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Archaeological Discoveries on the Junctions 27 to 30 M25

An executive agency of the Department for Transport It was only towards the end of the A1(M) M25 improvements, M1 original period of construction of the Section 5 M11 M25 that archaeologists were routinely Junctions 27-30 involved on road schemes. As a Section 1 result not all archaeological sites were Plans to create ring roads around Section 4 recorded, and information on what M40 London first appeared over 100 years lay beneath the M25 is patchy. The ago, but developed piecemeal. The current upgrade therefore provided an M4 LONDON North and South Circular roads were M25 important opportunity to examine areas early incarnations of this idea, but were M25 immediately adjacent. overtaken by the expansion of . Much of the route followed M3 The work covered by this booklet M20 by the M25, particularly on the south, extends around the north-eastern arc M26 Section 2 was first proposed as far back as M25 of the M25 from Junction 27 (with the 1937, but official recognition of an M25 M11) to Junction 30 (with the A13). orbital route only came in 1975. Begun All of the areas examined are shown M23 in 1971, most of the M25 was built in red, and those where significant between 1975 and 1986. Since then, archaeological remains were found the increase in traffic has led to the In 2008 the Highways Agency are labelled overleaf. The time periods introduction of variable speed limits to commissioned a major upgrade of represented by the discoveries are aid the management of flow, but traffic the M25, and Skanska Balfour Beatty Aerial view of ongoing improvements shown by coloured dots corresponding volume has continued to rise. Joint Venture was appointed to carry to the timeline. out the work. This is programmed to on the road itself. For example, extra be completed in 2014. It has involved screening using soil bunds has been the widening of some sections, the provided at various places, and drainage strengthening or replacing of a number improvements have necessitated the of bridges, and the improvement of digging of new ponds. Temporary many of the junctions. The drawing construction compounds were also shows the sections involved, and required. All of these have affected highlights in red the length covered by land adjacent to the M25, and so a Section 4. programme of archaeological monitoring and (where necessary) excavation has As well as additional lanes along been carried out by Oxford Archaeology the route, these road improvements working for Skanska Balfour Beatty Joint involve much other work that is not Venture. Machinery at work during the construction of the M25 Aerial view of the Passingford Bridge excavation Brentwood

Codham Hall Bund, Tank 1762 and Hobbs Hole Strip Widening Passingford Bridge Widening M25 28 and Flood Alleviation Area Pond 1683

A12 29 Passingford N Bridge Folkes Lane Strip Widening Pond 1791 and Bund Strip Widening A127 Pond 1812 and Strip Widening M11 Pond 1615

Epping 27 Pond 1609

Pond 1605 M25 Pond 1824 and South Strip Widening M25 Ockendon

Belhus Cutting Nowadays construction takes care to avoid or minimise This booklet presents some of the 30 impacts upon archaeological sites as much as possible, highlights of the archaeological work. A13 so the archaeological work is often limited. A large The archaeological sites are spread over a proportion of the sites that were examined did not produce considerable distance, and so the results are significant archaeological remains, but rather than being a presented thematically and chronologically, rather disappointment, this is a testament to the strength of the than geographically as a series of stops along the modern planning system. modern road.

Pre-modern Hunter-gatherers First Farmers Metal Users Field systems Hillforts Coinage Roads/forts Towns/industries English invaders Manors/castles/ Tudors/Stuarts, humans villages Reformation PALAEOLITHIC MESOLITHIC NEOLITHIC EARLY BRONZE AGE MIDDLE-LATE EARLY-MIDDLE LATE IRON AGE EARLY ROMAN LATER ROMAN SAXON MEDIEVAL POST-MEDIEVAL BRONZE AGE IRON AGE 350-300,000 BC 9000-4000 BC 4000-2400 BC 2400-1600 BC 1600-800 BC 800-50BC 50 BC-AD 43 AD 43-120 AD 120-410 AD 410-1066 AD 1066-1500 AD 1500-1800 dated by measuring the quantities of and scoured by the ice or by N Palaeolithic amino-acids in fossil shells. In living the meltwaters. The flints from

Mar Dyke organisms all amino-acids are of type Belhus were not found where At Belhus Cutting, 3 km north of the L, but after death they very slowly they had been dropped, but North Ockendon present , the M25 cuts Corbets Tey change to type D. By comparing the had been carried by the Direction of flow through an earlier channel of the river. proportions of types L and D we can channel before coming Until about 500,000 years ago, the Orsett estimate how long ago they died. The to rest. Edge of floodplain Belhus Park Aveley Thames used to run much further north Low terrace channel here is 300,000 to of the Mar Dyke than nowadays, across what is now L. 350,000 years old. Purfleet

Essex. In the Anglian Ice Age, soon

R R

i i v R e s ive e after this, the glaciers reached as far r r Tham Local archaeologists found a D

a r e south as Finchley in North London, River Cray n Swanscombe variety of stone tools during Dartford t and diverted the course of the river the original construction of 0 Kilometres 5 south towards its current course. the M25 here, and another The Ockenden-Purfleet Loop flint flake in the recent ©Oxford Archaeology excavations, but these tools The Thames has continued to change are long-lived types that course after each Ice Age, not due cannot be closely dated. directly to glaciers but to the huge Most Palaeolithic sites north volume of meltwater released as each of Belhus were reached by Ice Age came to an end. This water glaciers in one or more Ice has carried vast quantites of gravel Ages, and so were buried with it, carving new channels, cutting off meanders and choking them with gravel, as happened at Belhus. Sequence of geological layers

The route of the Thames during the Palaeolithic period ©Oxford Archaeology The river has also cut down each time, removing part or all of the sediments The river however continued to filling the earlier ones. This has meant meander north of its present line, and that tracing the course of each phase one of the largest of these meanders of the river is not straightforward, was the ‘Ockendon-Purfleet Loop’, and dating these channels when whose line is still partly visible as the exposed is all-important. The channel Mar Dyke, and which was cut by the at Belhus is too old for radiocarbon M25 at Belhus just north of Junction 30. dating, but the sediments are being Flint flake Modern archaeological excavations These have shown that the tools use a wide array of materials and were deposited during a warm phase, analyses to help recreate the when the climate was probably surroundings of these early humans. similar to, or slightly warmer, than The focus of the recent investigations that today. was therefore upon dark horizons of preserved organic remains, which This warm phase lasted for about contained wood, seeds and leaves, 30,000 years, but geologically this pollen, insects, molluscs, bones and was just a blip in the Ice Ages that ostracods (small seed-shrimps). occurred before and afterwards. Artist’s reconstruction of a Palaeolithic hunting scene 300,000 years ago ©Oxford Archaeology Later visits to this site are shown by N Post-glacial human flints such as a fine barbed-and-tanged Passingford Flood arrowhead dating from the early Bronze Alleviation Area activity Age (2500 - 1600 BC), which suggests Burnt flint spread the hunting of animals drinking at the All of the remaining archaeology along river. the M25 belongs to the last 10,000 years, after the end of the most recent Ice Age, so the climate has been Four poster M25 temperate throughout. Burial under barrows was common for the most important people in society For much of this time the land has at this time, but this type of burial had been forested, so that rivers were the largely died out by the Middle Bronze easiest means of getting about, and as Age (1600-1200 BC). At Passingford, a result much activity occurred along however, it was then that a circular ring rivers. The Thames was the main River Roding ditch was dug (radiocarbon date 1434- east-west artery, but the tributaries that 1299 BC). At this time the floodplain drain into it from the north were also was dry, and had probably been very important for the communities cleared for grazing. There may have living around them. The River Roding, Flint arrowhead been a mound inside the ditch created crossed by the M25, is one of these. from the spoil, but if so, ploughing had removed this long ago. At Passingford Bridge, Early Neolithic people camped out on the Ring ditch floodplain next to

the river, leaving a Burnt flint features scatter of struck flints behind. This happened 0 100 m between 4000 and Middle Bronze Age 1:2000 3300 BC. Similar but Early-Middle Iron Age Unphased smaller scatters of flint Posthole avenue Gravel terrace came from other sites. Four-poster

Top to bottom: Mesolithic blade, Neolithic arrowhead Four poster 0 20 m and micro-toothed tool from Passingford Bridge Four poster 1:500 sometimes within a ring ditch, At Passingford Bridge, a mound of None of the Bronze Age sites had Later Bronze Age at sometimes unenclosed. Urns burnt flint and charcoal lay further east extensive systems of enclosures or sometimes held the ashes, like one on the edge of the floodplain and gravel fields, but at Pond 1824 two lines of Passingford Bridge found at Pond 1812, but if there had terrace. Such `burnt mounds’ are often elongated irregular pits almost at a right been an urnfield associated with the later Bronze Age. Interpretations range angle indicate boundaries. Interrupted Excavations have revealed a few other Passingford ring ditch, it too has been from cooking areas to saunas (when boundaries are common in this period. late ring ditches in the Thames Valley entirely ploughed away. associated with deep pits near rivers) They are usually interpreted as being upriver of London, for example near or as a way of burning hollows in tree- dug to make a continuous bank from to Eton. People often favoured trunks to make logboats. the excavated spoil, with each pit riverside locations for burial, as dug by a separate member of the these were visible and easily community. accessible to passers-by going up and downriver. These monuments probably also acted as territorial markers of ownership, and as foci for gatherings for the wider community. The ring ditch during excavation

In the Middle Bronze Age burials were The surviving ring ditch here is very usually cremations in cemeteries, shallow, supporting the idea that ploughing here has been severe. A burnt mound feature ©Framework Archaeology We found further isolated cremations (without urns) at Upminster Bund and at Pond 1791, both radiocarbon dated The only other Bronze Age features between 1270 and 1050 BC. The were scattered postholes or small pits stripping of large areas often reveals on the higher, gravel terrace. A similar

such burials, but the significance of small pit at Pond 1615, radiocarbon- 0 1 2 3 4 5 cm these places for burial is not clear. dated to between 1200 and 970 BC, 0 5 10 15 20 cm The cremations may mark where they contained 55 sherds from a single died, though no trace of a pyre was pottery vessel. The pits probably had Possible reconstruction of the Bronze Age urn from found. Possibly these burials were a variety of uses, but they certainly recovered sherds placed alongside well-trodden (though show that there were clearings in the unmarked) routes, where the dead woodland or open areas on the gravel would be remembered. terrace.

Excavation of a Bronze Age urn During the early or middle Iron Age, The dating evidence is sparse: a single are gradually being found Iron Age and Roman at (800 BC to 50BC), two parallel rows potsherd, and two radiocarbon dates through excavation. of posts were erected on the low-lying upon charcoal from the postholes, Passingford Bridge floodplain, running north-eastwards up both giving ranges of 400-200 BC. The Alternatively the rows to and across the Bronze Age ring ditch. charcoal did not come from posts burnt could be viewed as a in situ, and the potsherd was collection of square not large, so the dating is structures, of a type often not very secure, but all three found on later Bronze Age pieces of evidence give a and Iron Age settlements. consistent date. These four-post structures are usually interpreted We have chosen to interpret as storehouses with the rows as an avenue of raised floors, often used posts focussed on the former as granaries, but their A reconstruction of a four post building ring ditch, and perhaps location here would be ©Oxford Archaeolgy aligned on midsummer unusual, away from the sunrise. Astronomical main settlement and on the floodplain, alignments for monuments rather than up on the gravel terrace (see are well-known earlier in overleaf). prehistory, when stone circles and rows were built, Such structures are also sometimes but are not often associated seen as platforms on which the dead with the Iron Age. could be exposed, as the stray human bones often found on settlements Excavation of an Iron Age suggest that exposure of the dead timber causeway or river (excarnation) to let the elements and crossing at Fiskerton in East birds deflesh the skeleton, was practised. Anglia has however shown The westernmost square had deeper that phases of construction postholes than the rest, and this is the there can be linked to cycles best candidate for such a platform, but of the moon, so structures although this interpretation would fit the may also have been linked probable use of the ring ditch for burial, to the sun. More timber no human bones were found, so it has alignments of Iron Age date been interpreted as a viewing platform.

Artist’s impression of the post avenue and ring ditch A113 Late Iron Age and Passingford Bridge

Passingford Flood Roman Alleviation Area

In the late Iron Age (50BC- AD50) M25 a settlement grew up on the drier gravel terrace north of the earlier monuments. A collection of curving gullies surrounded roundhouses, whose doorpost-holes generally River Roding survived. Only in one case did we find the line of the wall, surviving as a curving trench; at this time houses often Middle Bronze Age N had walls of stakes, evidence of which Iron Age Waterhole rarely survives later ploughing. Early Roman Late Roman Modern One of the houses faced Unphased Gravel terrace onto a series of joined Four-poster? Quarries enclosures, one Fenceline? Four- poster Quarries rectangular, the House others curvilinear. enclosures Round One enclosure house? surrounded

Paddock? Waterhole Waterholes a massive 4-post square structure; this West of the house enclosures Artist’s impression of the Iron Age and early Roman farmstead at Passingford Bridge is a much more plausible candidate for was a series of fields or stock Paddock? Trackway a raised storehouse or granary, and the enclosures, which ran from the gravel

Field? whole complex probably incorporated terrace down onto the floodplain adjacent Field the stock pens, granaries and hayricks to the earlier ring ditch. About 100m belonging to the community. Three areas further west a second group of ditches Field? Ring-ditch of quarrying, probably for wall-daub, lay may represent further fields or perhaps a to the south along the terrace edge. second farmstead. Field?

0 100 m

1:2000 The curving gullies here are too small were still present at this time. Weapons The floodplain enclosures also separated the to indicate houses, but the settlement are rarely found on rural settlements in occupation area from the ancient burial site, may have lain just north of the site limit. the Iron Age, so it is unclear whether which may still have been visible as a low Together all these elements comprise a every family would have had a weapon mound. small rural farmstead. for use in warfare. At the end of the Iron Age the farmers dug One of the gullies between the houses We do not find many metal objects a long boundary along the floodplain edge, contained the broken remains of a on Iron Age settlements, probably formally separating floodplain and gravel bronze-working crucible, with splashes because most were melted down when terrace. It cut across the earlier enclosures, but of metal slag still attached. In the Iron they broke and recycled. Smithing curved south-east across the floodplain once Age these were triangular, the angled hammerscale from repairing iron objects it had passed them, preserving the division corners providing pouring lips for the was also common on the site. between the settlement and the burial mound. melted metal. Although the crucibles are fairly easy to manufacture, the casting of The enclosures extending onto the A pit found adjacent to the prehistoric ring bronze objects was a skilled business, floodplain may have been dug to pen ditch contained the cremation of an adult X-ray of an Iron Age and itinerant bronze-smiths probably spearhead recovered during animals grazing the rich floodplain accompanied by 2 pots of late Iron Age or early did this, rather than the inhabitants excavations grassland, but were more likely areas Roman date. This was the only human burial themselves. of floodplain enclosed to prevent animals found on the site, and suggests that the ring getting in. These would have been used ditch continued to have special significance at Also among the finds was an iron Bronze-working to cultivate hay meadow for winter fodder. this time. spearhead. This may have been to crucible with inset This could either have been left to wither protect against wild animals, as wolves showing residual metal before gathering, a process known as In the Roman period the overall layout of slag ‘foggage’, or have been cut with a scythe the late Iron Age fields and enclosures was at the end of autumn. The oldest scythes redefined, although the eastern settlement went found in Britain only date from just before out of use. the Roman conquest, though examples are known on the Continent a couple of The system expanded westwards, first recutting centuries earlier, so before this fodder was and then abandoning the original western 0 1 2 3 4 5 cm presumably left to rot. boundary. This included a trackway running north-west along the side of the new fields, and A number of other possible four-post a succession of waterholes dug on the east structures are scattered within the larger side. In the process the boundary between enclosures and fields, and these may have terrace and floodplain moved a little further been used to store fodder out of reach of north, but the Roman ditch turned south onto the animals, ready for them in the winter. ©Oxford Archaeology the floodplain along the edge of the original late Iron Age enclosures. Late Roman pit North of the new floodplain N boundary the Roman farmers Codham Hall Bund created a new enclosure in between the two Iron Age The Codham Hall Bund excavation settlements, while on the east revealed ditches of a late Iron Age M25 edge of the former settlement enclosure that probably originally they dug a series of waterholes continued beneath the existing M25. or quarries, and yet another The alignment of the ditches formed enclosure and more quarries an acute angle, perhaps suggesting further to the north-east. that one of their functions was to funnel livestock. Some of the undated, smaller The excavations here did ditches may be associated but others not find any Roman houses, are more likely to have been medieval. but a curving gully, probably surrounding a roundhouse, Occupation continued into the early was found 400m to the west at Roman period, but ended before Passingford Bridge. This is the AD100, except for a complete but direction in which the trackway fragmented jar of 2nd-4th century date is heading, and the Romano- found in an isolated pit 100m further British settlement may have lain north. Whole pots are often buried with between the two Reconstruction of a roundhouse viewed from the south-east ©Buckinghamshire County Council cremations, but there was no cremated sites. bone here, so it is unclear why this pot

N was buried. Iron Age Early Roman Late Roman Modern Unphased M25

House enclosure

Late Iron Age Late Roman Saxon Medieval 0 2 4 6 8 10 cm Modern Detail of Passingford Bridge Unphased excavation 0 100 m 0 50 m 1:2000 1:1000 Funnel for livestock? 33m Hollow with Bronze Age finds 32m Roman settlement at Hobbs Cremation N burials 31m Hole 30m

Saxon pit 29m Hobbs Hole straddled the north and south sides of a Quarries 28m valley along which a stream flowed, and consisted of 27m another group of Roman enclosures. There was no Quarries 26m settlement focus, which may indicate that these were Quarry or waterhole mainly cultivated fields and paddocks for livestock. Quarry 25m

Cremation 24m Paddock? burial The waterholes and quarries contained charred plant Pits remains, consisting largely of spelt wheat grains and 23m chaff, leftover from the winnowing and cleaning of the Paddock? harvested grain. Animal bones show that cattle were the Quarry main species kept on the site, though sheep were also 22m Roman urns in situ Quarry or numerous, and horses and pigs less so. Interestingly, waterhole deer were also hunted, roe deer early in the Roman period, and red deer later on. 21m

Quarry 23m Cremation Nevertheless, we found cremations across the northern Stream 22m burial Bronze Age area, some within a small ditched enclosure, and one 24m Early Roman isolated cremation on the south. Late Roman Modern 25m Small enclosed cemeteries are common in the Unphased

Roman cremation urns Romano-British countryside, often at some distance 26m from the settlements to which they belonged, though 27m usually linked by a trackway, which is not evident Tree holes

here. Isolated cremations are rarer, but may indicate a 28m A113 favourite place chosen by the deceased. Enclosure

29m The south-east part of the site contained one of the Quarry or clearest enclosures, sited over a dense cluster of small, waterhole

30m shallow and often irregular features, possibly indicating 0 100 m a former copse. 0 5 10 15 20 cm M25 1:2000 Once the Roman administration and At Pond 1683, excavation revealed Early Saxon activity army left Britain, and raiding disrupted Middle-late Saxon several burnt pits filled with charcoal , trade and industry, cities were one of which was dated to 1020-1160 around Junction 29 abandoned, and local people adopted and Medieval AD. This suggests that charcoal- the customs of the new settlers, making burning was being carried out here at In the later Roman period the main natives and incomers archaeologically No substantial settlements were found, the very end of the Saxon period, or activity at the Hobbs Hole site was indistinguishable. but there was evidence of a variety of soon after the Norman conquest. The digging clay quarries, and Anglo-Saxon activites from all of these periods. pits may represent either successive pottery came from the tops of some of A group of pits at Codham Hall Bund visits, or larger-scale production for these. Although broken up, there are a were full of charcoal and fired clay, Excavations at Upminster Bund a single season. Charcoal-burning is range of locally-made handmade and but not from burning in situ. The revealed irregular soilmarks in usually remote from settlements, and burnished vessels, typifying the change charcoal from one of these pits gave lines, which were probably created no other evidence from this period was Charred grain from the industrial-scale production of a radiocarbon date of 409-540 AD, by the roots of trees in hedgerows. found here. wheel-thrown, standardised Roman ie early in the Saxon period. These Charred wheat grains from these gave pottery. The only new Saxon feature suggest a small Saxon settlement, but radiocarbon date ranges of 690 to 890 AD, Pond 1812 contained a probable was another quarry pit, showing again, who lived in it is unclear. indicating arable fields here in the Middle rectangular enclosure at the end of two the long-term exploitation of clay, Saxon period (AD 650 -900). parallel ditched boundaries, and the presumably for buildings. pottery shows that this belongs to the late Saxon period (AD 900-1066). Saxon settlements often occur adjacent Although the rural buildings of this Lines of treeholes N to Romano-British ones, but it is from hedgerows time were often of wood, and built often difficult to establish whether on shallow foundations, which might these were Romano-British have been ploughed away, there people reverting to handmade were no pits or other features inside pottery once the Roman potteries the enclosure, so this was probably stopped production, or new not a homestead. Two of the ditches Anglo-Saxon settlers taking Bronze Age narrowed towards an entrance, cremation burial over abandoned farmsteads and perhaps suggesting that it was for making use of existing fields stock management. and enclosures. The Anglo- Middle-Late Bronze Age Saxons had handmade pottery, a Saxon During the original construction of the tradition they brought with them Modern M25, features and pottery of medieval Unphased from outside the Roman Empire. 0 2 4 6 8 10 cm 0 50 m date (AD1100-1300) were recovered 1:1000 just to the south (plan overleaf).

Saxon pottery from Hobbs Hole Saxon hedgerows at Upminster Bund Upminster-Ockendon Railway

Acknowledgements Service (GLAAS) and County Council. From Essex The late Saxon settlement to which County Council we would like to thank Richard Havis and this stock enclosure belonged may Tim Allen and Hannah Kennedy of Oxford Archaeology (OA) Adam Garwood for their time and advice offered at the main also have been here, or alternatively respectively project-managed and designed this publication for excavations, and David Divers from GLAAS. activity may have shifted south soon Skanska Balfour Beatty Joint Venture on behalf of the Highways after the Norman conquest. Agency, with assistance from Steve Lawrence. Gary Rogerson, Archaeological research on the discoveries is still in progress, Skanska’s Environmental Manager, commented on the images and we would also like to thank all of the specialists who have M25 The stock enclosure may have and edited the text; Henry Penner of the Highways Agency contributed information to this report, and in particular Edward belonged to the estates of North reviewed the publication. Biddulph, who is managing the post-excavation programme for Ockendon Hall, a moated Manor in Oxford Archaeology. Church Lane, which also began life in The archaeological fieldwork was carried out by Oxford the late Saxon period, but was bombed Archaeology. The dedication and professionalism of all the We are also grateful to the Highways Agency for supplying in World War II, and was demolished archaeologists who worked as part of the site teams is gratefully photographs of the original M25 construction, and to Skanska

Dennis Road after the war. acknowledged. Specific thanks are extended to Project Balfour Beatty Joint Venture for aerial views of the improvements Saxon pottery recovered from Codham Hall Bund Managers Steve Lawrence and David Score for running the in progress. Unless otherwise stated, all pictures and illustrations An enclosure at Pond 1812 (lower image ©Museum of London Archaeology) fieldwork on site. are the copyright of the Highways Agency. N A series of ditches and a pit dating to the 11th-13th centuries was found at Codham We would like to thank Skanska for facilitating the archaeological The background map is reproduced from Ordnance Survey Hall Bund, but these lay on the edge of work. Special thanks are due to Gary Rogerson for his role in material with the permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of the a modern quarry, which had removed all co-ordinating the archaeological work with the construction Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office © Crown copyright. other evidence. programme, ably assisted by Anthony Coumbe, Laurenne Unauthorised reproduction infringes Crown copyright and may O’Brien and Craig O’Brien. lead to prosecution or civil proceedings. These features may have been associated with the Manor of Bereden on Bereden’s The archaeological programme was monitored by Gifford, Tim Allen wrote the text, Magda Wachnik photographed and Lane, Cranham, now under the M25 to advised by the Greater London Archaeological Advisory drew the finds and Mark Gridley drew the reconstructed scenes. the north. Rescue excavations in advance Hannah Kennedy drew the maps and assembled the booklet. of construction showed that the earliest Finding out more The Archaeology of the M25 Section 4 scheme is designed and buildings on site were 14th century, and The final results of the archaeological work on the M25 Section were rebuilt in brick and extended in the 4 will be published in Transactions of the Essex Society for published by Oxford Archaeology. 16th - 17th century. Further rebuilding Archaeology and History, and Quarternary Science . and enlargement took place in 18th - 19th For more about other finds in the area, see: century before buildings became derelict. For information about current excavations and research by Medieval Oxford Archaeology, visit: Bereden Manor was originally a free By River, Fields and Factories: The Making of the Lower Lea Modern tenement of Cranham Hall. Some minor Valley. Archaeological and cultural heritage investigations on Unphased www.oxfordarchaeology.com features and pottery of 13th century date the site of the London 2012 Olympic Games and Paralympic Modern woodland Games by Andrew B. Powell 0 50 m Area of medieval settlement were also recorded. 1:1000 If you need help using this or any other Highways Agency information, please call 0300 123 5000 and we will assist you.

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