Old Gwernyfed Manor, Felindre Powys
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Archaeology Wales Old Gwernyfed Manor, Felindre Powys Archaeological Watching Brief By Adrian Hadley BA (Hons MA Report No. 1297 Archaeology Wales Limited, Rhos Helyg, Cwm Belan, Llanidloes, Powys, SY18 6QF Tel: +44 (0) 1686 440371 Email: [email protected] Archaeology Wales Old Gwernyfed Manorm Felindre Powys Archaeological Watching Brief Prepared For: BVG Airflo Group Ltd Edited by: Mark Houliston Authorised by: Mark Houliston Signed: Signed: Signed: Position: MD Position: MD Date: 7/1/15 Date: 7/1/15 By Adrian Hadley BA (Hons) MA Report No: 1297 December 2014 Archaeology Wales Limited, Rhos Helyg, Cwm Belan, Llanidloes, Powys, SY18 6QF Tel: +44 (0) 1686 440371 Email: [email protected] Contents Non-Technical Summary Page 1 1. Introduction Page 1 1.1 Location and Scope of Work 1.2 Topography 1.3 Mapped Geology 1.4 Archaeological and Historical Background 2. Aims and Objectives Page 4 3. Methodology Page 4 3.1 Watching Brief 3.2 Finds 3.3 Palaeo-environmental Samples 4. Watching Brief Results: Trench 1 Page 5 4.1 Trench Description 4.2 General Soil Sequence 4.3 Wall Foundation (101) [102] 4.4 Garden Feature / Intrusion (103) [105] 4. Watching Brief Results: Trench 2 Page 6 5.1 Trench Description 5.2 General Soil Sequence 5.3 Stone Rubble (205) [206] 5.4 Wall Foundation (207) [208] 5.5 Stone Rubble (209) [210] 5.6 Drainage Chamber (211) (212) [213] 5.7 Construction Trench / Intrusion (214) [215] 6. Watching Brief Results: Trench 3 Page 8 6.1 Trench Description 6.2 General Soil Sequence 6.3 Stone Culvert (305) (306) [307] 6.4 Stone Rubble (308) [309] 6.5 Stone Wall (310) (311) [312] 6.6 Stone Rubble (313) [314] 7. Discussion & Conclusions Page 11 8. Acknowledgements Page 12 9. Bibliography and References Page 12 Appendix A: Figures 1 Location map 2 Site plan 3 Sections Appendix B: Plates 1 General view of Old Gwernyfed mansion 2 General view of Trench 1, excavated across the Outer Court 3 Probable wall foundation (101) identified within Trench 1 4 General view of Trench 2, excavated across the Inner Court 5 The east-south-east end of Trench 2 6 Wall foundation (207) [208] identified within Trench 2 7 Rectangular chamber (212) [213] located within Trench 2 8 The lower section of chamber (212) [213] 9 Shot of the stone rubble from backfill (209) [210] 10 Working shot of the machine excavation along Trench 2 11 The north-west end of Trench 2 12 Shot of truncated natural [215] adjacent to Old Gwernyfed mansion 13 General view of the south-south-east end of Trench 3 14 The stone culvert (306) [307] identified within Trench 3 15 Oblique shot of stone culvert (306) showing overlying backfill (305) 16 The central section of Trench 3 17 The stone rubble from Trench 3 originating from wall (310) and backfill (313) 18 Shot of the substantial stone wall (310) (311) [312] identified within Trench 3 19 Detail shot of the stone rubble (313) [314] recorded within Trench 3 20 Working shot of the machine excavation 21 Post-excavation shot of the north-west end of Trench 3 22 General view showing a fall in ground level to the north-east of Old Gwernyfed Appendix C: Context Summary Table Appendix D: Specification Appendix E: Archive Cover Sheet Copyright Notice: Archaeology Wales Ltd. retain copyright of this report under the Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988, and have granted a licence to Iain Burgess to use and reproduce the material contained within. The Ordnance Survey has granted Archaeology Wales Ltd a Copyright Licence (No. 100055111) to reproduce map information; Copyright remains otherwise with the Ordnance Survey. Watching Brief Report Old Gwernyfed, Felindre, Powys Non-Technical Summary This report results from work undertaken by Archaeology Wales Ltd for Mr Iain Burgess of BVG Airflo Group Ltd. It draws upon the results of an archaeological watching brief carried out during excavations for a water pipe trench within the grounds of the Grade I listed Jacobean mansion, Old Gwernyfed. The features identified during the fieldwork significantly include the foundation material for three stone walls. The foundations (101) [102] encountered within the outer court are potentially medieval (but could alternatively be associated with the adjacent farm buildings). The mortared foundation material (207) [208] recorded within the inner court appear to mark the original boundary wall of the Jacobean forecourt. The substantial stone wall (310) [312] located to the north-east of Old Gwernyfed has been interpreted as a retaining wall of probable nineteenth century date. Other structures recorded during the trenching consist of a post-medieval water culvert (306) [307], found below the driveway, a few metres to the east of the house. A rectangular chamber (212) [213], built in stone and brick, was also identified at the front of the manor house, near the North Tower. The latter structure is probably late Victorian or early twentieth century. Four irregular features, backfilled with sandstone rubble and dressed stone, were recorded to the south-east and north-east of Old Gwernyfed. One of these features may represent the construction trench [210] and backfill (209) for a tower located within the Elizabethan inner court. Another rubble deposit (205) [206] in the near vicinity may be associated with the demolition of the Jacobean forecourt wall (207). Two further deposits of stone rubble (308) [309] (313) [314] were discovered within the bank situated to the north-east of the mansion; these appear to date from the nineteenth century. 1. Introduction 1.1 Location and Scope of Work 1.1.1. An archaeological watching brief has been carried out by Archaeology Wales Ltd (AW) during excavations for a water pipe trench at Old Gwernyfed, Felindre, Powys, LD3 0SU (Figs.1&2; Plate 1). 1.1.2. The groundwork comprised the excavation of a single pipe trench to approximately 700mm depth and 600mm wide. The trench extended about 50m between the eighteenth and nineteenth century range of barns within the outer court, running in a general north-west direction through the towered forecourt to connect with the (north-east) service wing of Jacobean mansion. A further trench extended another 50m or so, north-north-west of the mansion, towards a converted nineteenth century barn within the grounds of Old Gwernyfed. 1.1.3. Archaeological work has been recommended for this scheme by Clwyd-Powys Archaeological Trust (CPAT) in its capacity as archaeological adviser to the planning authority, Powys County Council. 1.1.4. The archaeological watching brief was carried out at the request of Mr Iain Burgess - 1 - Watching Brief Report Old Gwernyfed, Felindre, Powys Chief Executive, BVG Airflo Group Ltd, Units 5&6, Ffrwdgrech Industrial Estate, Brecon, Powys LD3 8LA. 1.1.5. A Specification (Appendix D) for the work to be undertaken was drawn up by Chris E Smith (AW). This was subsequently approved by Mark Walters (CPAT). 1.1.6. The AW project number is 2226 and the site code is GMF/14/WB. 1.1.7. The site is located at NGR 318250, 236550 (SO 1825 3655) and is situated at approximately 156m OD (above Ordnance Datum). 1.2 Topography 1.2.1. Old Gwernyfed is located on the western side of Felindre village, approximately 7.5km (4.5 miles) south-west of Hay-on-Wye and about 4km (2.5 miles) north-east of Talgarth. The manor house is situated within open countryside on the northern side of the minor road between Felindre and Talgarth. 1.2.2. The mansion is set within its own grounds at the end of an axial driveway. The formal approach passes through entrance gates leading to an outer court and towered forecourt to a double-height porch on the front (south-east) façade. There was previously an additional approach from the Brecon-Hay road that passed along a tree- lined avenue through the deer park to the west of Old Gwernyfed. 1.3. Mapped Geology 1.3.1. The regional geology as mapped by the British Geological Survey (1:50,000 scale) indicates that the bedrock geology is composed of mudstones and siltstones of the Raglan Mudstone Formation. There are superficial deposits of Devensian glacial till mapped within the scheme area. 1.3.2. The mapped geology indicates that boulder clay or red weathered mudstone and siltstone deposits will be encountered in the first metre below surface during the proposed groundworks. 1.4 Archaeological and Historical Background 1.4.1. Old Gwernyfed represents an exceptional seventeenth century mansion that retains important interior features and surviving evidence of the preceding medieval house. The manor house is Grade I listed (Cadw Ref: 6654; NPRN 25947; PRN 528 & 32966). 1.4.2. Gwernyfed is thought to have originated as a holding granted to Peter Gunter by Bernard de Neufmarché following the conquest of Brycheiniog. The manor was also reputedly held by a local Welsh Prince, Einon Sais. In the early 1500s, Gwernyfed was under the ownership of Gryffydd Gunter Vychan. 1.4.3. Gwernyfed came into the hands of the Williams family around 1580. The medieval manor house was extensively rebuilt in the early 1600s, probably by Sir David Williams, MP for Brecon. It was probably during the remodelling of the manor house that the formal gardens were laid out to the north-west of the house (incorporating the medieval fishponds to the south-west). - 2 - Watching Brief Report Old Gwernyfed, Felindre, Powys 1.4.4. The principal residence of the Williams family moved to Llangoed Hall in the 1730s. In the 1870s or 1880s a large neo-Jacobean-style mansion (Gwernyfed Park House) was built on the northern side of the deer park, about 1.5km north-west of Old Gwenyfed.