverbanks and insect repellent and body oils under a tree where a springs, and helps keep soap can contaminate these vital trowel might penetrate and other pollutants out of water sources. the duff. the water. Use hot water, elbow grease, and little or no Waterways. soap. Strain dirty dishwater Carrying a with a fine mesh strainer portable before scattering it broadly. toilet has Do this well away from LEAVE What You Find become a camp, especially if bears are a standard concern. Pack out the con- practice on tents of the strainer in a plas- many water- People visit wildlands for tic bag along with any uneat- the long term. ways and may many reasons, among PRESERVE THE PAST.Dis- en leftovers. Animals should be required. them to explore nature’s covering evidence of earlier not be allowed access to any At the conclu- mysteries and surprises. cultures such as clay pots, human food and food waste sion of a trip, When we leave rocks, rock art, and antique glass is the toilet’s for reasons discussed in the shells, plants, antlers, exhilarating, and it’s tempting holding tank is “Respect Wildlife” section on to take them home as flushed out at a RV or boat page 21. feathers, fossils and dump station. The station In developed camp- other objects of interest delivers the waste and toilet grounds, food scraps, mud as we find them, we pass paper to a municipal sewage and odors can accumulate the gift of discovery on treatment plant. The dump- where wastewater is discard- to those who follow. ing of solid human waste in landfills is usually illegal. ed. Contact your camp- It’s the missing elements of While on a river, be sure to ground host for the best dis- our favorite places that site the toilet on a durable posal practices and other should disturb us the most. spot where no new trails will ways to Leave No Trace at Leave What You Find means be created to reach it. your campsite. retaining the special qualities of every wildland area—for

NORTH AMERICA -14- NORTH AMERICA -15- LEAVE What You Find LEAVE What You Find

souvenirs. over time. According to the Archeological and histori- required. Collecting is pro- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Ser- cal artifacts are reminders of hibited in national parks and vice, invasive species have the rich human history of wildlife refuges. Federal law contributed to the decline of the landscape and belong to applies to wildlands. For 42 percent of the country’s all people for all time. Struc- example, the federal Migrato- threatened and endangered tures, dwellings and artifacts ry Bird Treaty Act protects species. At least 1.5 million on public lands are protected the nests and feathers of cer- acres of National Park Service by the Archaeological tain wild birds. Practice and lands are severely infested. Resources Protection Act and encourage restraint. Invasive plants affect every the National Historic Preser- Help children investigate habitat type found in nation- vation Act and should not be al forests and Bureau of Land the role of sea shells and equipment and other gear disturbed. These include Management lands in the other natural objects in their after every trip. Water, seemingly insignificant pot- U.S. There is no effective mud and soil may contain sherds, arrowheads and log- treatment for many invasive harmful seeds, spores, or ging or railroad equipment species and we are losing the tiny plants and animals. from 50 or more years ago. native, living natural heritage • Clean the dirt out of your It is illegal to excavate, dis- protected lands were intend- boots or tire treads. turb or remove these ed to conserve. • Never discard or release resources from any public Recreationists play a role live bait. lands. Observe but do not in the spread of invasives by • Make sure pack stock and touch them. transporting live animals, own environments. Remind pets are immunized, and plants and seeds, and agents them that these things fill their coats are free of of disease such as Giardia. important ecological niches: seeds, twigs, and harmful The potential for new infesta- LEAVE NATURAL an antler is gnawed by a kan- pests such as ticks. tions increases every day as FEATURES UNDIS- garoo rat; a scorpion finds • If you carry hay or other more and more outdoor TURBED.Load your camera, shade under a piece of drift- feed, make sure it’s weed- seekers travel from one wild- not your packs. Let photos, wood; some petrified wood free. Feed pack animals land to another around the drawings and memories com- shelters the entrance of a food that is certified weed- globe. On campsites in the prise your souvenirs. pika’s burrow; and a feather free for at least three days Bob Marshall Wilderness, Although natural objects may is woven into the nest of an before entering wildlands. MT, for example, three of the be collected on some pub- osprey. Objects in nature • Help landowners or land four most common species lic lands, a derive much of their beauty managing agencies initiate are non-native plants. permit is from their surroundings and control efforts by alerting We can help prevent the often never look quite the same them to infested areas. back home. spread of invasive species by following a few practical sug- gestions. AVOID SPREADING NON-NATIVE PLANTS • Don’t transport flowers, AND ANIMALS.Invasive weeds, or aquatic plants species of plants, animals, into wildlands. and organisms can cause • Empty and clean your large-scale, irreversible packs, tents, boats, fishing changes to ecosystems by eliminating native species

NORTH AMERICA -16- NORTH AMERICA -17- MINIMIZE Campfire Impacts MINIMIZE Campfire Impacts

The natural appearance cient time to prepare the fire and free of excess ashes, half- surface away from cliffs or of many recreation areas site, burn all the wood to burned wood and trash. overhangs. Line it with a few has been compromised cold ash, and clean up. Leave a fire ring that encour- inches of inorganic soil, and by the careless use of Fires are inappropriate in ages others who want a fire elevate it with stones to pre- fires and the demand for fragile environments where to use it. vent damage to vegetation firewood. Campfires are plant growth is extremely and soils below. Drill two or beautiful by night. But slow. Wood from an arctic Beach fires. A gravel bar three holes through the side the enormous rings of willow or alpine krumholz, or beach campfire is made by of the pan to attach it to a soot-scarred rocks— which is hundreds of years excavating a shallow depres- pack with cord for transport. overflowing with ashes, old, will burn only a few sion in the sand or gravel Mound fires are built on short minutes. along the shorelines of pedestals of sand, gravel, or partly burned logs, food oceans or large rivers. Make on soil with a low organic and trash—are unsightly. sure to remove all the ash, content. Try to disturb as lit- More important, camp- BUILD A MINIMUM and scatter it before refilling tle vegetation as possible fires can and do ignite IMPACT FIRE.Consider the depression. If left in when collecting this material. wildfires. whether a fire makes good place, the ash will “float” Haul it to a durable fire site Some of us grew up with sense at your picnic or camp- through the sand or gravel, using a stuff sack (it will the tradition of campfires. site. and the fire site will be obvi- require several loads). Con- But they are no longer essen- ous to others. struct a pedestal 6-8 inches tial to comfort and food If a campfire is important thick and 18-24 inches in preparation. Many lasting to you: Pit fires. Pit fires are diameter on top of a tarp or impacts associated with campfires built in a shallow ground cloth. This helps campfires can be avoided by • Ask about pertinent regula- pit where there is no overly- facilitate cleanup. The cloth using lightweight stoves, fire tions and campfire man- ing vegetation. Use gravely, can be rolled up under the pans, mound fires and other agement techniques. rocky or sandy sites only. edge of the mound to pre- Leave No Trace techniques. • Judge the wind, weather, Avoid organic soils and duff, vent embers from singeing it. location, and wood avail- and places where the fire A thick enough mound insu- ability. Decide whether it’s could damage plants or other lates the ground and the tarp USE A STOVE.Visitors safe and responsible to natural features. Remove and or ground cloth from the should carry a stove, pot, build a campfire. scatter the ashes before filling heat of the fire. Be sure to matches and sufficient fuel to • Where there are no fire in and camouflaging the pit. return the soil to its source cook all meals. rings or grates, bring a fire when the fire is Build fires only pan or set aside time to Mound or pan fires. Fire completely when build a mound fire. pans are metal oil pans or • Have a trowel or small aluminum roasting pans that shovel and a container for make good containers for saturating the ashes with low-impact fires. Use a water. pan on a durable, unvegetated Use an established fire ring . If you camp near an existing rock ring, use it conditions are right—the instead of building a new danger of wildfire is low, one. The most inviting fire downed and dead wood is rings are of a reasonable size plentiful, and there is suffi-

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out. your camp so the area The stark truth is, if we OBSERVE FROM A around your site retains a want wild animals, we DISTANCE. Always watch natural appearance. have to make sacrifices. or photograph animals from USE DEAD AND MANAGE YOUR CAMP- a safe distance to avoid star- —Colin Tudge, Wildlife DOWNED WOOD.Keep FIRE. No matter which tling them or forcing them to fires small. Don’t snap campfire technique you Conservation flee. Do not follow or branches off of trees, either employ: approach them. If you’re living or dead, because this Encounters with wildlife hunting, know your game scars them. For example, in • Never leave a fire inspire tall tales and long and take only safe, clean the early 1980s, 95 percent unattended. moments of wonder. Unfor- shots. tunately, wildlife around the of the trees in Eagle Cap • Don’t try to burn foil-lined Use the observation areas, world faces threats from loss Wilderness, packets, leftover food, or platforms and trails provided and fragmentation of habitat, in many areas, and bring OR, camp- other garbage that would invasive species, pollution, binoculars, spotting scopes, sites were have to be removed later. over-exploitation, poaching • Burn the wood completely and disease. Protected lands and telephoto lenses to watch to ash: Stop feeding the offer a last refuge from some, wildlife. Back away if animals fire, and give yourself an but not all, of these prob- react to your presence. To hour or more to add all lems. Consequently, wild ani- leave the area, move away the unburned stick ends. mals need recreationists who from the animal even if you damaged by people collecting • Saturate the ash with water. will promote their survival must detour from your firewood or damaging tree Make sure it’s cool to the rather than add to the diffi- intended travel direction. You culties they already face. trunks. Use only sticks from touch, and remove any have more options in We know that animals the ground that can be bro- trash. your respond to people in differ- ken by hand. Larger pieces of • Scatter all the ashes widely ent ways. Some species adapt downed wood play an with a small shovel or readily to humans in their important and unique role in pot lid. domain, resume their normal nutrition, water cycling and • Restore the appearance of behaviors and are said to be soil productivity. They pro- the fire site. “habituated.” Other animals vide shelter for wildlife such flee from humans, abandon- as lizards and, while decay- In popular areas, leave a move- ing their young or critical ing, germination sites for single, small, clean rock ring ments habitat. Still others are many plant species. centered in the campsite. than animals attracted and endangered by Firewood smaller than the Dismantle and clean up any do. Treat them generously. human food and trash. diameter of your wrist extra fire rings. If a fire grate Avoid quick movements Because outdoor recreation breaks easily and burns com- is present, don’t build or use and direct eye contact, which is dispersed over large areas pletely to ash, making clean a rock ring. Leave the grate may be interpreted as aggres- and at all times of the year, up easier. Half-burned logs clean and ready for the next sion. Don’t disturb wildlife its impacts on wildlife can be present a disposal problem— person. In remote areas, (i.e. by shouting to get their equally extensive. Fish, birds, and often a disagreeable sight clean up thoroughly and dis- attention) to get a better and reptiles, as well as mam- for the next campsite visitor. guise the fire site to make it photo. If animals are on the mals, are affected by people The use of hatchets, axes or appear as natural and move, stay out of their line of using their habitats. We are saws isn’t necessary or desir- untouched as possible. travel. Travel quietly except in responsible for coexisting able. In the backcountry, bear or mountain lion coun- peacefully with wildlife. gather firewood en route to try. Don’t hike at night where

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nocturnal predators may pre- quent berry patches in late have to deal with the annoy- sent a hazard to safety. summer in Montana. Eagles ance of rodents, raccoons or Adult behaviors influence and songbirds are wary of birds looking for a handout. the relationship of children humans and trails when These animals pose little to the natural world. Show choosing nesting territories threat to human safety, but respect and restraint by in early spring in many wild- their presence is a nuisance, teaching children not to land areas. they can be vectors for dis- approach, pet or feed wild In general, animals are ease, and their reliance on animals. Always keep chil- sensitive to recreationists human food is a detriment to dren in immediate sight. while pursuing and defend- their own well-being. They’re often the same size as ing mates and territories, Human foods and prod- animal prey. Don’t encircle or birthing, guarding young or ucts are harmful to wildlife crowd wildlife, tease or nests, and when food is because animals would oth- STORE FOOD AND attempt to pick up a wild scarce. The more you under- erwise forage and eat a TRASH SECURELY.“Food” animal. Young animals, stand about a species, the nutritious diet derived from includes garbage, canned removed or touched by well- more considerate you can be their natural environment. food, stock feed, pet food, meaning people, may be of the animal’s needs and Serious illness or death can fuel and scented or flavored abandoned by their parents. temperament, especially at occur when wildlife con- toiletries. The salt in hiking If you find an animal in trou- critical times and in critical sumes food wrappers, vehi- boots, backpacks or clothing ble, notify a game warden. places. cle antifreeze and other also attracts many small “inedibles.” mammals. Appropriate stor- Animals are adept oppor- age and transportation meth- AVOID SENSITIVE TIMES NEVER FEED ANIMALS. tunists. When offered the ods vary considerably from AND HABITATS.Consider Feeding wildlife damages temptations of an untidy place to place, so consult the seasonal stresses that their health, alters natural backcountry kitchen or a local land managers about the wildlife face. In some situa- behaviors, and exposes them handout from a curious best practices. Keep a clean tions, avoid their habitats, for to predators and other dan- camper, they can overcome camp by removing all your safety and the animals’. gers. Headlines are made their natural wariness of garbage and even the tiniest For example, in Mark Twain when wildlife is attracted to humans. Aggressive or food scraps. Be careful not to National Forest, MO, winter- humans and their food. Bears destructive behavior may fol- drop food on the trail as well. time disturbance of endan- get the most attention for low, and in conflicts with In bear country, hang gered Indiana and gray bats tearing into tents, coolers humans, animals ultimately “food” from tree limbs 12 feet greatly decreases their chance and cars in search of a meal, lose. Prospects of an easy off the ground, 6 feet from of survival. Grizzly bears fre- but campers more commonly meal also lure wildlife into the tree’s trunk, and 6 feet hazardous locales such as below the supporting limb, campsites and trailheads, or store it in specially roads and entry points, where designed bear-resistant canis- they can be chased by dogs ters or on-site lockers. Canis- or hit by vehicles. They may ters are available for rent and also congregate in unnatural sale at sporting goods suppli- numbers, increasing stress ers and some land manage- and the spread of disease ment agencies. Used properly, within their populations. they ensure a good night’s sleep for you and a natural diet for bears.

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CONTROL YOUR PET. ing infectious diseases such our experiences ultimately Wildlife and pets are not a as rabies and parvo-virus, depend on our treatment of good mix—even on a leash, especially in areas with wolf others and their attitudes dogs harass wildlife and dis- populations. Always use a toward us. Although our turb other visitors. The best collar and a short leash to motivations and sense of option is to leave them at control your dog. Remove adventure vary, there’s always home. Obedience champion pet feces from trails, picnic room on the trail for people or not, every dog is a potential areas, and campsites by dis- with open minds and gener- carrier of diseases that infect posing of it in a cat hole, as ous hearts. wildlife. you would human waste, or If you must travel with in a trash can. YIELD TO OTHERS.The your pet, check for restric- little things are often the tions in advance. Most most important. Simple cour- national parks prohibit dogs tesies such as offering a on all trails. Ensure your ani- friendly greeting on the trail, mal is in good condition for livestock have the right-of- wearing earth-toned clothing the trip. Dogs should have way on trails. Hikers and to blend in with the scenery, current vaccinations to avoid bicyclists should move to the stepping aside to let someone being carriers of or contract- downhill side and talk quietly pass, waiting patiently for a to the riders as they pass, turn, or preserving the quiet, since horses and other pack all make a difference. stock frighten easily. Stay in Show your respect to control while moving quickly BE CONSIDERATE of Other Visitors native peoples whose com- whether you are jogging, ski- munities and seasonal camps ing or riding a mountain support a subsistence lifestyle bike. Before passing others, Today, we must share paramount. in a wildland setting. Be politely announce your pres- wildlands with people of RESPECT OTHER friendly, unobtrusive and ence and proceed with cau- all recreational persua- VISITORS AND PROTECT self-sufficient. Take note of tion. Boaters, climbers, sions. There is simply not THE QUALITY OF THEIR tribal land boundaries, ask campers and other visitors to enough country for every EXPERIENCE.Some people permission to cross private popular areas frequently find category of enthusiast to visit wildlands to enjoy quiet lands, and obey special laws themselves waiting in line. have exclusive use of and solitude. Others come and restrictions. Uphold vol- Lend a hand, if appropriate, trails, lakes, rivers, and for comraderie. Even remote untary closures of public to help those ahead. campgrounds. wildlands are under increas- lands for Native American Yet the subject of outdoor ing use pressure. So, when- religious ceremonies. ever possible, find an estab- Likewise, don’t disturb the “etiquette” is often neglected. KEEP A LOW PROFILE. lished campsite out of sight livestock or equipment of We’re reluctant to examine Take rest breaks a short dis- and sound of other visitors. ranchers, anglers, loggers, our personal behaviors, least tance from the trail on Choose to maintain a trappers, miners and others of all in wildlands where, to durable surfaces, such as rock cooperative spirit in wild- who derive their income from many, a sense of freedom is or bare ground. If the vegeta- lands. Our interactions the permitted use of public tion around you is thick or should reflect the knowledge lands. Leave gates open or easily crushed, pick a wide that we can and do rely on shut, as you find them. spot in the trail so others can each other when mishaps Groups leading or riding pass by. If possible, camp out occur. More often than not, of sight and sound of trails

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and other visitors. necessarily loud. The dis- LET NATURE’S SOUNDS charge of firearms can be PREVAIL. Avoid the use of heard for miles, the barking bright lights, radios, electron- from a sled dog team almost Those of us with a stake in the ic games and other intrusive as far. As much as possible, future of wilderness must begin devices. To some, technology keep the noise down, espe- to develop… an agenda which is a necessity even in wild- cially at night or in remote will place a clear, strong, lands. To others, it is inap- areas. Sight-in rifles on a fir- national focus on the question propriate. Avoid conflicts by ing range. Teach dogs to be of the responsibility of the making a conscious effort to quiet. Wear headphones to wilderness user to wilderness. allow everyone his or her listen to music. Keep voices own experience. low. Use cellular phones dis- —Paul Petzoldt Some outdoor activities are creetly. Most of all, tune in to Paul Petzoldt believed in the power of the “wild outdoors” to make us better, more capable, compassionate lions of outdoor enthusiasts have people. Over a 70-year career he shared his dream of sustainable out- traveled wild lands around the globe door recreation. But that dream is teaching technical outdoor skills, fading as more and more acres are leadership and “expedition behavior” lost to development around the to thousands of young adults. Paul globe. The pursuit of non-motorized was an advocate nonpareil of youth outdoor recreation, long considered a and wilderness. The father of “mini- “non-consumptive” use of wildlands, mum impact” died in 1999 at the age is taking a toll on native species, the of 91. appearance of the land, and the qual- Like others, Paul noticed that out- ity of our experiences. door recreation altered the land, but We can travel the world, climb the he was the first to develop a system- peaks, ride the waves, float the rivers, atic approach to reducing the impacts and sail down the single track, but of camping and outdoor travel. At we won’t save a single acre unless we first this meant tossing tin cans into put our experiences to use as wild- the willows where they wouldn’t be land advocates. The future of wild- seen and building smaller fires. Ulti- lands and wildlife depends on mately, it meant an entirely new way responsible recreation—and a whole of seeing and appreciating nature. lot more. Paul thought that people could enjoy wildlands without harming them—if they were educated. Mil-

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Contact land management Information on obtaining agencies and groups in your Leave No Trace curriculum area to learn how you can materials, courses and train- help. Be active in the plan- ings is available by calling ning and management of 800-332-4100 or visiting the areas that are important to extensive LNT website: you. Volunteer for clean up www.LNT.org. efforts, trail maintenance, Another resource for visi- and rehabilitation projects, or tors using motorized or organize them for your local mechanized craft or vehicles area. Get involved and let is the Tread Lightly program. your opinions on land use be Contact Tread Lightly, Inc. at known. Today, that’s what an (800) 966-9900 or outdoor ethic is all about. www.treadlightly.org.

A FEW TERMS Defined

cryptobiotic soils: Living soil “crusts” containing mosses, lichens and algae.

established campsite: Campsite made obvious by devegetated ground or “barren core.”

invasive species: Plant or animal that aggressively out- competes native species.

pristine: A place where signs of human impacts are absent or difficult to detect.

social paths: Paths created by travelling on non- durable surfaces between campsites and other sites of interest.

krumholz: Stunted forest characteristic of timberline.

Written by Tami Pokorny Illustrations by Scott Knauer

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