DOCSLIB.ORG

Farm Workers and Farm Dwellers in Limpopo, South Africa

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Farm Workers and Farm Dwellers in Limpopo, South Africa Farm workers and farm dwellers in Limpopo, South Africa: STRUGGLES OVER TENURE, LIVELIHOODS AND JUSTICE Poul Wisborg, Ruth Hall, Shirhami Shirinda, Phillan Zamchiya Farm workers and farm dwellers in Limpopo, South Africa: STRUGGLES OVER TENURE, LIVELIHOODS AND JUSTICE Poul Wisborg, Ruth Hall, Shirhami Shirinda, Phillan Zamchiya PLAAS – Cape Town Noragric – Ås PLAAS Institute for Poverty, Land and Agrarian Studies School of Government • EMS Faculty Farm workers and farm dwellers in Limpopo, South Africa: STRUGGLES OVER TENURE, LIVELIHOODS AND JUSTICE Poul Wisborg, Ruth Hall, Shirhami Shirinda, Phillan Zamchiya Published by the Institute for Poverty, Land and Agrarian Studies, School of Government, Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, Cape Town, South Africa. Tel: +27 21 959 3733. Fax: +27 21 959 3732. E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.plaas.org.za ISBN: 978-0-86808-740-5 January 2013 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior permission from the publisher or the authors. Copy editor: Priscilla Hall Photography: Poul Wisborg, Ruth Hall, Shirhami Shirinda, Phillan Zamchiya Cartographer: John Hall Design: Design for development, www.d4d.co.za Printing: Creda Communications PLAAS – Cape Town Noragric – Ås PLAAS Institute for Poverty, Land and Agrarian Studies School of Government • EMS Faculty Preface In the late 1990s land and agrarian issues remained a barrier to the enjoyment of human rights and justice for millions of South Africans. With funding from the Norwegian government, the Norwegian Centre for Human Rights decided to support collaboration between PLAAS and Noragric to explore human rights in South Africa’s land and agrarian reform. PLAAS is the Institute of Poverty, Land and Agrarian Studies at the University of the Western Cape, and Noragric is the Department of International Environment and Development Studies at the Norwegian University of Life Sciences. Our collaboration from 1999 to 2010 has involved joint research and graduate training (MA and PhD) in rural areas of South Africa and Norway. Our joint programme ‘Land Rights and Agrarian Change in South Africa’ initiated in 2007 focused on the Limpopo Province and its context of rural poverty and inequality. The programme aimed to enhance the understanding of the problems facing rights-based approaches to land and agrarian reform in South Africa; to influence land reform policy and implementation in a positive way; and to strengthen applied social science research capacity within land and agrarian studies in South Africa. One of the teams in the collaboration from 2007 to 2010 studied farm worker and farm dweller issues on commercial farms in Limpopo, and produced this book. Farm workers and farm dwellers in Limpopo, South Africa. i Acknowledgements The authors wish to thank the many farm workers and farm dwellers, ex-farm workers and evictees who shared their experiences and insights, and often painful personal histories and memories, with us during the research. We also thank the farm owners and managers who cooperated with and participated in the study, and shared their own histories, hopes and fears. We are grateful to the Norwegian government for funding the South Africa programme over the years and to the Norwegian Centre for Human Rights for facilitating and supporting research on land, agrarian reform and human rights in South Africa. Thanks go to project leaders Professors Ben Cousins of PLAAS and Bill Derman of Noragric, and to our colleagues Themba Maluleke, Tshililo Manenzhe, both in PLAAS, and Professor Anne Hellum, University of Oslo, who shared insights during work in Limpopo. We thank all colleagues and others who helped with discussion and cooperation. We are pleased to be able to share experiences through this book; the responsibility for its quality and limitations rests with us. ii Farm workers and farm dwellers in Limpopo, South Africa. Contents Abbreviations .............................................................................................. vii PART I. FARMS IN SOUTH AFRICA: PERSPECTIVES AND POLICIES 1 1. On or off the farms .................................................................................. 2 Evicted and expendable ..............................................................................................................................2 Living on farms: Insecurity and policies of neglect ................................................................................3 Our focus and goal ......................................................................................................................................4 The structure of the book ...........................................................................................................................5 2. Perspectives and policies .......................................................................... 6 Perspectives on power, labour and social relations on farms ................................................................6 The democratic era begins (1994–2000) .................................................................................................10 Age of uncertainty (2001–2011) ..............................................................................................................13 3 Into the field: Our study .........................................................................18 Tenure, livelihoods and social justice ......................................................................................................19 Research design and methods ..................................................................................................................21 PART II. FOUR FARMS: PLACES, PEOPLE AND STORIES 25 4 Limpopo .................................................................................................26 Historical background ..............................................................................................................................26 People ..........................................................................................................................................................27 Economy, employment and agriculture ..................................................................................................28 Land restitution ..........................................................................................................................................29 Migration and displacement ....................................................................................................................30 5 Makwembe – a vegetable farm in Musina ................................................31 History of ownership and production ....................................................................................................31 Economic and policy context ...................................................................................................................31 Management situation ..............................................................................................................................34 Farm workers and farm dwellers in Limpopo, South Africa. iii Employment ...............................................................................................................................................35 Tenure ..........................................................................................................................................................37 Livelihoods .................................................................................................................................................38 Social justice ...............................................................................................................................................39 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................................39 6 Malamula – a citrus farm in Tshipise .......................................................41 History of ownership and production ....................................................................................................41 Economic and policy context ...................................................................................................................41 Management ...............................................................................................................................................44 Employment ...............................................................................................................................................44 Tenure ..........................................................................................................................................................45 Livelihoods and health ..............................................................................................................................46 Social justice ...............................................................................................................................................47 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................................48 7 Timongo – fruit and nut farms in Levubu ...............................................49 History of ownership and production
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Research in Business and Social Science Administrative And
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Society for the Study of Business & Finance- SSBFNET: E-Journals International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science 6(3), 2017: 35-50 Research in Business and Social Science IJRBS Vol 6 No 3, ISSN: 2147-4478 Contents available at www.ssbfnet.com/ojs http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v6i3.750 Administrative and managerial patterns on the RtHC in the Makhado municipality rural clinics Tshimangadzo Selina Mudau Department of Nursing Science, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Ga- Rankuwa, Republic of South Africa (+27 82 573 9589) Sarie P. Human Department of Health Studies, University of South Africa, Pretoria, Republic of South Africa (Tel: +27 12 429 6290) Abstract This paper investigates the administrative and managerial pattern on the Road to Health Chart (RtHC) among clinics in the Makhado municipality. Retrospective observations of the processes of recordings the nurses performed on the RtHC (ṉ=36) were carried out to collect data. A checklist was used to aid the observations. Furthermore, face-to-face interviews were administered on participant nurses in collaboration with document review. The results of this paper revealed considerable omissions on the administration and management of the RtHC instrument. Crucial information was also incorrectly recorded while some was never recorded at all. Clinic managers should continuously monitor the nurses on the administration and management of the RtHC to ensure quality. Key words:
    [Show full text]
  • Hlanganani Sub District of Makhado Magisterial District
    # # C! # # # ## ^ C!# .!C!# # # # C! # # # # # # # # # # C!^ # # # # # ^ # # # # ^ C! # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # C!# # # C!C! # # # # # # # # # #C! # # # # # C!# # # # # # C! # ^ # # # # # # # ^ # # # # # # # # C! # # C! # #^ # # # # # # # ## # # #C! # # # # # # # C! # # # # # C! # # # # # # # #C! # C! # # # # # # # # ^ # # # # # # # # # # # # # C! # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #C! # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## C! # # # # # # # # # # # # # C! # # # # # # # # C! # # # # # # # # # C! # # ^ # # # # # C! # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # C! # # # ##^ C! # C!# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #C! ^ # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # C! C! # # # # # ## # # C!# # # # C! # ! # # # # # # # C# # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # ## ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # C! # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ^ C! # # # # # # # ^ # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # C! C! # # # # # # # # C! # # #C! # # # # # # C!# ## # # # # # # # # # # C! # # # # # ## # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # C! # # # # # # # # # # # ### C! # # C! # # # # C! # ## ## ## C! ! # # C # .! # # # # # # # HHllaannggaannaannii SSuubb DDiissttrriicctt ooff MMaakkhhaaddoo MMaagg# iisstteerriiaall DDiissttrriicctt # # # # ## # # C! # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # ROXONSTONE SANDFONTEIN Phiphidi # # # BEESTON ZWARTHOEK PUNCH BOWL CLIFFSIDE WATERVAL RIETBOK WATERFALL # COLERBRE # # 232 # GREYSTONE Nzhelele # ^ # # 795 799 812 Matshavhawe # M ### # # HIGHFIELD VLAKFONTEIN
    [Show full text]
  • Mapping Irrigated Areas in the Limpopo Province, South Africa
    IWMI Working Paper Mapping Irrigated Areas in the Limpopo Province, 172 South Africa Xueliang Cai, James Magidi, Luxon Nhamo and Barbara van Koppen Working Papers The publications in this series record the work and thinking of IWMI researchers, and knowledge that the Institute’s scientific management feels is worthy of documenting. This series will ensure that scientific data and other information gathered or prepared as a part of the research work of the Institute are recorded and referenced. Working Papers could include project reports, case studies, conference or workshop proceedings, discussion papers or reports on progress of research, country-specific research reports, monographs, etc. Working Papers may be copublished, by IWMI and partner organizations. Although most of the reports are published by IWMI staff and their collaborators, we welcome contributions from others. Each report is reviewed internally by IWMI staff. The reports are published and distributed both in hard copy and electronically (www.iwmi.org) and where possible all data and analyses will be available as separate downloadable files. Reports may be copied freely and cited with due acknowledgment. About IWMI IWMI’s mission is to provide evidence-based solutions to sustainably manage water and land resources for food security, people’s livelihoods and the environment. IWMI works in partnership with governments, civil society and the private sector to develop scalable agricultural water management solutions that have a tangible impact on poverty reduction, food security
    [Show full text]
  • Eskom Holdings SOC Limited
    Eskom Holdings SOC Limited Environmen tal Impact Assessment for the Proposed 1x40 0kV Tabor-Bokmakirie (Nzhelele) and 4 X 250MVA 400kV/132kV Nzhelele Mai n Transmission Station, Limpopo Province SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT REPORT DEA EIA Reference Number: 14/12/16/3/3/2/317 NEAS Ref Number: DEA/EIA/0001132/2012 LDEDET Ref Number: 12/1/9/E-V178 Date: February 2013 Report Version: Draft 1 Lidwala Consulting Engineers (SA) (Pty) Ltd Randburg Office: Pretoria Office: 11th Church Avenue, Ruiterhof, Randburg, 2194, 1121 Hertzog Street, Office F005, Waverley, Pretoria, 0186, PO Box 4221, Northcliff, 2115. PO Box 32497, Waverley, Pretoria, 0135, Tel: 0861 543 9252 Tel/faxs: 0861 543 9252 Polokwane Office : Nelspruit Office: 128 Marshall Street, Amy Park no. 5, Polokwane 39 Emkhe Street, Nelpruit, 1200 PO Box 3558, Polokwane, 0700 PO Box 2930, Nelspruit, 1200 Tel: 0861 543 9252 Tel: 0861 543 9252 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction 5 1.1. Methodology 5 2. Social impacts expected during all project stages: 5 3. Description of the socio-economic setting – demographic information regarding the area in which the proposed line will be constructed: 6 3.1 Demographic profiles 7 3.2 Economic activities, Tourism and farming: 9 3.2.2 Tourism 9 3.2.3 Farming in the MLM 10 3.3 Employment rates and livelihoods 12 3.4 Access to services 12 3.4.1 Electricity 12 3.4.2. Access to water and sanitation facilities 13 3.4.3 Waste management 14 3.4.4 Transport 14 3.4.5 Educational facilities and libraries 14 3.4.6 Health facilities 15 3.4.7 Telecommunication and Postal Services 15 3.5 Conclusions from the social and economic environment within which the new power line is planned 16 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Fhatuwani Thesis
    CHAPTER 1 1.1 AIM, PURPOSE AND JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY This thesis attempts to reconstruct the manner and the effects of the forced removal of the Ravele community, from their historical homes in old Mauluma1 along the Luvuvhu River Valley. Luvuvhu is the name given to a river that dominates the area under discussion. The name Luvuvhu’ is retained until, it enters Kruger National Park, where the Vatsongas call it Phafuri - as the river flows through Chief Mphaphuli’s territory. After relocation, the whole area under discussion is now known as Levubu. Levubu is corruption of the word Luvuvhu by the local white farming community. Old Mauluma in the Luvuvhu valley was situated on the North Eastern part of Louis Trichardt. More or less 3000 Ravele community members were forcibly removed from their land, between 1920 and 1940 to new Mauluma or Beaconsfields.2 The removal constituted a severe crisis for the members of the community as they were taken from a rich ecological area and resettled 100 kilometres west of old Mauluma, a dry and rocky area. A study of the Ravele community’s removal from old Mauluma (Levubu area) is especially pertinent at this juncture because of the campaign by the previous owners to reclaim their land. Since the April 1994 election and the promise by the government that dispossessed people could reclaim their land, hundreds of the former Levubu residents (including Ravele community) have demanded compensation or return to their land. Not surprisingly, the campaign has the support of all those who were removed, but is viewed with suspicion by white farmers in Levubu and surrounding areas.
    [Show full text]
  • We Oil Irawm He Power to Pment Kiidc Prevention Is the Cure Helpl1ne
    LIMPOPO PROVINCE LIMPOPO PROVINSIE XIFUNDZANKULU XA LIMPOPO PROFENSE YA LIMPOPO VUNDU LA LIMPOPO IPHROVINSI YELIMPOPO Provincial Gazette • Provinsiale Koerant • Gazete ya Xifundzankulu Kuranta ya Profense • Gazethe ya Vundu Extraordinary • Buitengewoon • Ku katsa na Tigazete to • Hu tshi katelwa na Hlawuleka hinkwato • Gazethe dza Nyingo (Registered as a newspaper) • (As ’n nuusblad geregistreer) • (Yi rhijistariwile tanihi Nyuziphepha) (E ngwadisitsˇwe bjalo ka Kuranta) • (Yo redzhistariwa sa Nyusiphepha) POLOKWANE, 31 JULY 2017 Vol. 24 31 JULIE 2017 No. 2839 31 MAWUWANI 2017 31 JULAE 2017 31 FULWANA 2017 We oil Irawm he power to pment kiIDc AIDS HElPl1NE 0800 012 322 DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH Prevention is the cure ISSN 1682-4563 N.B. The Government Printing Works will 02839 not be held responsible for the quality of “Hard Copies” or “Electronic Files” submitted for publication purposes 9 771682 456003 2 No. 2839 PROVINCIAL GAZETTE, EXTRAORDINARY, 31 JULY 2017 IMPORTANT NOTICE: THE GOVERNMENT PRINTING WORKS WILL NOT BE HELD RESPONSIBLE FOR ANY ERRORS THAT MIGHT OCCUR DUE TO THE SUBMISSION OF INCOMPLETE / INCORRECT / ILLEGIBLE COPY. NO FUTURE QUERIES WILL BE HANDLED IN CONNECTION WITH THE ABOVE. CONTENTS Gazette Page No. No. PROVINCIAL NOTICES • PROVINSIALE KENNISGEWINGS 76 The South African Schools Act (84/1996): Department of Education: Notice to Merge Schools........................ 2839 3 This gazette is also available free online at www.gpwonline.co.za PROVINSIALE KOERANT, BUITENGEWOON, 31 JULIE 2017 No. 2839 3 PROVINCIAL NOTICES • PROVINSIALE
    [Show full text]
  • Marital Problems in Religiously Mixed Marriages Amongst the Vhavenda People of South Africa : an African-Christian Perspective
    1 MARITAL PROBLEMS IN RELIGIOUSLY MIXED MARRIAGES AMONGST THE VHAVENDA PEOPLE OF SOUTH AFRICA : AN AFRICAN-CHRISTIAN PERSPECTIVE. BY NTAVHANYENI SAMPSON PHASWANA ii MARITAL PROBLEMS IN RELIGIOUSLY MIXED MARRIAGES AMONGST THE VHAVENDA PEOPLE OF SOUTH AFRICA : AN AFR1CAN-CHR1STIAN PERSPECTIVE. BY NTAVHANYENI SAMPSON PHASWANA Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Literature and Philosophy in the subject Religious Studies at the University of South Afri<:a. PROMOTER: PROFESSOR G.J.A. LUBBE September 2000 Ill DECLARATION I declare that MARITAL PROBLEMS IN RELIGIOUSLY MIXED MARRIAGES AMONGST THE VHAVENDA PEOPLE OF SOUTH AFRICA : AN AFRICAN-CHRISTIAN PERSPECTIVE is my own work and that all the sources that l have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by means of complete references . .7/~r~~ .... N.S. PHASWANA DATE lV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish here to thank all those who in any way contributed in making this work possible. They are too numerous to name, but I will mention a few of those I am particularly indebted. My deepest appreciation goes to my promoter, Prof. G.J.A Lubbe who showed me the way to scholarly reporting and kept on encouraging me. I thank him for the time and effort he gave so generously. His patience and encouragement gave me the enthusiasm to go from one step to the next. I am very grateful for his suggestions and constructive criticism which were well taken. He was like a father to me. I acknowledge with pleasure, as well as the stimulus received from discussions with my coUeague and friend, T shimangadzo Ramugondo.
    [Show full text]
  • 2.3.1 South Africa Land Border Crossing of Beitbridge (Zimbabwe)
    2.3.1 South Africa Land Border Crossing of Beitbridge (Zimbabwe) Overview South African border post complex Zimbabwean border post complex Daily Capacity Customs Clearance Other Relevant Information Overview Beitbridge border post (north beyond the town of Musina) in Limpopo province on the South African side is a high priority border post and the main gateway on the north-south trade corridor within the Southern African Development Community (SADC). The actual international border crossing is via the Beitbridge structure over the Limpopo river. On the South African side the main route is via the N1 roadway, at the border post facility routes dovetails for processing by authorities to accommodate cars, buses, pedestrians and trucks. Once through the processing at the border post, routes bottle neck to cross the bridge structure and again dovetails at the Zimbabwean side for processing by authorities similar to the aforementioned transport modalities. Finally to bottleneck again onto the A6 (later splitting to A6 and A4) roadway through the town of Beitbridge on the Zimbabwean side for further transit. The rail line runs parallel but separate to the motor vehicle crossing infrastructure. Various agencies conduct operations at the border post, mainly Department of Home Affair (immigration), South African Police Services (border police), Department of Health (port health), South African Revenue Services (customs and excise), Department of Agriculture. South African border post complex Legend: 1. Clearing Agents Building 2. Export Warehouses 3. Commercial 4. Commercial Import 5. New Vehicle Detention Area 6. Commercial Truck Park 7. Light Vehicle Inspection (Outbound) 8. Bottom Residential Houses 9. Top Tax & Duty Free Shop 10.
    [Show full text]
  • Border Economies Linkages to the Development of Trade Corridors and Regional Value Chains in Sadc
    DISCUSSION PAPER | NOVEMBER 2018 BORDER ECONOMIES LINKAGES TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF TRADE CORRIDORS AND REGIONAL VALUE CHAINS IN SADC Anna Ngarachu, Christopher Wood, Heinrich Krogman, Elisha Tshuma, Dale Mudenda & Catherine Grant Makokera ABOUT GEGAFRICA The Global Economic Governance (GEG) Africa programme is a policy research and stakeholder engagement programme aimed at strengthening the influence of African coalitions at global economic governance forums such as the G20, BRICS, World Trade Organization and World Bank, among others, in order to bring about pro-poor policy outcomes. The second phase of the programme started in March 2016 and will be implemented over a period of three years until March 2019. The programme is expected to help create an international system of global economic governance that works better for the poor in Africa through: • undertaking substantial research into critical policy areas and helping South African policymakers to prepare policy papers for the South African government to present at global economic governance platforms; • ensuring that African views are considered, knowledge is shared and a shared perspective is developed through systematic engage- ment with African governments, regional organisations, think tanks, academic institutions, business organisations and civil society forums; and • disseminating and communicating research and policy briefs to a wider audience via mass media and digital channels in order to create an informed and active policy community on the continent. The programme will be focused on three thematic areas: development finance for infrastructure; trade and regional integration; and tax and transparency. GEGAFRICA is funded by the UK Department for International Development and managed by a consortium consisting of DNA Economics, the South African Institute of International Affairs and Tutwa Consulting.
    [Show full text]
  • Geographies of Land Restitution in Northern Limpopo
    GEOGRAPHIES OF LAND RESTITUTION IN NORTHERN LIMPOPO: PLACE, TERRITORY, AND CLASS Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Alistair Fraser M.A. ******* The Ohio State University 2006 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Kevin R. Cox, Adviser Professor Nancy Ettlinger _____________________ Professor Larry Brown Adviser Geography Graduate Program Professor Franco Barchiesi Copyright by Alistair Fraser 2006 ABSTRACT This dissertation is concerned with the politics and geography of land restitution in northern Limpopo province, South Africa. Restitution is one of three main elements in South Africa’s land reform program, which began in the mid 1990s and is still ongoing. There is a dearth of research on how the government has pursued restitution in northern Limpopo. Little is known about how claims for restitution have been completed; how and why those involved – ranging from white farmers and restitution claimants to government officials – have negotiated the program; or what will be the outcomes of restitution in the research area. Geographers, moreover, have contributed very little to the literature on restitution as a whole. Using qualitative research methods conducted during nine months of fieldwork in northern Limpopo, and examining the program with concepts of place, territory and class in mind, this dissertation addresses some of the shortcomings of the restitution literature. It details three main findings. First, that the government has pursued imaginative, innovative, yet ultimately authoritarian solutions to the challenge of transferring expensive commercial farmland to the rightful owners. The government has drawn upon ii the resources and technical expertise of white-owned agribusinesses, whose interest in restitution, although still unclear, is certainly driven by a desire to profit from the situation.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydrochemical Processes and Isotopic Study of Geothermal Springs Within Soutpansberg, Limpopo Province, South Africa
    applied sciences Article Hydrochemical Processes and Isotopic Study of Geothermal Springs within Soutpansberg, Limpopo Province, South Africa Olatunde Samod Durowoju 1,* , Mike Butler 2, Georges-Ivo Ekosse Ekosse 3 and John Ogony Odiyo 1 1 Department of Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa; [email protected] 2 iThemba Labs, Environmental isotope laboratory, Private bag 11, Wits, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa; [email protected] 3 Directorate of Research and Innovation, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +27-780-642-299 Received: 23 January 2019; Accepted: 27 February 2019; Published: 24 April 2019 Abstract: Geothermal springs and boreholes within the Soutpansberg Group were sampled and analysed for their major ion chemistry and stable isotope compositions in order to ascertain the possible sources and geochemical processes of the waters. The temperature of the geothermal springs ranges from 41 ◦C to 49 ◦C (thermal/hot waters) and 53 ◦C to 69 ◦C (scalding/hyperthermal waters). The major water types are Na-Cl and Na-HCO3, which are typical of marine and deep groundwaters influenced by ion-exchange processes. The hydrochemical parameters suggest that thermal gradient, carbonate weathering, mineral dissolution, ion exchange, and evaporation are the main geochemical processes controlling the geothermal springs. The δ18O and δ2H values vary from 5.82% to 4.82% − − for δ18O and 33.5% to 24.6% for δ2H for all the geothermal spring water. The isotopic ranges of − − the groundwater are relatively smaller and more depleted than those of rainwater (δ2H = 9.8% − and δ18O = 2.7%).
    [Show full text]
  • Post Settlement Challenges for Land Reform Beneficiaries: Three Case Studies from Limpopo Province’ Is My Own Work
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by UWC Theses and Dissertations POST SETTLEMENT CHALLENGES FOR LAND REFORM BENEFICIARIES: THREE CASE STUDIES FROM LIMPOPO PROVINCE A mini-thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters Philosophy (Land and Agrarian Studies) Tshililo Justice Manenzhe Programme for Land and Agrarian Studies (PLAAS) Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences University of the Western Cape (UWC) May 2007 DECLARATION I declare that ‘Post Settlement Challenges for Land Reform Beneficiaries: Three case studies from Limpopo Province’ is my own work. All other sources, used or quoted, have been indicated and acknowledged by means of complete references. This thesis has not been submitted for a degree at another university. Tshililo Justice Manenzhe May 2007 Signature ………………………………..…………………… Supervisor: Dr. Edward Lahiff (University of the Western Cape, South Africa) ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many people have helped me in various ways to complete this thesis, and I thank them. I would like specifically to thank my supervisor, Dr. Edward Lahiff, who patiently read many drafts of this thesis. I am grateful for his support. My gratitude goes to Nkuzi Development Association, my previous employer, for their support and for providing me with financial resources and time off for study purposes. I would like to extend my sincere appreciation to Mr. Marc Wegerif (Ex-director of Nkuzi) for his motivation. I thank the CPA members who welcomed me into their houses, their ploughing fields and their meetings. I am grateful to them because, to the best of their abilities, they shared with me information which in most cases was emotional and sensitive.
    [Show full text]