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Madam C. J. Walker (1867-1919) African American Entrepreneur, Philanthropist, Social Change Activist, and Educator of African American Women

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Madam C. J. Walker (1867-1919) African American Entrepreneur, Philanthropist, Social Change Activist, and Educator of African American Women University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 8-2007 Madam C. J. Walker (1867-1919) African American Entrepreneur, Philanthropist, Social Change Activist, And Educator Of African American Women Ruth Queen Smith University of Tennessee - Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Recommended Citation Smith, Ruth Queen, "Madam C. J. Walker (1867-1919) African American Entrepreneur, Philanthropist, Social Change Activist, And Educator Of African American Women. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2007. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/306 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Ruth Queen Smith entitled "Madam C. J. Walker (1867-1919) African American Entrepreneur, Philanthropist, Social Change Activist, And Educator Of African American Women." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Education, with a major in Education. Ralph Brockett, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: John Peters, Mary Ziegler, Diana Moyer Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Ruth Queen Smith entitled “Madam C. J. Walker (1867-1919) African American Entrepreneur, Philanthropist, Social Change Activist, And Educator Of African American Women.” I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Education, with a major in Adult Education. ____________________________ Ralph Brockett, Ph.D. Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: John Peters, Ph.D. Mary Ziegler, Ph.D. Diana Moyer, Ph.D. Acceptance for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official student records) MADAM C. J. WALKER (1867-1919) AFRICAN AMERICAN ENTREPRENEUR, PHILANTHROPIST, SOCIAL CHANGE ACTIVIST, AND EDUCATOR OF AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN A Dissertation Presented for the Doctor of Education Degree University of Tennessee, Knoxville Ruth Queen Smith August 2007 Copyright © 2007 by Ruth Queen Smith All rights reserved. ii DEDICATION In praise and thanksgiving to God I dedicate this to My loving family, Ruth Williams and Yancy Smith, Sr. My loving parents, Nancy and Yancy Smith, Jr. My dear sister and brother My brothers and Sisters in Christ, Especially, Father Eric Andrews, C.S.P. And My family at John XXIII Catholic Center and University Parish At the University of Tennessee, Knoxville And of course, Madam C.J. Walker and her associates Whose struggle made a way out of no way iii Acknowledgements Higher education teaches more than academic understanding and knowledge. Therefore, it is with a deep sense of humility, gratitude, appreciation and thanksgiving that I thank so many people. Dr. Ralph Brockett, my chair during my dissertation, had miles of pages to wade through before the study took form. It was complicated by my physical challenges and technology. However, he survived. His insights were critical to the quality of this presentation. Another member of my committee, Dr. John Peters, introduced me to the powerful relationship between adult education and social change. He also introduced me to the Highlander Education and Research Center. Special thanks to all of my committee members, Drs. Ralph Brockett, John Peters, Mary Ziegler, and Diana Moyer, for their insights and excitement. During my academic career at the University of Tennessee, I was privileged to learn with some of the best facilitators of adult learning processes and techniques. These include Drs. Juliet Merrifield, John Gaventa, Howard Pollio, Ralph Brockett, John Peters, Mary Ziegler, Loita Velazquez. I give special thanks to Dr. Joan Paul who introduced me to interpretive biography and the power of its voice. Special thanks to Drs. Harry Jacobson and Tom George for their wisdom and support. I owe a great deal of thanks to Drs. John and Judith Neff for their generosity and long-term care of my general well being. For me, Graduate School was more than my colleagues and professors. I learned that it takes an entire village to attain a doctoral degree. John XXIII Catholic Center and University Parish has been a village, a home and my refuge during this journey. Special thanks to all the Paulist Fathers and Paulist Associates, who have encouraged me over the years. Special thanks to Stan MacNevin, C.S.P., Terry Ryan, C.S.P., and Eric Andrews, C.S.P., who served as pastors at John XXIII while I worked for the parish and worked on my studies and dissertation. Their flexibility and encouragement were invaluable to my completion of this task. Buster Woody, C.S.P., a dear friend from graduate school days and later as well, was so very helpful in keeping my eyes focused on the prize and the bigger picture. My heart is full of thanks to Bob Moran, C.S.P., who modeled the class, distinction, and wisdom of a true academic Renaissance Man and servant of God. And of course, my friend and pastor, Eric Andrews, C.S.P., without whom the final push to the finish line would have been imperiled. Eric’s friendship, encouragement, love and support provided a light through the tunnel, not only at the celebratory end of the tunnel. However, it was the persistent and consistent support of words and encouragement from the parishioners of John XXIII Catholic Center and University Parish that would not allow me to wane from my commitment. My dream became their dream and my struggle became their struggle. All of the adult faith formation and Bible study groups have no idea how important they were in helping me complete the requirements of the doctoral degree. This includes Madeleine Hassil, Bev and John Froning and family, John and Beth Long, Marilyn Jacobson, the Prados family, Dr. Pat Dopelman, all of my Bible study classes, and other special groups. The students who belong to the parish served as an inspiration as well. Special thanks to Barbara Lockett, and Ben Jefferies. In fact, special iv thanks to the Catholic Diocese of Knoxville, especially St. Joseph the Worker, Immaculate Conception Church and the Women’s Faith and Fellowship Group at All Saints Church for their words of encouragement. I must thank my sister, Nancy Thelma Smith, who unceasingly gave of her time and love to care for our aging parents while I pursued my doctorate. Her dedication and selflessness gave me the freedom to become what she is better suited to be. Other family members, especially my dear cousins, Becky and Barbara Williams, were supportive and encouraging beyond measure. Mrs. Lucille Williams, one of the few members of my parents’ generation who remains with us today, embodies the strength and goodness that carried us from one generation to the next. This work and the future works that may arise from this interpretive biography are a tribute to my parents’ generation and the generations before them. They taught us to live and work for the next generation and uplift the race. This work is also dedicated to the neighborhood on Fain Street in Nashville, Tennessee. As a child, I learned from my neighbors the value and necessity of gaining a good education for the betterment of the community. Mr. and Mrs. Gregory and Mrs. Scott remain persons of encouragement and hope. Most of the other beacons of light glow with the ancestors. I am blessed to have good friends. Some of these friends are so very special. Cynthia Malden, captain of the prayer team, never gave up and she always kept the faith (You never thought that it would take this long, but you persevered and kept on praying). Vivian Haun was my sounding board. Vivian made my everyday life easier by providing transportation and shopping assistance throughout the long process. I knew when I started the doctoral process that I had MS and Lupus, and that I was going blind. More than halfway into the process, my limited vision took a turn for the worst. Without the assistance of two agencies, East Tennessee Technology Access Center and the Division of Rehabilitation Services, State of Tennessee, this would have been more challenging that it was. I am indebted to Dr. Lois Symington for her encouragement and belief in me that I could and should do it. Special thanks to the staff for helping me through the panic of assisted technology. My deep thanks to Don Sobczak, also with East Tennessee Technology Access Center for his life-saving technology instruction, on-site visits, and equipment wizard-works. Special thanks to Larry Vaden, my vocation rehabilitation counselor. Words cannot express my gratitude to Cher Bosch, rehabilitation technology specialist. Cher taught me the JAWS software, without which, this dissertation would not have been written. There were three persons whose assistance in editing were invaluable. Susan Jones and Whitney Bell helped me through many tough hours of catching misplaced spaces and more. However, Edgar Miller was a life raft and kept this project from going overboard. Thank you so much. Wilma Gibbs, archivist at the Indiana Historical Society, and the entire staff of the society were so very helpful.
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