DOCSLIB.ORG

At a Regular Meeting of the King George County Board of Supervisors, Held on Monday, the 18Th Day of August, 2020 at 6:30 P.M

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
At a Regular Meeting of the King George County Board of Supervisors, Held on Monday, the 18Th Day of August, 2020 at 6:30 P.M County Business VIRGINIA: At a regular meeting of the King George County Board of Supervisors, held on Monday, the 18th day of August, 2020 at 6:30 p.m. in the Auditorium of King George High School at 10100 Foxes Way, King George, Virginia: PRESENT: Cathy Binder, Chairman Jeff Bueche, Member Annie Cupka, Vice-Chairman Richard Granger, Member Jeff Stonehill, Member Neiman C. Young, County Administrator Matt Britton, County Attorney 0:00:00 Cathy Binder: I wanna call to order this regular meeting of the Board of Supervisors of King George County, and we will... First, do we have any amendments to the agenda? 0:00:08 Dr. Young: No, Madam Chair. 0:00:10 CATHY BINDER: Thank you very much. Next up, public comment. Comments will be limited to three minutes per person in order to afford everyone an opportunity to speak. If comments relate to a specific public hearing item, we ask that you offer those comments at the time of the public hearing. Do we have anybody online who would like to speak? 0:00:30 Mr. Dines: No, Madam Chair. 0:00:31 CATHY BINDER: Thank you. Do we have anyone in the audience who would like to speak? That would mean no. Do we have any written correspondence from any board member? No? Well, we will close public comment now, and we will go with reports from members of the board. Mr. Stonehill. 0:01:00 Mr. Stonehill: Good evening, everyone. August 13th, I attended my first VACo General Government Steering Committee. Obviously, that was a virtual meeting with other supervisors and people from across the state. A couple of big things that they hit on right there of course was the law enforcement and citizen review boards and panels that are popping up here and there, rental car taxes, body-worn cameras, COIA/FOIA changes, rules and changes that are coming up, and then the upcoming special session that just got started. Also met with a local businessman who was thinking about coming here to King George, and they talked about bringing his company here and what was gonna be required to do that. Then also this week, toured the Backporch Vineyards off of Route 3, and then also toured the Landino Barn, both of them are really beautiful projects that they've done a great job with. So, that's it. 0:02:13 CATHY BINDER: Thank you, Mr. Stonehill. Ms. Cupka. 0:02:15 Ms. Cupka: Thank you, Madam Chair. I too separately toured, visited Backporch Vineyard and Landino Barn, so I'm looking forward to hearing what they have to say in support of their applications tomorrow night. And then, I have one item that I will read directly from my board report and I will, as I always do, share it online. On Wednesday, August 12th, we participated in a Federal Communications Commission call. So a few weeks ago, I started working with Representative Whitman's staff in efforts to obtain a waiver of FCC rules to access the fiber network that King George County schools installed a couple of years ago. The schools purchased the fiber at a reduced price through the E-Rate grant program, which limits access to the fiber to schools and libraries. Fiber was laid from Sealston Elementary School, south on Fletcher's Chapel Road to King's Highway. Eastbound, the length of King's Highway, dialing in King George Middle School and this school, continuing on to King George Elementary School, up Ridge Road to Route 301, and north to Dahlgren Road for a terminus at Potomac Elementary School. Dr. Young, Mr. Dines, and I, had a call with three FCC officials, chief of whom is the Assistant Division Chief of the Telecommunications Access Policy Division. Between what Dr. Young and Mr. Dines sent them via email in advance of the call, we made it clear what we were requesting, Waiver of the restriction that allows only schools and/or libraries to access the fiber network. We were provided with a history of the E-Rate grant program by the E-Rate grant program administrator. FCC stated that they cannot waive their own rules because the E-Rate grant program was established by an act of Congress, so only Congress can make the necessary rules to change the program. The E-Rate program requires, again, that the fiber can only be used at schools for physical classrooms. They also admitted to us that we are not the first locality to make such a request. There seems to be little appreciation for the fact that the physical classroom is no longer in the school. Local school boards have made that decision, just as they made the decision to purchase the fiber and build out the wide area network. Local school boards ought to be able to access their own fiber networks to work in partnership with their localities and internet service providers to meet the needs of the children they serve, where the children are learning, at home or at a child care provider. The school division's recent survey indicated 8% of students have no internet access at all and 18% have a slow connection that does not support live streaming as in synchronous or live learning. Thus, around a quarter, 26% of our school-aged children stand to be at a disadvantage. In addition to the school population, we have residing in our community, a large population of naval base workers and contractors, most of whom have been instructed to telework at least through the end of the 2020 calendar year. I know of households in which both parents work at Dahlgren and have school-aged children, all trying to learn and work at the same time on the same connection. I know of households with a parent that works at Dahlgren, another parent who teaches for King George County schools, and children attending our schools, again, all trying to learn and teach and work at the same time on the same connection, usually their home internet. These are workers whose jobs are critical to the defense of our nation. The fiber is already here in the ground in King George County, but we are not allowed to use it to expand broadband availability to our community. I respectfully request consensus of the board to direct Dr. Young to send correspondence to Representative Robert Whitman, Senator Tim Kaine, and Senator Mark Warner requesting a legislative solution on the federal level that would allow us and many other communities to access the fiber networks already in the ground, put in place by their schools through the E-Rate grant program. I wanna thank Dr. Young, Mr. Dines, and Mr. Kyle Conboy, who plotted the GIS coordinates of the fiber to provide us with the fiber map for their support of this endeavor. Thank you board members for your consideration. 0:06:54 CATHY BINDER: Alright, do we have a consensus? Can I get a consensus to... 0:06:58 Mr. Granger: Agreed. 0:07:00 CATHY BINDER: Go ahead, Mr. Stonehill. 0:07:01 Mr. Stonehill: Yes. 0:07:02 CATHY BINDER: Yes, Mr. Bueche. 0:07:05 Mr. Bueche: I would be in favor, but I do have a question regarding that. When the grant was awarded, it's my belief that there was a certain timeframe and then when that timeframe lapsed, we would then be able to tap into it. How far down the road are we on this grant? Is it a year or two years that we have to wait? 0:07:28 Ms. Cupka: So we talked about that on the call because we, myself included and staff, we were all under the impression from the schools that it was five years, and that we thought we were at least about two years into this. The officials from the FCC indicated to us that there was no time limit, that it's indefinite, or infinite rather. So that's why we want to see if we can get our congressional delegation to intervene on our behalf, on everyone's behalf because this is an asset that is already in the ground being used, just not being used as widely and as efficiently as it could be. 0:08:16 Mr. Bueche: I agree. And I'm not saying, bringing up the deadline 'cause I would wanna delay it, that's just for our own personal knowledge that we could use it for other things as well. But I believe there were two different grants for two different runs on the fiber. So I have no problem, let's move forward with getting this in writing. But if Mr. Britton can look at the legal language in the grants from when they were awarded because I do recall something about a timeline and it wasn't just talk. When the grant was presented and they voted on it, I believe that timeline was a sticking point. So if we can find out what the specific language is in the grant for both of them, I'd appreciate that. But yes, I agree. Let's move forward. 0:09:09 Mr. Granger: Agreed. 0:09:10 Ms. Cupka: And Dr. Young does have those. We were able to obtain those from procurement, and we did provide those to the FCC, and we can absolutely provide them to Mr. Britton for his review. 0:09:22 Dr. Young: That's correct, ma'am. 0:09:24 CATHY BINDER: Yeah. And Mr.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Gospel of Giving: the Philanthropy of Madam C.J
    GOSPEL OF GIVING: THE PHILANTHROPY OF MADAM C.J. WALKER, 1867-1919 Tyrone McKinley Freeman Submitted to the faculty of the University Graduate School in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Lilly Family School of Philanthropy, Indiana University October 2014 Accepted by the Graduate Faculty, Indiana University, in partial Fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. ____________________________________ Nancy Marie Robertson, Ph.D., Chair ____________________________________ Andrea Walton, Ph.D. Doctoral Committee ____________________________________ Modupe Labode, D.Phil. September 18, 2014 ____________________________________ Marybeth Gasman, Ph.D. ii © 2014 Tyrone McKinley Freeman iii DEDICATION In memory of my grandparents, Roscoe & Virginia Cooper and David & Ruth Freeman. In honor of my wife and children, Michelle, Alexander, and Olivia. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The great challenge of the acknowledgements page is that the number of people to be thanked greatly exceeds the space available for doing so; however, I will do my best and trust that any omissions will be attributed to this limitation and not my heart. I would like to thank God and my family for supporting me through this process. My faith has sustained me during the difficult moments of this process, particularly when the project felt large, unruly, and never-ending; however, more importantly, my faith allows me to rejoice with gratitude and thanksgiving now that I am done. I am a better person and scholar because of this experience. I am grateful to my beautiful wife, Michelle, and our children, Alexander and Olivia, who have been continuous sources of encouragement and love.
    [Show full text]
  • King John Take Place in the Thirteenth Century, Well Before Shakespeare’S Other English History Plays
    Folger Shakespeare Library https://shakespeare.folger.edu/ Get even more from the Folger You can get your own copy of this text to keep. Purchase a full copy to get the text, plus explanatory notes, illustrations, and more. Buy a copy Contents From the Director of the Folger Shakespeare Library Front Textual Introduction Matter Synopsis Characters in the Play ACT 1 Scene 1 ACT 2 Scene 1 Scene 1 Scene 2 ACT 3 Scene 3 Scene 4 Scene 1 ACT 4 Scene 2 Scene 3 Scene 1 Scene 2 Scene 3 ACT 5 Scene 4 Scene 5 Scene 6 Scene 7 From the Director of the Folger Shakespeare Library It is hard to imagine a world without Shakespeare. Since their composition four hundred years ago, Shakespeare’s plays and poems have traveled the globe, inviting those who see and read his works to make them their own. Readers of the New Folger Editions are part of this ongoing process of “taking up Shakespeare,” finding our own thoughts and feelings in language that strikes us as old or unusual and, for that very reason, new. We still struggle to keep up with a writer who could think a mile a minute, whose words paint pictures that shift like clouds. These expertly edited texts are presented to the public as a resource for study, artistic adaptation, and enjoyment. By making the classic texts of the New Folger Editions available in electronic form as The Folger Shakespeare (formerly Folger Digital Texts), we place a trusted resource in the hands of anyone who wants them.
    [Show full text]
  • JULIET Madam, I Am Not Well. LADY CAPULET Evermore Weeping For
    LADY CAPULET Why, how now, Juliet! JULIET Madam, I am not well. LADY CAPULET Evermore weeping for your cousin's death? What, wilt thou wash him from his grave with tears? An if thou couldst, thou couldst not make him live; Therefore, have done: some grief shows much of love; But much of grief shows still some want of wit. LADY CAPULET But now I'll tell thee joyful tidings, girl. JULIET And joy comes well in such a needy time: What are they, I beseech your ladyship? LADY CAPULET Well, well, thou hast a careful father, child; One who, to put thee from thy heaviness, Hath sorted out a sudden day of joy, That thou expect'st not nor I look'd not for. JULIET Madam, in happy time, what day is that? LADY CAPULET Marry, my child, early next Thursday morn, The gallant, young and noble gentleman, The County Paris, at Saint Peter's Church, Shall happily make thee there a joyful bride. JULIET Now, by Saint Peter's Church and Peter too, He shall not make me there a joyful bride. I wonder at this haste; that I must wed Ere he, that should be husband, comes to woo. I pray you, tell my lord and father, madam, I will not marry yet; and, when I do, I swear, It shall be Romeo, whom you know I hate, Rather than Paris. These are news indeed! LADY CAPULET Here comes your father; tell him so yourself, And see how he will take it at your hands. Enter CAPULET and Nurse CAPULET How now! a conduit, girl? what, still in tears? Evermore showering? In one little body Thou counterfeit'st a bark, a sea, a wind; For still thy eyes, which I may call the sea, How now, wife! Have you deliver'd to her our decree? LADY CAPULET Ay, sir; but she will none, she gives you thanks.
    [Show full text]
  • Drafting Correspondence and Reports Course for Peacekeeping Personnel
    Revised Pilot Version DrafDraftingting Correspondence and Reports: Guidance for Peacekeeping Personnel Guidance and Exercises on Written Communication for DPKO—ITS DPKO/DFS-OHRM joint project March 2011 version 3/12 contact instructor: Pat Duffy [email protected] Table of Contents Drafting Correspondence and Reports course for Peacekeeping Personnel Lesson 1: notes, memo, email ……………………………………………………… .. 5 Welcome to the course …………………………………………………………………. .. 6 A brief history of Report Writing at the UN……………………………………. ………... 7 Exercise on written communications of different types ……………………………… .. 9 Welcome to the challenge of writing for the international community ……………… 11 Language tip from editor Hindle: “Before Writing”……………………………………. 14 Note Guidelines …………………………………………………………………. ………. 15 Exercise on “Note”……………………………………………………………………….. 16 Checklist on Notes ……………………………………………………………………… 22 Exercise on Memo ………………………………………………………………………. 28 Checklist on Memo …………………………………………………………………….... 31 Exercise on writing email ……………………………………………………………….. 34 General Guidance on writing email…………………………………………………….. 39 Lesson 2 : code cable, fax ……………………………………………………………. 43 Language tip: leave out the roundabout phrases…………………………………….. 44 Quotes on writing ……………………………………………………………….............. 45 Gain awareness of different cultural styles of organizing information……………… 47 Change “heavy phrases” to single words …………………………………………….. 49 Recognize “filler words”………………………………………………………………….. 52 Use verbs instead of nouns (where possible) ………………………………………… 54 Code Cable
    [Show full text]
  • A Guide to Tennessee Protocol FOREWORD
    A Guide To Tennessee Protocol FOREWORD he 108th General Assembly of Tennessee passed legislation authorizing the Secretary of State to develop a protocol manual to be used throughout state government, at the option T of each of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. Working closely with Representative John Ragan (R–Oak Ridge), the Secretary of State’s office developed this manual with reference to the protocol guide prepared by the Commonwealth of Virginia, which first published its guide in 1977. The Guide to Virginia Protocol was initially developed for use by the Virginia Governor’s office after Virginians hosted many visiting dignitaries, and official functions during the Commonwealth of Virginia’s 1976 bicentennial year brought about numerous questions regarding protocol and procedure. It was intended as a concise reference outlining recommended, acceptable practices consistent with modern lifestyle and approved social etiquette. It was not meant to address all contingencies, but to set forth some rules that could be applied and lead to logical solutions to situations that might arise. It is hoped that the procedures and guidelines suggested in this publication will assist users in formulating answers to their questions based on accepted practices and common sense. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents 1 PROTOCOL .................................................................................................................... 1 Precedence ..............................................................................................................................................1
    [Show full text]
  • At a Regular Meeting of the King George County Board of Supervisors, Held on Monday, the 3Rd Day of March, 2020 at 6:30 P.M
    County Business VIRGINIA: At a regular meeting of the King George County Board of Supervisors, held on Monday, the 3rd day of March, 2020 at 6:30 p.m. in the Board Room of the Revercomb Building at 10459 Courthouse Drive, King George, Virginia: PRESENT: Cathy Binder, Chairman Annie Cupka, Vice-Chairman Jeff Bueche, Member Richard Granger, Member Jeff Stonehill, Member Neiman C. Young, County Administrator Eric A. Gregory, County Attorney Madam Chair: Regular meeting of the board of supervisors. Do we have any amendments to the agenda? Dr. Young: Yes madam chair. Mrs. Cupka: I move to add a closed session to tonight's agenda. Mr. Granger: Second. Madam Chair: Do we have any discussion? All in favor? All: Aye. Madam Chair: Any opposed? No. Chair votes aye. Motion carries. Now we have public comment. Comments will be limited to three minutes per person in order to afford everyone an opportunity to speak. If comments relate to a specific public hearing item, we ask that you offer those comments at the time of the public hearing. Would anybody like to come and talk? Mr. Moldonado: Okay. Good evening. Thank you for the time. My name is Mike Maldonado. I'm a resident with King George out of the Dahlgren district and I'm here tonight for two reasons. Number one me and my daughter Maxie. We'd like to thank the County recreation parks for the annual princess that ball that they do every year. This was our third year in attendance and they do a fantastic job for the community in terms of their organization and bringing dads and daughters together.
    [Show full text]
  • Nurses, Nurslings, and New Shapes of Power in the Mid-Wei Court
    nurses and nurslings scott pearce Nurses, Nurslings, and New Shapes of Power in the Mid-Wei Court enis Twitchett taught me many things in the years during which I D studied under his direction. Perhaps the most important was the historian’s charge to look beyond the elaborate structures of depiction and justification that all humans, ancient and modern, concoct in their thinking and writing, and to seek instead the reality that lies behind the facade. We share as a species certain very basic wants and needs that drive individuals as they move through the particular cultural ar- rangements of the world in which they dwell. And these things too must be seen and described. This paper looks at something very basic in human society — the need of the infant and child for a protecting, nurturing, mothering fig- ure, and the complex unfolding relationships this can plant within — and impose upon — a heart, a home, and if that home is the palace at the center of a monarchical state, an entire realm. Within a nursling, even when he has grown into a man, or lord of men, is a yin-like ten- dency to reach out to his former nurturer. And in the nurse is a sort of yang, a will to shape and govern the nursling, an object of both care and control. Here we see two basic human wants: the desire to be nur- tured and protected; and the itch for power, for the ability to establish a preferred order in the world. These basic actions both of reaching out and controlling are seen in a particularly unusual and troubling con- text during the early Northern Wei (386–534) — namely, the practice of forcing suicide on the mother of the selected heir to the throne.
    [Show full text]
  • Dame Stephanie Shirley Interviewed By
    IN PARTNERSHIP WITH NATIONAL LIFE STORIES AN ORAL HISTORY OF BRITISH SCIENCE Dame Stephanie Shirley Interviewed by Dr Thomas Lean C1379/28 © The British Library Board http://sounds.bl.uk IMPORTANT This interview and transcript is accessible via http://sounds.bl.uk . © The British Library Board. Please refer to the Oral History curators at the British Library prior to any publication or broadcast from this document. Oral History The British Library 96 Euston Road London NW1 2DB United Kingdom +44 (0)20 7412 7404 [email protected] Every effort is made to ensure the accuracy of this transcript, however no transcript is an exact translation of the spoken word, and this document is intended to be a guide to the original recording, not replace it. Should you find any errors please inform the Oral History curators. © The British Library Board http://sounds.bl.uk The British Library National Life Stories Interview Summary Sheet Title Page Ref no: C1379/28 Collection title: An Oral History of British Science Interviewee’s Shirley Title: Dame surname: (formerly Buchthal) Interviewee’s Stephanie “Steve” Sex: Female forename: (formerly Vera) Occupation: Software house founder, Date and place of birth: 16th September 1933 computer programmer, Dortmund, Germany. scientific civil servant, entrepreneur, philanthropist. Mother’s occupation: Tailor's assistant, Father’s occupation: Judge teacher. Dates of recording, Compact flash cards used, tracks (from – to): August 9 2010 (Tracks 1, 2, 3), August 11 2010 (Tracks 4, 5, 6), August 13 2010 (Tracks 7, 8, 9), August 16 2010 (Tracks 10, 11, 12), August 24 2010 (Tracks 13, 14, 15).
    [Show full text]
  • Dear Sir Or Madam
    Dear Sir or Madam: Greetings from CYTS, the official travel agency for the ICCS conference. First of all, we’d like to extend our warm welcome to all participants from around the world to this congress in Beijing, China! We’ve prepared various classical tours to help you understand Chinese culture, art, history and cuisine during your stay in China. All the tours include English-speaking guide, transfers in air-conditioned coach, entrance fee and lunch specified in the itinerary. The registration period is close to an end. Pls contact [email protected] if you have any requests. Wishing you a wonderful time in China. Half-day City Tours PRICES DATE CODE SITES Over 10 pax May.28 Morning HCT-1 Summer Palace US$30 May.28 Afternoon HCT-2 Shopping or Wangfujing US$18 May.29 Morning HCT-3 Badaling Great Wall US$36 May.29 Afternoon HCT-4 Summer Palace US$30 May.30 Morning HCT-5 Badaling Great Wall US$36 Full-day City Tours PRICES DATE CODE SITES Over 10 pax May.28 FCT-1 Hutong Rickshaw/Dumpling US$38 Lunch/Shopping May.29 FCT-2 Forbidden City/Lunch/Temple of Heaven US$41 Post-conference Tours PRICES(over 10 pax) CODE SITES Shared room Single Room PT-1 Beijing—Xi’an--Beijing US$510 US$575 PT-2 Beijing--Shanghai US$386 US$474 Beijing City at a Glance: As the capital of the People's Republic of China, Beijing is the nation's political, economic, cultural and educational centre. It has been the heart and soul of politics and society throughout its long history.
    [Show full text]
  • Virginia Flag Protocol Guide
    A GUIDE TO VIRGINIA PROTOCOL AND TRADITIONS FOREWORD he Practical Protocol Guide was first compiled and published in 1977. The many visiting dignitaries and official functions encountered during the 1976 bicentennial T year in Virginia brought about many questions regarding protocol and procedure. The Guide was developed for use by the Governor’s Office and those directly associated with the office and its activities. It was intended as a concise reference outlining recommended, acceptable practices consistent with modern lifestyle and approved social usage. It was not meant to address all contingencies but to set forth some rules that could be applied and lead to logical solutions. There were many people and agencies involved in the original Guide, including personnel in the Governor’s Office, the Department of Military Affairs, the Military District of Washington, the Department of Planning and Budget, the Virginia House of Delegates, the Virginia Senate, the Division of Capitol Police, the Department of General Services, the Office of the Attorney General, and the Special Events Office of Colonial Williamsburg. Anne Geddy Cross and Trudy E. Norfleet performed in-depth and wide- ranging research and Martha U. Pritchard and Robert H. Kirby contributed significantly through extensive review and suggestions to content. Additional questions arose and subsequent expanded editions of the Guide were produced in 1987 and 1989. In 2002, copies were no longer available and Bruce F. Jamerson, Clerk of the House of Delegates; Susan Clarke Schaar, Clerk of the Senate; and William H. Leighty, Chief of Staff to the Governor, organized a group of knowledgeable state employees along with Anne Cross and Trudy Norfleet to produce this publication.
    [Show full text]
  • Madam Secretary As a Politician, Wife, and Mother
    University of Denver Digital Commons @ DU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 1-1-2017 Politics, Feminism, and Popular Television: Madam Secretary as a Politician, Wife, and Mother Katie Lynn Schwind University of Denver Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.du.edu/etd Part of the Film and Media Studies Commons Recommended Citation Schwind, Katie Lynn, "Politics, Feminism, and Popular Television: Madam Secretary as a Politician, Wife, and Mother" (2017). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 1307. https://digitalcommons.du.edu/etd/1307 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at Digital Commons @ DU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ DU. For more information, please contact [email protected],[email protected]. Politics, Feminism, and Popular Television: Madam Secretary as a Politician, Wife, and Mother __________ A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Arts and Humanities University of Denver __________ In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts __________ by Katie L. Schwind June 2017 Advisor: Nadia Kaneva Author: Katie L. Schwind Title: Politics, Feminism, and Popular Television: Madam Secretary as a Politician, Wife, and Mother Advisor: Nadia Kaneva Degree Date: June 2017 ABSTRACT A recent surge in political dramas on television has produced an opportunity for media scholars interested in gender, politics, and entertainment media. To
    [Show full text]
  • A Republic, Madam, If You Can Keep It Forrest Mcdonald
    Notre Dame Journal of Law, Ethics & Public Policy Volume 4 Article 3 Issue 1 Symposium on Civic Virtue 1-1-2012 A Republic, Madam, If You Can Keep It Forrest McDonald Ellen Shapiro McDonald Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndjlepp Recommended Citation Forrest McDonald & E. Shapiro McDonald, A Republic, Madam, If You Can Keep It, 4 Notre Dame J.L. Ethics & Pub. Pol'y 7 (1990). Available at: http://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndjlepp/vol4/iss1/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Notre Dame Journal of Law, Ethics & Public Policy at NDLScholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in Notre Dame Journal of Law, Ethics & Public Policy by an authorized administrator of NDLScholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ARTICLES A REPUBLIC, MADAM, IF YOU CAN KEEP IT FORREST MCDONALD* ELLEN SHAPIRO MCDONALD** At the close of the Constitutional Convention of 1787, a Mrs. Powell of Philadelphia inquired of Benjamin Franklin, "Well, Doctor, what have we got, a republic or a monarchy?" "A republic," Franklin replied, "if you can keep it."' As was common with Franklin, the observation was more enigmatic than it would at first appear, for Franklin was well aware that there were several varieties of republicanism in America, each of which posited different means of "keeping it." To understand that observation, one must move back in time from 1787 to the eve of independence. The drive for independence had been spearheaded by what would seem to be an unlikely coalition of leaders in New England and the tobacco-growing regions of the upper South.
    [Show full text]