Summer Climate and Heatwaves in Europe Annemiek Stegehuis

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Summer Climate and Heatwaves in Europe Annemiek Stegehuis Summer climate and heatwaves in Europe Annemiek Stegehuis To cite this version: Annemiek Stegehuis. Summer climate and heatwaves in Europe. Biodiversity and Ecology. Université Paris Saclay (COmUE), 2016. English. NNT : 2016SACLV052. tel-01480310 HAL Id: tel-01480310 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01480310 Submitted on 1 Mar 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. NTT:2016SACLV052 THÈSE DE DOCTORAT DE L’UNIVERSITÉ PARIS-SACLAY PRÉPARÉE À L’UNIVERSITÉ VERSAILLES SAINT-QUENTIN EN YVELINES ECOLE DOCTORALE NO. 129 SCIENCES DE L’ENVIRONNEMENT D’ILE-DE-FRANCE MÉTÉOROLOGIE, OCÉANOGRAPHIE ET PHYSIQUE DE L’ENVIRONNEMENT PAR ANNEMIEK IRENE STEGEHUIS SUMMER CLIMATE AND HEATWAVES IN EUROPE THÈSE PRÉSENTÉE ET SOUTENUE AU LSCE, LE 7 JUILLET 2016 PhD director : Robert Vautard Directeur de recherche (LSCE/CNRS) PhD co-director : Philippe Ciais Directeur de recherche (LSCE/CEA) PhD co-director : Adriaan J. Teuling Assistant Professor (Wageningen University) President of the jury : Philippe Bousquet Professeur (UVSQ/IPSL) Reporters : Bart J. J. M. van den Hurk Directeur de recherche (KNMI) Jesus Fernandez Assistant Professor (Universidad de Cantabria) Examiner : Wolfgang Cramer Professeur / Directeur de recherche (CNRS) Acknowledgments Merci pour toutes ces belles années ! i Contents Acknowledgmentsi Contents iii Abstract vii Introduction1 I General introduction5 1 European summer climate............................. 6 1.1 Oceanic influence.............................. 6 1.2 Large scale circulation........................... 8 1.2.1 North Atlantic Oscillation.................... 8 1.2.2 Principal summer weather regimes............... 8 1.2.3 Weather regimes associated with warm summer temperature anomalies............................. 10 1.3 Land-atmosphere interactions influencing the summer climate . 10 1.3.1 Soil moisture-temperature feedback.............. 11 1.3.2 Soil moisture-precipitation feedback.............. 12 1.3.3 Regions for strong land-atmosphere feedbacks . 13 1.3.4 Influence of vegetation ..................... 14 2 Heatwaves...................................... 16 2.1 Characteristics of the 2003 heatwave................... 16 2.2 Mechanisms behind the 2003 heatwave ................. 16 2.3 Consequences of the 2003 heatwave................... 18 3 Impact of elevated temperatures and drought on vegetation.......... 18 II Uncertainties in the future climate 21 1 Introduction..................................... 22 iii iv CONTENTS 2 The European climate under a 2◦C global warming............... 24 2.1 Introduction ................................ 24 2.2 Methods................................... 24 2.3 Results and discussion........................... 24 2.3.1 Temperature and precipitation change............. 24 2.3.2 Land heat fluxes and radiation................. 26 2.4 Summary and conclusion ......................... 27 3 Future European temperature change uncertainties reduced by using land heat flux observations.................................. 28 4 Discussion and additional results ......................... 33 4.1 Model ensemble .............................. 33 4.2 Uncertainty reduction method....................... 33 4.3 The choice for the 2◦C limit........................ 35 5 Summary and conclusions............................. 35 III Atmospheric processes 39 1 Introduction..................................... 40 2 WRF model description .............................. 41 2.1 Microphysics ................................ 41 2.2 Planetary Boundary Layer......................... 42 2.3 Surface Layer................................ 43 2.4 Radiation.................................. 43 2.5 Convection ................................. 43 2.6 Land surface ................................ 44 3 An observation-constrained multi-physics WRF ensemble for simulating Euro- pean mega heat waves............................... 44 4 Discussion and additional results ......................... 68 4.1 The importance of the convection scheme................ 68 4.2 What triggers convection?......................... 70 5 Summary and conclusions............................. 71 IV The influence of soil moisture on summer temperatures 73 1 Introduction..................................... 74 2 Methods....................................... 75 2.1 Model description ............................. 75 2.2 Control simulation............................. 75 2.3 Attribution of temperature anomalies................... 75 3 Summer warming induced by early summer soil moisture changes in Europe . 77 3.1 Abstract................................... 77 3.2 Main text .................................. 77 4 Discussion and conclusions ............................ 82 V Drought impacts on European forest species 87 1 Introduction..................................... 87 2 Drought and heat stress on 5 main European forest tree species . 88 2.1 Picea sp.................................... 88 2.2 Pinus sylvestris ............................... 91 CONTENTS v 2.3 Fagus sylvatica ............................... 93 2.4 Quercus robur & petraea .......................... 95 2.5 Quercus ilex ................................. 96 3 Model description.................................. 99 3.1 ORCHIDEE ................................. 99 3.2 ORCHIDEE-CAN .............................. 100 3.2.1 From PFT to species....................... 100 3.2.2 Carbon allocation and canopy structure . 100 3.2.3 Hydraulic architecture...................... 100 4 Results........................................ 100 4.1 Puéchabon ................................. 101 4.1.1 GPP................................ 101 4.1.2 Soil hydraulics.......................... 102 4.1.3 Transpiration........................... 105 4.2 Other sites ................................. 106 4.2.1 Brasschaat ............................ 107 4.2.2 Tharandt............................. 109 4.2.3 Hesse & Collelongo ....................... 110 5 Discussion...................................... 111 5.1 Site-specific characteristics......................... 112 5.2 Plant hydraulics .............................. 112 5.3 Other processes............................... 112 6 Summary and concluding remarks ........................ 114 VI Discussion & concluding remarks 117 1 Climate models in general............................. 118 2 Regarding the future climate............................ 119 3 Impact studies ................................... 121 Bibliography 123 Annexes 153 A The European climate under a 2dC global warming 155 Abstract vii Titre: Le climat estival et des vagues de chaleur en Europe Mots clés: Vagues de chaleur en Europe, Modélisation la méthode, Forets en Europe, Sécheresse Résumé: L'objectif de ce travail de thèse est de contribuer simulation du climat actuel en Europe, qui à la compréhension des rôles joués par les peuvent se propager dans la simulation du climat interactions sol-atmosphère et par la circulation à futur et de sa sensibilité à l’augmentation des grande-échelle dans la formation d’anomalies de forçages anthropiques. Cela soulève plusieurs températures estivales en Europe. Cela constitue questions, dont deux sont traitées dans ce un double défi du fait de la rareté des chapitre, présentés dans deux parties différentes. observations d’une part et des incertitudes liées Premièrement je discute des incertitudes dans les aux paramétrisations des modèles projections climatiques Européennes pour un atmosphériques et de leurs schémas de surface échauffement global moyen de 2˚C. Je présente d’autre part. Ce travail est centré sur 4 sujets les incertitudes dans le climat futur liée pour principaux: 1) Comment les interactions sur les différents horizons temporels. Un accent processus sol-atmosphère liés à l’eau du sol particulier est mis sur les températures estivales disponible pour les plantes et aux flux d’énergie et les flux d’énergie échangés entre la surface et échangés entre la surface et l’atmosphère l’atmosphère. Cette étude fait partie du projet influencent-elles les projections climatiques de Européen IMPACT2C et les résultats sont température d’été et leurs incertitudes dans le publiés par Vautard et al. (2014). Je ne montre climat européen? 2) Comment les que les résultats du travail personnel accompli paramétrisations atmosphériques influencent les dans cette étude. L’article complet se trouve dans simulations des vagues de chaleur extrêmes en l’Annexe A. Deuxièmement j’examine le lien Europe? 3) Quelle importance joue l’humidité du heuristique entre les incertitudes des simulations sol comparée aux circulations atmosphériques des flux d’énergie échangés entre la surface et sur les anomalies de température estivales? Et 4) l’atmosphère pour l’actuel et les incertitudes de Quels sont les impacts des sécheresses et de la température dans un climat futur. chaleur sur la végétation? Les rétroactions entre surface et atmosphère 1) Comment les interactions sol-atmosphère jouent un rôle important dans la genèse de vagues influencent-elles les projections climatiques et de chaleur et de sécheresses
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