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Social Inclusion: Policy, Practice, People and Place

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Social Inclusion: Policy, Practice, People and Place Social inclusion: Policy, practice, people and place Sharon Ruth Fingland Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Urban Research Centre University of Western Sydney 2014 Statement of Authentication The work presented in this thesis is, to the best of my knowledge and belief, original except as acknowledged in the text. I hereby declare that I have not submitted this material, either in full or in part, for a degree at this or any other institution. .................................................................................... Sharon R. Fingland Acknowledgements I am most grateful to the Australian government and the University of Western Sydney Urban Research centre for awarding a scholarship enabling me to undertake this research. This thesis was completed with much help and friendly support. My particular thanks goes to my supervisor Professor Phillip O’Neill, for his unstinting encouragement in undertaking this project and wise counselling which kept me focused and assisted me to draw together the ideas that I have been formulating over the years, in a coherent way. It is largely due to his guidance that this thesis has been completed. Further thanks must also go to Professor Peter Phibbs and members of the UWS Urban Research Centre for their advice and willingness to discuss issues. I also want to express my gratitude to all the Western Sydney respondents who so generously gave of their time to be interviewed and their frank insights into the challenges facing the West-Central Sydney sub-region. I also want to thank my family for their belief in my abilities and their ongoing support throughout this research project. Table of contents Table of contents Abbreviations vii Abstract xi CHAPTER 1: Overview of the issues Introduction 1 1.1 A focus on West-Central Sydney 4 1.2 The research context 7 1.3 Why the emphasis on social inclusion? 11 1.4 The objectives of the thesis 14 1.5 The motivation for this research 15 1.6 The use of theory 17 1.7 Research design 20 1.8. Thesis structure 26 1.9 Summary and conclusions 27 CHAPTER 2: Socio-economic profile of West-Central Introduction 29 2.1 The spatial and demographic context 30 2.2 The rise of West-Central’s disadvantage 62 2.3 The political context 78 2.4 Summary and conclusions 82 CHAPTER 3: The idea of social inclusion Introduction 85 3.1 The role of the nation state 87 3.2 Social exclusion and social inclusion 100 3.3 Summary and conclusions 118 i Table of contents CHAPTER 4: The urban regeneration context Introduction 123 4.1 Urban regeneration in North America and Europe 124 4.2 Urban regeneration in the UK 130 4.3 The results of interventions 137 4.4 Urban regeneration principles 142 4.5 Urban regeneration in Australia 146 4.6 The importance of social mix 156 4.7 Summary and conclusions 159 CHAPTER 5: NSW strategic plans and their limitations Introduction 165 5.1 A critique of metropolitan plans for Sydney 166 5.2 NSW sectoral plans from 1998 182 5.3 The limitations of land use planning 186 5.4 Centres policy issues 189 5.5 Housing provision and urban consolidation 194 5.6 Jobs provision 204 5.7 Transport provision and infrastructure investment 209 5.8 Summary and conclusions 221 CHAPTER 6: Key issues for West-Central Sydney Introduction 227 6.1 Socio-economic disadvantage in West-Central Sydney 228 6.2 Housing issues 232 6.3 Employment issues 241 6.4 Urban transport issues 250 6.5 Locational disadvantage in West-Central Sydney 257 6.6 West-Central Sydney’s assets 260 6.7 Governance 263 6.8 Summary and conclusions 274 ii Table of contents CHAPTER 7: Summary and policy conclusions Introduction 281 7.1 Assessment of thesis objectives and methodology 283 7.2 Synthesis of empirical findings 295 7.3 The contribution to the advancement of knowledge 300 7.4 Policy findings and implications 303 7.5 Ideas for further research 312 7.6 Conclusion 313 References 317 Appendices 345 Appendix 1: Interview participant information 347 Appendix 2: Demographic differences 357 Appendix 3: What is meant by density? 359 Appendix 4: Housing forecasts 363 Appendix 5: Transport alternatives for Sydney 365 Appendix 6: Three case studies 367 iii Table of contents Tables Table 2.1: Gross population densities in West-Central 2011 32 Table 2.2: Birthplace summary West-Central 2006 and 2011 35 Table 2.3: Birthplace summary by LGA 2011 36 Table 2.4: Immigrants’ country of birth 2006 and 2011 36 Table 2.5: Population growth by LGA 2001 to 2011 37 Table 2.6: Population projections 2006 to 2036 38 Table 2.7: Population projections West-Central LGAs 2011 to 2036 39 Table 2.8: 2011 population compared with 2010 projection 39 Table 2.9: West-Central age structure 2006 and 2011 40 Table 2.10: Average household size 2001 to 2011 41 Table 2.11: Household composition by LGA in West-Central in 2011 43 Table 2.12: Dwelling by household composition 2006 45 Table 2.13: Tenure types 2001 to 2011 47 Table 2.14: Tenure types by LGA 2011 48 Table 2.15: Dwelling types in 2006 and 2011 49 Table 2.16: Unemployment rates in West-Central 2006 and 2011 50 Table 2.17: Fairfield’s unemployment status 1996 to 2011 50 Table 2.18: Labour force participation rates by LGA 1991-2011 51 Table 2.19: English proficiency 2011 53 Table 2.20: Manufacturing sector employment 2006 and 2011 54 Table 2.21: Household weekly incomes by LGA 2006 and 2011 55 Table 2.22: Travel to work mode by sub-region 2011 57 Table 2.23 Travel to work mode by LGA 2011 57 Table 2.24: Households by number of vehicles 2006 and 2011 58 Table 2.25: Journey-to-work destinations 2006 59 Table 5.1: Sydney’s strategic centres employment 2006 191 Table 6.1: West-Central dwelling targets 2006 to 2031 233 Table 6.2: West-Central’s Jobs growth in strategic centres 2001-2006 242 Table 6.3: Sub-regional employment targets 2006 to 2036 244 Table 6.4: Job forecasts for West-Central strategic centres 244 Table A.3.1: Typical dwelling densities 360 Table A.3.2: Population density comparisons in West-Central 2011 361 iv Table of contents Figures Figure 1.1: Greater Western Sydney sub-regions 1 Figure 1.2: West-Central Sydney sub-region 5 Figure 2.1: Auburn LGA a major migrant reception area 29 Figure 2.2: The West-Central Sydney sub-region 31 Figure 2.3: Parramatta ferry wharf 34 Figure 2.4: Five year age structure 2011 40 Figure 2.5: Household size 2011 42 Figure 2.6: Apartments concentrated in West-Central’s centres 49 Figure 2.7 English proficiency 2011 52 Figure 2.8: Weekly household income 2011 54 Figure 2.9 Travel to work mode 2011 56 Figure 2.10: The Hume Highway Bankstown 61 Figure 2.11: ABS SEIFA 2001 64 Figure 2.12: Sydney’s disadvantage by level of public housing 2001 65 Figure 2.13: West-Central’s ageing dwelling stock 67 Figure 2.14: Run-down housing on large blocks 67 Figure 2.15: A disparate mix of replacement housing 68 Figure 2.16: Sydney’s employment profile sub-groups 2001 70 Figure 5.1: The County of Cumberland Planning Scheme 1948 168 Figure 5.2: Sydney Region Outline Plan (SROP) 169 Figure 5.3: Sydney into its Third Century 171 Figure 5.4: Cities for the 21st Century 173 Figure 5.5: City of Cities: A Plan for Sydney’s Future 177 Figure 5.6: The depiction of the global arc 177 Figure 5.7: Sydney’s sub-regions 179 Figure 5.8: Norwest Business Park 190 Figure 5.9: Oil vulnerability index for Sydney 211 Figure 6.1: SEIFA for West-Central LGAs 2006 229 Figure 6.2: SEIFA for Fairfield LGA 2006 230 Figure 6.3: Bankstown city centre 243 Figure 6.4: Employment lands in Camellia east of Parramatta CBD 249 Figure 6.5: Transport improvements in Bankstown centre 254 Figure 6.6: Parramatta city centre 261 v Table of contents Figure 6.7: Sydney Olympic Park 262 Figure 6.8: Employment lands in West-Central Sydney 279 Figure A.3.1: Typical land use budget for a population of 10,000 362 Boxes Box 1.1: Thesis methodology 22 Box 2.1: Background research for FutureWest 63 Box 2.2: Recent research on Western Sydney 63 Box 4.1: The loss of key workers in the UK 136 Box 4.2: Residents’ perspectives of life in UK council housing estates 137 Box 4.3: Failures of urban policy 144 Box 4.4: Tokenism in forming partnerships 144 Box 4.5: Best practice principles 145 Box 5.1: Metropolitan plans for Sydney 167 Box 5.2: NSW sectoral plans 183 Box 5.3: Urban consolidation propositions 202 Box 5.4: Measures to improve economic development 206 Box 7.1: Assessment of thesis objectives and methodology 284 Box 7.2: Summary of policy implications 316 Box A.2.1: Demographic differences between West-Central and 357 the SMR Box A.6.1: Transport in Fairfield LGA 1986 to 2011 367 Box A.6.2: Wattle Grove case study 367 Box A.6.3: Bonnyrigg Living Communities Project (BLCP) 2004 368 vi Abbreviations Abbreviations ABI Area Based Initiatives ABS Australian Bureau of Statistics ACELG Australian Centre for Excellence for Local Government ACOSS Australian Council of Social Services AHURI Australian Housing and Research Institute AIUS Australian Institute of Urban Studies ALGA Australian Local Government Association ALP Australian Labor Party AMCORD Australian Model Code for Residential Development ARTC Australian Rail Track Corporation Ltd ASBO Anti-Social Behaviour Order ATSI Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander BBC Building Better Cities Program BFBS Banking, Financial and Business Services BOOT Build, Own, Operate and Transfer System CALD Culturally and Linguistically Diverse CBD Central Business District CCD Census Collector District COAG Council of Australian Governments CPI Consumer Price Index CRESC Centre for Research on Socio-Cultural Change, Manchester
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